54-597: Columbus Park may refer to: Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park in Boston, Massachusetts Columbus Park (Brooklyn) at the southern end of Cadman Plaza Columbus Park (Buffalo) , New York Columbus Park (Chicago) , Illinois, listed on the National Register of Historic Places Columbus Park (Hoboken, New Jersey) Columbus Park (Jamaica) Columbus Park (Manhattan) , New York [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
108-450: A Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) train for more than an hour on Black Friday , one of the biggest shopping days of the year. The protest, led by Black Lives Matter co-founder Alicia Garza, was organized in response to the grand jury decision not to indict Darren Wilson for the killing of Michael Brown . Also in November, Tamir Rice, a 12-year-old African-American boy was shot and killed by
162-448: A Twitter hashtag , a slogan , a social movement, a political action committee , or a loose confederation of groups advocating for racial justice. As a movement, Black Lives Matter is grassroots and decentralized, and leaders have emphasized the importance of local organizing over national leadership. The structure differs from previous black movements, like the Civil rights movement of
216-548: A WikiProject dedicated to coverage of the Black Lives Matter movement was created in June 2020. In 2020, users of the popular app TikTok noticed that the app seemed to be shadow banning posts about BLM or recent police killings of black people. TikTok apologized and attributed the situation to a technical glitch. BLM generally engages in direct action tactics that make people uncomfortable enough that they must address
270-484: A diversity of tactics . Black Lives Matter protests have been overwhelmingly peaceful; when violence does occur, it is often committed by counter-protesters. Despite this, opponents often try to portray the movement as violent. In 2014, the American Dialect Society chose #BlackLivesMatter as their word of the year . Yes! Magazine picked #BlackLivesMatter as one of the twelve hashtags that changed
324-811: A Cleveland police officer. Rice's death has also been cited as contributing to "sparking" the Black Lives Matter movement. In December, two to three thousand people gathered at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota , to protest the killings of unarmed black men by police. The police at the mall were equipped with riot gear and bomb-sniffing dogs; at least twenty members of the protest were arrested. Management said that they were "extremely disappointed that organizers of Black Lives Matter protest chose to ignore our stated policy and repeated reminders that political protests and demonstrations are not allowed on Mall of America property". In Milwaukee , Wisconsin, BLM protested
378-728: A high visibility location in the future. Walsh announced a few days prior to Columbus Day 2020 that the statue would not return, and would instead possibly be replaced with one commemorating Italian immigrants to America under the guidance of the Boston Art Commission . Black Lives Matter Black Lives Matter ( BLM ) is a decentralized political and social movement that aims to highlight racism , discrimination , and racial inequality experienced by black people and to promote anti-racism . Its primary concerns are police brutality and racially motivated violence against black people. The movement began in response to
432-477: A much more significant social movement. At the end of the three-day conference, on July 26, the Movement for Black Lives initiated a yearlong "process of convening local and national groups to create a United Front". This year long process ultimately resulted in the establishment of an organizational platform that articulates the goals, demands, and policies which the Movement for Black Lives supports in order to achieve
486-617: A non-profit corporation to construct affordable housing. The Boston Redevelopment Authority selected them to develop a parcel, but the Supreme Council of the Order did not like the idea. The Massachusetts State Council constructed the Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park instead in honor of their patron, Christopher Columbus . Other sources suggest the park was originally going to be known as Waterfront Park, planned by
540-486: A person represented as Managing Director of BLM Global Network has released a statement represented to be on behalf of that organization. Concurrently, a broader movement involving several other organizations and activists emerged under the banner of "Black Lives Matter", as well. In 2015, Johnetta Elzie , DeRay Mckesson , Brittany Packnett , and Samuel Sinyangwe initiated Campaign Zero , aimed at promoting policy reforms to end police brutality. The campaign released
594-416: A professor at Rutgers University , argues that BLM has ushered in a new era of black university student movements. The ease with which bystanders can record graphic videos of police violence and post them onto social media has driven activism all over the world. The hashtag's usage has gained the attention of high-ranking politicians and has sometimes encouraged them to support the movement. On Misplaced Pages ,
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#1732851373176648-588: A shared set of principles and goals. Local Black Lives Matter chapters are asked to commit to the organization's list of guiding principles but are autonomous, operating without a central structure or hierarchy. Garza has commented that the Network was not interested in "policing who is and who is not part of the movement." As of 2021 , there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada. The loose structure of Black Lives Matter has contributed to confusion in
702-616: A ten-point plan for reforms to policing, with recommendations including: ending broken windows theory policing, increasing community oversight of police departments, and creating stricter guidelines for the use of force . The New York Times reporter, John Eligon, wrote that some activists expressed concerns that the campaign was overly focused on legislative remedies for police violence. Black Lives Matter also voices support for various movements and causes beyond police brutality, including LGBTQ activism, feminism, immigration reform, and economic justice. The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL)
756-587: Is a coalition of more than 50 groups representing the interests of black communities across the United States. Members include the Black Lives Matter Network, the National Conference of Black Lawyers , and the Ella Baker Center for Human Rights . Endorsed by groups such as Color of Change , Race Forward , Brooklyn Movement Center, PolicyLink , Million Women March Cleveland, and ONE DC,
810-404: Is a decentralized network with no formal hierarchy. As of 2021 , there are about 40 chapters in the United States and Canada. The slogan "Black Lives Matter" itself has not been trademarked by any group. In 2013, activists and friends Alicia Garza , Patrisse Cullors , and Opal Tometi originated the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter on social media following the acquittal of George Zimmerman in
864-673: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park The Christopher Columbus Waterfront Park is a public park in the Boston 's North End . It is considered the start of the Boston Irish heritage trail . According to a self-published work by the Massachusetts State Council of the Knights of Columbus , in 1967, their organization voted to establish
918-516: Is not seen when suspects were armed. A study by Harvard economist Roland Fryer found that blacks and Hispanics were 50% more likely to experience non-lethal force in police interactions, but for officer-involved shootings there were "no racial differences in either the raw data or when contextual factors are taken into account". A 2019 study in PNAS concluded that black people were actually less likely than white people to be killed by police, based on
972-442: Is violence", " No justice, no peace ", and "Is my son next?", among others. According to a 2018 study, "Black Lives Matter protests are more likely to occur in localities where more black people have previously been killed by police." Since the beginning of the Black Lives Matter movement in 2013, with the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter, the movement has been depicted and documented in film , song , television , literature , and
1026-572: The 2021 United States Capitol attack , attracted smaller and more passive police presences than peaceful Black Lives Matter protests. In November 2015, a police officer in Oregon was removed from street duty following a social media post in which he said he would have to "babysit these fools", in reference to a planned BLM event. According to a report released by the Movement for Black Lives in August 2021,
1080-598: The United States federal government deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters in an attempt to disrupt and discourage the Black Lives Matter movement during the summer of 2020. According to the report, "The empirical data and findings in this report largely corroborate what Black organizers have long known intellectually, intuitively, and from lived experience about the federal government's disparate policing and prosecution of racial justice protests and related activity". In 2014, Black Lives Matter demonstrated against
1134-505: The visual arts . A number of media outlets are providing material related to racial injustice and the Black Lives Matter movement. Published books, novels, and TV shows have increased in popularity in 2020. Songs, such as Michael Jackson 's " They Don't Care About Us " and Kendrick Lamar 's " Alright ", have been widely used as a rallying call at demonstrations. The short documentary film, Bars4Justice , features brief appearances by various activists and recording artists affiliated with
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#17328513731761188-753: The "liberation" of black communities across America. In 2016, the Ford Foundation announced plans to fund the M4BL Movement for Black Lives in a "six-year investments" plan, further partnering up with others to found the Black-led Movement Fund . The sum donated by the Ford Foundation and the other donors to M4BL was reported as $ 100 million by The Washington Times in 2016 (equivalent to $ 127 million in 2023 ); another donation of $ 33 million (equivalent to $ 42 million ) to M4BL
1242-446: The 1950s and 1960s. Such differences have been the subject of scholarly literature. Activist DeRay McKesson has commented that the movement "encompasses all who publicly declare that black lives matter and devote their time and energy accordingly." In 2013, Patrisse Cullors , Alicia Garza , and Opal Tometi formed the Black Lives Matter Network. Garza described the network as an online platform that existed to provide activists with
1296-645: The Black Lives Matter movement. During the Labor Day weekend in August, Black Lives Matter organized a "Freedom Ride", that brought more than 500 African-Americans from across the United States into Ferguson, Missouri , to support the work being done on the ground by local organizations. The movement continued to be involved in the Ferguson protests , following the killing of Michael Brown . The protests at times came into conflict with local and state police departments, who typically responded in an armed manner. At one point
1350-399: The Black Lives Matter movement. The film is an official selection of the 24th Annual Pan African Film Festival . Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement is a 2016 American television documentary film, starring Jesse Williams , about the Black Lives Matter movement. The February 2015 issue of Essence magazine and the cover was devoted to Black Lives Matter. In December 2015, BLM
1404-675: The National Guard was called in and a state of emergency was declared. Also in August, Los Angeles Police Department officers shot and killed Ezell Ford; BLM protested his death in Los Angeles into 2015. In November, a New York City Police Department officer shot and killed, Akai Gurley, a 28-year-old African-American man. Gurley's death was later protested by Black Lives Matter in New York City. In Oakland , California, fourteen Black Lives Matter activists were arrested after they stopped
1458-464: The coalition receives communications and tactical support from an organization named Blackbird. Following the murder of George Floyd , M4BL released the BREATHE Act , which called for sweeping legislative changes surrounding policing; the policy bill included calls to divest from policing and reinvest funds directly in community resources and alternative emergency response models. On July 24, 2015,
1512-473: The death rates in police encounters. The authors later retracted the paper because although "our data and statistical approach were appropriate for investigating whether officer characteristics are related to the race of civilians fatally shot by police," the paper had been "cited as providing support for the idea that there are no racial biases in fatal shootings, or policing in general" whereas in fact their analyses "are inadequate to address racial disparities in
1566-511: The deaths of numerous African Americans by police actions, including those of Dontre Hamilton , Eric Garner , John Crawford III , Michael Brown , Ezell Ford , Laquan McDonald , Akai Gurley , Tamir Rice , Antonio Martin , and Jerame Reid , among others. In July, Eric Garner died in New York City, after a New York City Police Department officer put him in a banned chokehold while arresting him. Garner's death has been cited as one of several police killings of African Americans that sparked
1620-556: The donor coalition focusing on "movement building" and led by Texas oil fortune heir Leah Hunt-Hendrix , a member of the Democracy Alliance, had donated more than $ 200,000 to the BLM movement by 2015. According to The Economist , between May 2020 and December 2020, donations to Black Lives Matter related causes amounted to $ 10.6 billion (equivalent to $ 12 billion in 2023 ). The Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation , one of
1674-470: The efforts of local banker Frank S. Christian (d. 1970), the placement of an Italian marble statue of Columbus was entirely ad hoc, and the park was only renamed for Christopher Columbus through the efforts of local provocateur Arthur Stivaletta with the approval of Mayor Kevin White in the weeks prior to his 1979 reelection with new-found Italian-American support. The Massachusetts Beirut Memorial on
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1728-605: The findings of Ross and Fryer, and concluded that overall rate of death was a much more useful statistic than the rate of death in encounters. Black Lives Matter protesters are themselves sometimes subject to excessive policing of the kind against which they are demonstrating. In May 2020, in addition to police, 43,350 military troops were deployed against Black Lives Matter protesters nationally. Military surveillance aircraft were deployed against subsequent Black Lives Matter protests. Observers, such as U.S. President Joe Biden , have noted that violent far-right mobilizations, including
1782-554: The first African American police chief in Ferguson, Missouri. He acknowledged that he faces such challenges as diversifying the police force, improving community relations, and addressing issues that catalyzed the Black Lives Matter movement. According to a study from the Bureau of Justice Statistics from 2002 to 2011, among those who had contact with the police, "blacks (2.8%) were more likely than whites (1.0%) and Hispanics (1.4%) to perceive
1836-401: The hashtag, and the average had increased to 3.7 million a day. The 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers saw the online tone of the movement become more negative than before, with 39% of tweets using the hashtag #BlackLivesMatter expressing opposition to the movement. Nearly half in opposition tied the group to violence, with many describing the group as terrorist. Khadijah White,
1890-495: The issue. BLM has been known to build power through protest and rallies. BLM has also staged die-ins and held one during the 2015 Twin Cities Marathon . Political slogans used during demonstrations include the eponymous "Black Lives Matter", " Hands up, don't shoot " (a later discredited reference attributed to Michael Brown ), " I can't breathe " (referring to Eric Garner and later George Floyd ), "White silence
1944-705: The killing of unarmed black Americans relative to unarmed white Americans" by police. The study found that unarmed African Americans had 3.49 times the probability of being shot compared to unarmed whites, although in some jurisdictions the risk could be as much as 20 times higher. The study found that 2.79 more armed blacks were shot than unarmed blacks. The study also found that the documented county-level racial bias in police shootings could not be explained by differences in local crime rates. A 2019 study by Cesario et al. published in Social Psychological and Personality Science found that after adjusting for crime, there
1998-490: The killings of Trayvon Martin , Michael Brown , Eric Garner , and Rekia Boyd , among others. BLM and its related organizations typically advocate for various policy changes related to black liberation and criminal justice reform . While there are specific organizations that label themselves "Black Lives Matter", such as the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation , the overall movement
2052-658: The largest protest movements in the country's history. Despite being characterized by opponents as violent, the overwhelming majority of BLM demonstrations have been peaceful. The popularity of Black Lives Matter has shifted over time, largely due to changing perceptions among white Americans. In 2020, 67% of adults in the United States expressed support for the movement, declining to 51% of U.S. adults in 2023. Support among people of color has, however, held strong, with 81% of African Americans, 61% of Hispanics and 63% of Asian Americans expressing support for Black Lives Matter as of 2023. The phrase "Black Lives Matter" can refer to
2106-468: The main organizations coordinating organizing and mobilization efforts across the reported raising $ 90 million in 2020 (equivalent to $ 106 million in 2023 ), including a substantial number of individual donations online, with an average donation of $ 30.76 (equivalent to $ 36.21 ). Black Lives Matter originally used various social media platforms—including hashtag activism —to reach thousands of people rapidly. Since then, Black Lives Matter has embraced
2160-458: The movement initially convened at Cleveland State University where between 1,500 and 2,000 activists gathered to participate in open discussions and demonstrations. The conference in Cleveland, Ohio initially attempted to "strategize ways for the Movement for Black Lives to hold law enforcement accountable for their actions on a national level". However, the conference resulted in the formation of
2214-629: The police killing of Dontre Hamilton , who died in April. Black Lives Matter protested the killing of John Crawford III . The Murder of Renisha McBride was protested by Black Lives Matter. Also in December, in response to the decision by the grand jury not to indict Darren Wilson on any charges related to the killing of Michael Brown , a protest march was held in Berkeley , California. Later, in 2015, protesters and journalists who participated in that rally filed
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2268-494: The police: empowering residents in communities of color to hire and fire police officers and issue subpoenas, decide disciplinary consequences and exercise control over city funding of police. Politico reported in 2015 that the Democracy Alliance , a gathering of Democratic-Party donors, planned to meet with leaders of several groups who were endorsing the Black Lives Matter movement. According to Politico , Solidaire,
2322-532: The press and among activists, as actions or statements from chapters or individuals are sometimes attributed to "Black Lives Matter" as a whole. Matt Pearce, writing for the Los Angeles Times , commented that "the words could be serving as a political rallying cry or referring to the activist organization. Or it could be the fuzzily applied label used to describe a wide range of protests and conversations focused on racial inequality." On at least one occasion,
2376-654: The probability of being shot." Another study found that such conclusions were erroneous due to Simpson's paradox . According to the paper, while it was true that white people were more likely to be killed in a police encounter, overall black people were still being discriminated against because they were more likely to have interactions with the police due to structural racism. They are more likely to be stopped for more petty crimes or for no crime at all. Conversely, white people interact with police more rarely, and often for more serious crimes such as shootings, where police are more likely to use force. The same paper also backed up
2430-430: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbus_Park&oldid=942245617 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
2484-483: The shooting death of African-American teen Trayvon Martin . Black Lives Matter became nationally recognized for street demonstrations following the 2014 deaths of two more African Americans, Michael Brown —resulting in protests and unrest in Ferguson, Missouri —and Eric Garner in New York City. Since the Ferguson protests, participants in the movement have demonstrated against the deaths of numerous other African Americans by police actions or while in police custody. In
2538-486: The site was dedicated in the park in 1992. In 1999, the director of the Massachusetts Historical Society denounced the park as a poor use of city resources with inappropriate symbolism, observing that Boston has no connection to Christopher Columbus. He recommended restoring the park to commemorate its historical use as a fishing wharf. The Columbus statue was frequently vandalized: with red paint and
2592-403: The summer of 2015, Black Lives Matter activists became involved in the 2016 United States presidential election . The movement gained international attention during global protests in 2020 following the murder of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officer Derek Chauvin . An estimated 15 to 26 million people participated in Black Lives Matter protests in the United States, making it one of
2646-561: The threat or use of nonfatal force was excessive." According to The Washington Post , police officers shot and killed 1,001 people in the United States in 2019. About half of those killed were white, and one quarter were black, making the rate of deaths for black Americans (31 fatal shootings per million) more than twice as high as the rate for white Americans (13 fatal shootings per million). The Washington Post also counts 13 unarmed black Americans shot dead by police in 2019. A 2015 study by Cody Ross, UC Davis found "significant bias in
2700-487: The word "murderer" in 2004, beheaded for the first time in 2006, and spray painted with " Black Lives Matter " in 2015. Most recently, in the early morning hours of June 9, 2020, the head portion of the statue of Columbus was removed and stolen. Mayor Marty Walsh said the remaining portion of the stature would be removed and placed into storage and the city would be reviewing if the Italian marble statue would ever be placed in
2754-504: The world in 2014. From July 2013 through May 1, 2018, the hashtag "#BlackLivesMatter" had been tweeted over 30 million times, an average of 17,002 times per day. By June 10, 2020, it had been tweeted roughly 47.8 million times, with the period of July 7–17, 2016 having the highest usage, at nearly 500,000 tweets a day. This period also saw an increase in tweets using the hashtags "#BlueLivesMatter" and "#AllLivesMatter". On May 28, 2020, there were nearly 8.8 million tweets with
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#17328513731762808-526: Was "no systematic evidence of anti-black disparities in fatal shootings, fatal shootings of unarmed citizens, or fatal shootings involving misidentification of harmless objects". However, a 2020 study by Cody Ross et al. criticizes the data analysis used in the Cesario et al. study. Using the same data set for police shootings in 2015 and 2016, Ross et al. conclude that there is significant racial bias in police shooting cases involving unarmed black suspects. This bias
2862-494: Was a contender for the Time magazine Person of the Year award, coming in fourth of the eight candidates. A number of cities have painted murals of "Black Lives Matter" in large letters on their streets . The cities include Washington, D.C. , Dallas , Denver , Charlotte , Seattle , Brooklyn , Los Angeles , and Birmingham, Alabama . On May 9, 2016, Delrish Moss was sworn in as
2916-481: Was reportedly issued by the Open Society Foundations . In 2016, M4BL called for decarceration in the United States , reparations for harms related to slavery , and more recently, specific remedies for redlining in housing, education policy, mass incarceration and food insecurity. It also called for an end to mass surveillance, investment in public education, not incarceration, and community control of
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