26-506: Coluccio is an Italian surname and given name. Notable people with the name include: Coluccio Salutati (1331 – 1406), Italian humanist Giuseppe Coluccio (born 1966), Italian gangster Bob Coluccio , (born 1951), baseball player [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to
52-586: A Ghibelline coup in Buggiano, the family returned to Buggiano, which had become more securely part of the Republic of Florence . There he worked as notary and pursued his literary studies, coming into contact with the Florentine humanists Boccaccio and Francesco Nelli . The refined and masterful classical Latin of his letters to Florentine scholars earned him the admiring nickname of "Ape of Cicero ", In 1367 Coluccio
78-559: A Florentine led coalition of Italian city states, which later became known as the War of the Eight Saints (1375–1378). After war broke out, Gregory excommunicated the city and placed the city under interdict on 31 March 1376 in an attempt to quell the rebellion. Catherine of Siena tried to convince Gregory to stop the war on behalf of the Florentine state. This proved to be futile as the war did not end until after Gregory's death. The war ended with
104-402: A collection of 800 books, slightly less than his contemporary Niccolò de' Niccoli . He also pursued classical manuscripts, making a number of important discoveries, the most important being Cicero 's lost Letters to his Friends ( Epistulae ad Familiares ), which showed Cicero as a defender of republican liberty. Coluccio also did important studies of history, tying Florence's origin not to
130-677: A commandment for the Catholic clergy to embrace the concept of language revival and to communicate with their flocks in the local vernacular , instead of allowing the Church to become a tool of linguistic imperialism and coercive language death . Gregory also tried to undertake a crusade due to pleas from Catherine of Siena in 1376 by continuing Pope Urban V's call for Christians to stop fighting other Christians, which Urban called for in November 1366. Efforts were also made to reform corrupt practices in
156-581: A few Latin texts of Aristotle had arrived in Europe via Muslim Spain and Sicily. These texts, however, had been translated from Arabic, rather than directly from the Greek. By bringing Chrysoloras to Florence, Salutati made it possible for a select group of scholars (including Bruni and Vergerio) to read Aristotle and Plato in the original ancient Greek. Gregory XI Pope Gregory XI ( Latin : Gregorius XI , born Pierre Roger de Beaufort ; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378)
182-466: A gift for public relations, and unusual literary skill." His abilities as a statesman were soon tested as Florence was immediately faced with war with the papacy. Salutati was charged with addressing Pope Gregory XI to assure him that Florence was still a loyal member of the Guelf party. Although he failed to prevent war with the papacy, Salutati soon became the most celebrated chancellor in all of Italy and
208-525: A master of the formal letter. Florence's principal nemesis during his tenure, Gian Galeazzo Visconti , Duke of Milan , once remarked that one of Salutati's letters could "cause more damage than a thousand Florentine horsemen." During his life, Florence warred twice against its powerful northern rival, Giangaleazzo Visconti . His treatise De tyranno ("On the tyrant") published in 1400, has, most likely, its model in Visconti, although in it Salutati (despite being
234-568: A peace treaty concluded at Tivoli in July 1378, negotiated with Pope Urban VI following the death of Gregory XI. The return to Rome from Avignon had been an issue since Pope Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon in 1309. From Popes Clement V to Urban V, the popes of the Avignon Papacy had their reasons to stay in France and not return to Rome. After 68 years of papal rule from France, Gregory XI moved
260-453: A republican) remains a supporter of the providential universal monarch already put forward by Dante . Occasionally his letters had unintended consequences. When he wrote to the people of Ancona in 1376, inciting them, in the name of their freedom, to revolt against the governor imposed by the pope, he called to mind the evils Italy had suffered on behalf of the French. Word of his nasty tone got to
286-794: The Roman Empire but to the Roman Republic . He promoted the work of younger humanists such as Gian Francesco Poggio Bracciolini , Niccolò de' Niccoli , Leonardo Bruni and Pier Paolo Vergerio . He also brought the Byzantine scholar Manuel Chrysoloras to Florence in 1397 to teach one of the first courses in Greek since the end of the Roman Empire. After Boethius , few Westerners spoke or read Greek. Many ancient Greek works of science and philosophy were not available in Latin translation. By Salutati's time,
SECTION 10
#1732852052940312-467: The King of France, which prompted a most conciliatory letter from Salutati, assuring the King that he meant no harm and that Florence would always be a friend to France. In testimony to his service as chancellor the city of Florence paid 250 florins for his funeral in 1406. Coluccio's cultural achievements are perhaps even greater than his political ones. A skilled writer and orator, Coluccio drew heavily upon
338-501: The cathedral Notre Dame des Doms in Avignon. Immediately on his accession he attempted to reconcile the Kings of France and England, but failed. Gregory confirmed a treaty between Sicily and Naples at Villeneuve-lès-Avignon on 20 August 1372, which brought about a permanent settlement between the rival kingdoms, which were both papal fiefs. In 1373, Pope Gregory issued the "règle d'idiom",
364-727: The city states in Italy by expanding the influence of the Papal states if the papacy were back in Rome. The return of the Curia to Rome began on 13 September 1376. Despite the protests of the French king and the majority of the cardinals, Gregory left Avignon on that day and made his way to Marseilles , where he boarded a ship on 2 October. Arriving at Corneto on 6 December, he decided to remain there until arrangements were made in Rome concerning its future government. On 13 January 1377, he left Corneto, landed at Ostia
390-455: The classical tradition and developed a powerful prose style based on the Latin of Virgil and Cicero : "I have always believed," Salutati wrote, "I must imitate antiquity not simply to reproduce it, but in order to produce something new". In this sense his own view of humanism was broader-based than the antiquarianism of the generation of humanists he fostered. An admiring correspondent of Petrarch , he spent much of his salary on amassing
416-497: The conclave on 29 December. Cardinal Roger was unanimously elected on 30 December. Though initially opposing his own election, Roger eventually accepted and took the name of Gregory XI. On 4 January 1371 he was ordained to the priesthood by the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Guy de Boulogne , and on 5 January was consecrated Bishop of Rome and crowned by the new protodeacon Rinaldo Orsini in
442-586: The following year was appointed Chancellor of Florence , the most important position in the bureaucracy of the Florentine Republic. In his position, Salutati was responsible for the widely circulated official correspondences with other states, drafting confidential instructions to ambassadors, conducting diplomacy and negotiating treaties: "in its chancellor Florence had someone truly exceptional, endowed not only with legal knowledge, political cunning and diplomatic skill, but also with psychological penetration,
468-487: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coluccio&oldid=1159993242 " Categories : Given names Surnames Italian-language surnames Italian masculine given names Masculine given names Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Coluccio Salutati Coluccio Salutati (16 February 1331 – 4 May 1406)
494-452: The move due to Gregory wanting to expand the Papal states upon the papal return to Rome. Before moving to Rome, however, he had to give his entire attention to the turbulent affairs of Italy. Duke Bernabo Visconti of Milan, had, in 1371, made himself master of Reggio and other places that were feudatory to the Holy See. Gregory XI excommunicated him and later declared war on him in 1372 against
520-453: The next day, and from there sailed up the Tiber to the monastery of San Paolo . On 17 January he left the monastery to make a solemn entrance into Rome that same day. Gregory XI did not survive much longer after his move to Rome. He died on 27 March 1378 aged 48–49. Pope Urban VI, an Italian, was elected to the papacy after his death. However, his decision to move the papacy back to Rome led to
546-421: The papacy back to its former seat of power of Rome in 1377. Gregory was constantly receiving pleas from Catherine of Siena through letters. In total, she wrote 14 letters between 1375 and 1378 until Gregory died. These letters dealt with different matters such as peace, church reform, and moving the papacy back to Rome. Catherine persuaded him by saying that it was easier to achieve Gregory's goal of peace among
SECTION 20
#1732852052940572-507: The various monastic orders, such as collecting fees from persons visiting holy sites and the exhibiting of faux relics of saints. Like the preceding popes of Avignon, Gregory XI made the mistake of appointing Frenchmen, who did not understand the Italians and whom the Italians hated, as legates and governors of the ecclesiastical provinces in Italy. Italian city states opposed the move of the papacy back to Rome and specifically Florence opposed to
598-602: Was appointed chancellor of Todi in the Papal States. Papal secretary Francesco Bruni took Salutati with him to Rome from 1368 to 1370, as assistant in the Papal curia of Pope Urban V recently returned from Avignon . In 1370, through his connections in the curia he was made chancellor of the powerful Tuscan city of Lucca , a post he quickly lost in internecine struggles there. In 1374 Coluccio received an appointment in Florence and
624-611: Was an Italian Renaissance humanist and notary , and one of the most important political and cultural leaders of Renaissance Florence ; as chancellor of the Florentine Republic and its most prominent voice, he was effectively the permanent secretary of state in the generation before the rise of the powerful Medici family. Salutati was born in Stignano, a tiny commune near Buggiano (today's province of Pistoia , Tuscany ). After studies in Bologna , where his father lived in exile after
650-543: Was born at Maumont , France, around 1330. His uncle, Pierre Cardinal Roger, Archbishop of Rouen , was elected pope in 1342 and took the name Clement VI . Clement VI bestowed a number of benefices upon his nephew and in 1348, created the eighteen-year-old a cardinal deacon. The young cardinal attended the University of Perugia , where he became a skilled canonist and theologian. After the death of Pope Urban V (December 1370), eighteen cardinals assembled at Avignon entered
676-671: Was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death, in March 1378. He was the seventh and last Avignon pope and the most recent French pope recognized by the modern Catholic Church. In 1377, Gregory XI returned the Papal court to Rome, ending nearly 70 years of papal residency in Avignon , in modern-day France . His death was swiftly followed by the Western Schism involving two Avignon-based antipopes . Pierre Roger de Beaufort
#939060