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51-511: Reconnaissance vehicles are designed with several philosophies: scout cars used for passive reconnaissance, with a low profile or small size and are lightly armoured to maximize mobility, relying on speed, stealth and cover to escape detection; armoured reconnaissance used for active reconnaissance, distinct from ordinary scouts in weight and size of weapons and armor, designed not to break away from attacks, but to force their way through towards their objective." Smaller caliber weapons help reduce

102-470: A hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under the assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with Hazmat team incidents. A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defense products and services would reach US$ 8.38 billion that year. In English ,

153-522: A CBRN School to train Marine CBRN Defense Officers and Marine CBRN Defense Specialists at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri . See also: Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC CBIRF) The USN requires all personnel to take a web-based CBRNE training annually to get a basic understanding of facts and procedures related to responding to a CBRNE incident. The Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops (NBC Protection Troops) of

204-618: A CBRN unit. Both PGK and FRU teams handle CBRN calls before an army PNBK unit responds. All members of the NZDF are trained in CBRN drills for deployment. RNZN personnel conduct training with the NZ Army and RNZAF for any deployment or training. The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for

255-578: A career in CBRN at the United States Army CBRN School (USACBRNS) at Fort Leonard Wood . The USAF uses Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC 3E9X1) U.S. Air Force Emergency Management , who are also CBRN Specialists. The USAF trains all US Airmen pursuing a career in counter-CBRN operations at the USAF CBRN School at Fort Leonard Wood. The USMC uses CBRN as an abbreviation for two military occupational specialties . The Marine Corps runs

306-606: A million reindeer against anthrax in 2015. Around 1.5 million reindeer carcasses in Russian permafrost are at risk of melting due to global warming in the Arctic . There is a risk that global warming in the Arctic can thaw the permafrost, leading to new infections in reindeer. An anthrax outbreak in 2016 in reindeer caused the Russian Armed Forces to evacuate a nomadic reindeer herding tribe. In May 2012, BioPrepWatch reported that

357-504: A platoon of six. The Iraqis did not make competent use of these assets during the Gulf War , opting to depend on signals intelligence against the comparatively sophisticated Coalition . South African expeditionary forces in Angola also employed wheeled reconnaissance vehicles for their strategic and tactical mobility, sometimes engaging Angolan units up to brigade strength. Scout cars such as

408-500: Is a light wheeled armored military vehicle , purpose-built and used for passive reconnaissance . Scout cars are either unarmed or lightly armed for self-defense, and do not carry large-caliber weapons systems. This differentiates them from other reconnaissance vehicles and wheeled armoured fighting vehicles that may fulfill a similar mission but also possess much heavier armament. Scout cars are designed for carrying out observation and remaining undetected, while avoiding contact with

459-826: Is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country.[1][2] The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment The Malaysian Army formed a CBRN unit, Peperangan Nuklear, Biologi dan Kimia 3 Divisyen (English: Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare Division 3 ; PNBK 3D) in April 2002. The Royal Malaysia Police has CBRN providers. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) has two special operations detachments with HAZMAT expertise - 69 Commandos and Special Actions Unit . The Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) also has

510-668: Is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service, this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT). Since the introduction of new equipment to UK fire services under the New Dimension program , CBRN decontamination of personnel (including members of

561-531: Is responsible for decontaminating military equipment, weapons, and personnel, and the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company, based at Goiânia and part of the Brazilian Special Operations Command , that makes the decontamination and defense in CBRN situations. The Brazilian Presidential Guard and Army Police also have CBRN units. The Brazilian Marine Corps has

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612-450: Is to be the host of the first Brazilian Navy nuclear-powered submarine; and the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Company, at Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro . The Air Force is making special teams for transporting victims from CBRN attacks/accidents. The term CBRN is in common use in disaster and emergency services organizations across the country. Since July 2005,

663-680: The 2016 Summer Olympics , police forces like the GATE from São Paulo, the Federal Police , and the National Public Security Force were prepared. In the military, there is CBRN equipment and personnel in all branches of the Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has two specific teams: the 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion , which is based in Rio de Janeiro and

714-582: The Argentine Army , was the first CRBN response team created, in the 1990s, as a part of the country's Rapid Deployment Force . The Policía Federal Argentina have the Brigada de Riesgos Especiales, this unit is the only national response for CBRN/HAZMAT incidents. Also, has three units called Riesgo Quimico y Biológico, Riesgo Radiológico y Nuclear, and the tactical response unit called Protección QBNR. Brazilian firefighters are trained for NBC situations. During

765-861: The BA-20 for reconnaissance. However, the weight, high profile and poor mobility of these early Soviet armored cars limited their usefulness in the reconnaissance role. This led to the replacement of the BA-20 and other designs by the Soviet Union's first dedicated scout car design, the BA-64 . In the postwar era, Soviet scout cars such as the BRDM-1 and BRDM-2 were attached on the divisional level and deployed for screening and long-range probing actions. The scout cars were complemented in Soviet reconnaissance battalions by specialized variants of

816-712: The BMP-1 or BMP-2 infantry fighting vehicles, which were able to reconnoiter much more aggressively and engage hostile armor as needed. By the late Cold War era, the scout car concept had gained popularity and recognition among armies all over world. Examples of scout cars common during this period include the Soviet BRDM series , the British Ferret, the Brazilian EE-3 Jararaca , the Hungarian D-442 FÚG , and

867-779: The Canadian Armed Forces also started using the term CBRN Defence , instead of NBC Defence , due to the increased threat of dirty bomb use (which is radiological in nature). CBRNE is a new term that is being used in both civilian and military organizations. The Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit is a Canadian Forces unit, under the direction of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command , charged with supporting "the Government of Canada in order to prevent, control and mitigate CBRN threats to Canada, Canadians and Canadian interests." All members of

918-498: The Canadian Armed Forces are trained in CBRNE defense and maintain minimum standards, tested at least every three years. At the provincial level, cities are provided opportunities for emergency services with CBRN training. In Ontario, emergency services in Windsor, Peterborough, Toronto, and Ottawa have obtained CBRN standing at NFPA Standard 472 Level 3 Technician level. In mid-July 2016,

969-461: The Eland Mk7 were used to lure hostile T-34s or T-54/55s into prepared ambushes, where they were destroyed by heavier vehicles, ATGMs , and artillery. Reconnaissance by fire . Reconnaissance of enemy positions can involve firing upon the enemy in hopes of receiving return fire that gives away the enemy's position. This can make the reconnaissance vehicle vulnerable to return fire that may destroy

1020-544: The European Parliament negotiated a new draft counterterrorism directive aimed at protecting Europe's people from biological, chemical and other attacks. The timeline of the directive is illustrated in the following table: The directive would criminalize: The directive also includes text to help victims of terror attacks. Hong Kong has had CBRN response capabilities since the early 1990s and advanced training from 1998. The Standing CBRN Planning Group (known as

1071-703: The Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS) and Tactical Reconnaissance Armoured Combat Equipment Requirement (TRACER) programs in the 2000s aimed at creating a stealth reconnaissance vehicle capable of C-130 airlift. Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , the Iraqi Army placed an emphasis on the use of light wheeled vehicles for reconnaissance, particularly Soviet-manufactured BRDM-2 and French-designed Panhard AML armoured cars. Each corps had an attached BRDM or AML battalion. These were allocated by division; every brigade headquarters and regular infantry battalion received

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1122-628: The Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) has a CBR unit under the Gegana detachment. It was formed in December 2009. This unit acts as first responders to bomb and terrorist threats in the public. The Irish Defence Forces have CBRNE training and equipment capabilities – in particular the Ordnance Corps ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal/EOD teams ), Engineer Corps and Army Ranger Wing (ARW) – and will aid

1173-570: The Russian Federation are special forces designed to conduct the most complex set of measures aimed at reducing the loss of associations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring their combat tasks assigned during operations in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as at enhancing their survivability and protection against high-precision and other weapons. The Russian government vaccinated around half

1224-408: The 1990s term CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) was created as a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term NBC (Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical), which had previously replaced the earlier 1950s term ABC (Atomic, Biological, and Chemical). The addition of the R (for Radiological ) is a consequence of the "new" threat of a radiological weapon (also known as " dirty bombs "). In

1275-461: The 2000s, the term CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) was introduced as an extension of CBRN , the inclusion of the E (for Explosive ) is for the enhanced (improvised) explosives threat. In Spanish the term NRBQ ( Nuclear, Radiológico, Bacteriológico y Químico ) has replaced NBQ . The Argentine Armed Forces has the Batallón de Ingenieros QBN 601 of

1326-649: The American Cadillac Gage Commando Scout . Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense ( CBRN defense ) or Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection ( NBC protection ) is a class of protective measures taken in situations where chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear (including terrorism ) hazards may be present. CBRN defense consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation. A CBRN incident differs from

1377-667: The British generally used armoured cars for reconnaissance, from the machine gun armed Humber Light Reconnaissance Car and Daimler Dingo to the 6-pdr (57 mm) gun equipped AEC armoured car . Post war the British Army used the Ferret and later, Fox scout cars. In Japan, the Kurogane Type 95 was introduced as a reconnaissance vehicle for operations in China. The U.S. and UK experimented with

1428-731: The CDefNBQR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Center) that controls the ARAMAR Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Iperó , São Paulo , conceived to provide physical security and to perform CBRN emergencies control actions at the Centro Experimental Aramar, responsible for developing Brazilian Navy nuclear researches; the Itaguaí Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro , which

1479-639: The Interior's associate d Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency AFAD Works in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation 's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks CBRN

1530-820: The RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom. The NZ Army teaches all pre-deployment CBRN training for members of the NZDF. The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment. Pakistan-based defense industry GIDS manufactures NBC suites which include Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) like gloves , boots , and air filters as well as decontamination kits and Chemical Weapon Agent (CWA) detectors. The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia'

1581-484: The Russian security service ordered over 100 "capsule cradles", which are devices that people can use to protect infants or even small pets in the event of a nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological threat. According to the article, Soviet military engineers invented capsules in the 1960s. A company is currently producing the capsules in a factory in Russia. Numbers vary, but news reports and market forecast reports place

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1632-611: The SRPG is the CBRN Incident Advisory Group (RIAG) form in the initial stages of a CBRN incident using telephone conferencing. RIAG consists of five experts who assist with the technical response to the incident by providing real-time advice and support to the departments involved. The Hong Kong capability is well rehearsed, with regular departmental exercises conducted and a full-scale CBRN exercise conducted every year. The Indian Army ordered 16 CBRN monitoring vehicles, of which

1683-769: The SRPG) plans for all CBRN incidents in Hong Kong. The SRPG was set up with the support of the Secretary for Security by the Senior Bomb Disposal Officer in Hong Kong, Dominic Brittain. It consists of representatives from 9 government departments who plan the response to CBRN threats. These departments include Police EOD, Fire Services, the Hospital Authority and the Department of Health, amongst others. The operational arm of

1734-577: The US entry into World War II , US Army staff clarified that the term would not extend to heavier wheeled reconnaissance vehicles fitted with turreted weapons, such as the M8 Greyhound . In this context, "scout car" meant a four-wheeled, often open-topped, armored car which was unarmed or only fitted with a light or general-purpose machine gun for self-defense. Under US doctrine, scout cars were only to be used for short-range reconnaissance. The US Army abandoned

1785-590: The armor on the lightly protected scout cars, which would compel crews to resist the temptation of using them as combat vehicles. This was not considered practical in the long run and US reconnaissance units eventually replaced all their scout cars with unarmored utility vehicles such as the jeep (and subsequently, the Humvee ). In 1940, the British Army defined a "scout car" as an armored car for observation, intelligence-gathering and other elements of passive reconnaissance. The scout car's envisaged role in British doctrine

1836-670: The civil authority if requested. The Irish Army runs CBRNE defense courses has detection equipment, and decontamination equipment and is reported to have purchased 10,000 protective CBRN/NBC suits , enough for all of its personnel. All Army Reserve personnel undergo CBRN warfare defense training. The Irish national police force, the Garda Síochána , has a number of nationwide CBRN response teams. The teams are based regionally (in six regions; Dublin, Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern & Western) and began operating in 2004 with 100 trained officers (170 responders trained throughout

1887-803: The country as of 2009). There is a requirement for members to be re-certified within 18 months of training. CBRN response teams are trained by the Garda Tactical Training Unit, and supported nationally by the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). Other emergency services also have limited CBRN expertise, such as the Health Service Executive (HSE) and Dublin Fire Brigade (DFB), which have a Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) and Chemical Incident Unit. 14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers

1938-548: The crew to remain mounted or engage in combat with the enemy, contrary to Danish reconnaissance doctrine. In other armies which espoused a reconnaissance doctrine emphasizing combat over observation, the scout car niche simply never emerged; for example, French reconnaissance units embraced light armored vehicles like the Panhard EBR and Panhard AML-90 which were heavily armed because they encouraged scouts to engage enemy units and force them to deploy. The Brazilian Army rejected

1989-442: The enemy. Armies which adopted the concept were likelier to place an emphasis on reconnaissance by stealth, unlike others which preferred more heavily armoured reconnaissance vehicles, designed to fight to obtain information if necessary. The term "scout car" first entered widespread use in the 1930s as an official United States Army designation for any wheeled armored vehicle developed specifically for reconnaissance. Following

2040-523: The first 8 were inducted in December 2010. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and manufactured by Ordnance Factories Board . The Indonesian Army has a CBRN defense unit which is the Kompi Zeni Nuklir, Biologi dan Kimia (abbreviated "Kompi Zeni Nubika Pusat Zeni TNI AD") translated as Army Engineers Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Company . The unit

2091-455: The public) has become a task carried out by fire services in the UK and they regularly train for such scenarios. Army All personnel are trained in CBRN through basic training and are to complete an online assessment annually. The British Army has a single dedicated regiment for all C-CBRN (Counter) matters in the armed forces. 28 Engineer Regiment is the only regiment within the armed forces that has full C-CBRN capability. Formed in 2019

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2142-448: The regiment will officially be at full operational capability from early 2023, with the need for CBRN specialists becoming of more importance. Personnel within the regiment are trained in live environments where CBRN materials are used. The United States Army uses CBRN as an abbreviation for their Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations Specialists ( MOS ). The United States Army trains all US Army soldiers pursuing

2193-419: The scout car concept after the war because the vehicles' armor tempted crews to emulate tank tactics. American scout car crews often directly engaged hostile positions rather than relying on their vehicles' low profile and stealth to reconnoiter them effectively. This resulted in heavy losses and interfered with a reconnaissance unit's ability to observe the battlefield. One solution proposed was to further reduce

2244-519: The scout car concept in favor of unarmored vehicles; for example, the Danish Army concurred with that trend because it found the jeep and an open-topped model of the Mercedes-Benz G-Class more useful for allowing scouts to observe enemy movements without being detected. Armored vehicles were evaluated negatively because their hulls reduced situational awareness, and increased the temptation for

2295-599: The scout car due to a combination of these factors; it preferred heavier, six-wheeled armored cars like the M8 Greyhound (and subsequently, the EE-9 Cascavel ) for traditional reconnaissance and found unarmored jeeps adequate for secondary reconnaissance tasks. During the early 1940s, Red Army doctrine did not recognize a unique niche for the scout car, and the Soviets were likelier to favor heavier, six-wheeled vehicles such as

2346-616: The standing force, however, SkyddC is also responsible for training conscripts, training 60 in 2022-2023. CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion ( Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur ) of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit ( KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği ) and CBRN School and Training Center Command ( KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi ) Gendarmerie General Command has also unit within self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of

2397-426: The vehicle before the enemy's position can be relayed. Dismounted operations by armed scouts include observation post manning, reconnaissance of areas not traversable by vehicle, and marking enemy mine fields. CBRN reconnaissance vehicles can also detect weapons of mass destruction . They accompany regular reconnaissance vehicles and are fully protected against airborne threats. Scout car A scout car

2448-1026: The vehicle's profile and noise signatures. In contrast, French, and British doctrine was to fit reconnaissance vehicles, such as the AEC , EBR and the AMX 10 RC , with the heaviest weaponry possible on their light chassis, so as to allow them a further role for defence of the flanks. Some vehicles are designed for special data collection tasks ( Sd.Kfz. 250/12 ) Thus reconnaissance vehicles can be divided into 3 main categories: Recon units sometimes also use other types of vehicles and some are mistakenly classified as recon vehicles. Reconnaissance troops use various all-terrain vehicles ( MB , UAZ , HMMWV ), motorcycles ( Zündapp ), militarized trucks known as "technicals" ( Toyota ), APCs ( M113 , BTR-40 , BTR-80 ), self-propelled artillery ( M106 ), and even tank destroyers ( B1 ) but these are still classified according to their original type and role, not as scout vehicles. During World War II,

2499-771: Was formed in March 2005. Training in the defense against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training. The Swedish Armed Forces has the National CBRN Defence Centre (designated SkyddC) localized in Umeå as its main CBRN protection forces. It consists of one company (1st CBRN-company) as

2550-419: Was founded on 22 April 1986 under the command of the Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers . The unit is also in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, the Indonesian Nuclear power regulator agency, the Veterinary Research Agency, and the National Nuclear Power Agency. This unit is the one and only unit that can handle CBRN Defense Capability within the Armed Forces. The Indonesian National Police special unit

2601-418: Was to probe forward and report on enemy dispositions before conducting a hasty withdrawal. The first British vehicle of this type to enter service was the Daimler Dingo . After the war, this role was filled by the Daimler Ferret . Scout cars were gradually superseded by more heavily armed vehicles for light reconnaissance, such as the FV721 Fox armored car. Some nations followed the US lead in abandoning

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