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73-487: Although most American colorists work directly for comics publishers (either as employees or freelancers ), there are a few coloring studios which offer their services to publishers. American Color , Olyoptics , Digital Chameleon were the companies notable in this field. Originally, comics were colored by cutting out films of various densities in the appropriate shapes to be used in producing color-separated printing plates. The typical colorist worked from photocopies of

146-637: A co-operative , or any other entity, pays the other, the employee, in return for carrying out assigned work. Employees work in return for wages , which can be paid on the basis of an hourly rate, by piecework or an annual salary , depending on the type of work an employee does, the prevailing conditions of the sector and the bargaining power between the parties. Employees in some sectors may receive gratuities , bonus payments or stock options . In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment. Benefits may include health insurance , housing , and disability insurance . Employment

219-513: A commission from the employer to find, screen and select suitable candidates. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees. A more traditional approach is with a "Help Wanted" sign in the establishment (usually hung on a window or door or placed on a store counter). Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skills to measure their talents within

292-415: A surety bond , is referred to as an employment bond . In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some orchestra jobs, some employees may have tenure , which means that they cannot be dismissed at will. Another type of termination is a layoff . Wage labor is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells their labor under

365-418: A bargaining game with alternating offers, π {\displaystyle \pi } is close to 1 {\displaystyle 1} when party A is much more patient than party B, while π {\displaystyle \pi } is equal to 1 2 {\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}} if both parties are equally patient. In this case, party A's payoff

438-470: A compensation approach that has the added benefit, from the company's point of view, of helping to align the interests of the compensated individual with the performance of the company. Under the faithless servant doctrine, a doctrine under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law , an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his employer must forfeit all of

511-564: A fixed term contract or a permanent contract. Both contracts are entitled to minimum wages, fixed working hours and social security contributions. Pakistan has no contract Labor, Minimum Wage and Provident Funds Acts. Contract labor in Pakistan must be paid minimum wage and certain facilities are to be provided to labor. However, the Acts are not yet fully implemented. In the Philippines , employment

584-445: A formal or informal employment contract . These transactions usually occur in a labor market where wages are market-determined. In exchange for the wages paid, the work product generally becomes the undifferentiated property of the employer, except for special cases such as the vesting of intellectual property patents in the United States where patent rights are usually vested in the original personal inventor. A wage laborer

657-407: A higher rate; this is generally due to their employment in high-risk industries. For example, in the United States, young people are injured at work at twice the rate of their older counterparts. These workers are also at higher risk for motor vehicle accidents at work, due to less work experience, a lower use of seat belts, and higher rates of distracted driving. To mitigate this risk, those under

730-541: A sense of purpose and allows people to maintain social networks and activity levels. Older workers are often found to be discriminated against by employers. Employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty , the International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers are poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $ 2 a day poverty line . For instance, in India most of

803-1007: A surplus of 100 {\displaystyle 100} . If the parties fail to reach an agreement, party A gets a payoff X {\displaystyle X} and party B gets a payoff Y {\displaystyle Y} . If X + Y < 100 {\displaystyle X+Y<100} , reaching an agreement yields a larger total surplus. According to the generalized Nash bargaining solution, party A gets X + π ( 100 − X − Y ) {\displaystyle X+\pi (100-X-Y)} and party B gets Y + ( 1 − π ) ( 100 − X − Y ) {\displaystyle Y+(1-\pi )(100-X-Y)} , where 0 < π < 1 {\displaystyle 0<\pi <1} . There are different ways to derive π {\displaystyle \pi } . For example, Rubinstein (1982) has shown that in

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876-434: Is Hour employment (Swedish: Timanställning ), which can be Normal employment (unlimited), but the work time is unregulated and decided per immediate need basis. The employee is expected to be answering the phone and come to work when needed, e.g. when someone is ill and absent from work. They will receive salary only for actual work time and can in reality be fired for no reason by not being called anymore. This type of contract

949-492: Is a central theme in various theoretical frameworks, spanning economics, game theory, and sociology. These theories provide insights into how power dynamics are established, negotiated, and shifted in bargaining situations. Blau (1964), and Emerson (1976) were the key theorists who developed the original theories of social exchange. Social exchange theory approaches bargaining power from a sociological perspective, suggesting that power dynamics in negotiations are influenced by

1022-484: Is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of his or her labor in this way. In modern mixed economies such as that of the OECD countries , it is currently the dominant form of work arrangement. Although most work occurs following this structure, the wage work arrangements of CEOs , professional employees, and professional contract workers are sometimes conflated with class assignments , so that "wage labor"

1095-554: Is a preposterous reading of the statute. It is obvious that within the context of both statutes the word 'includes' is a term of enlargement not of limitation, and the reference to certain entities or categories is not intended to exclude all others." Employees are often contrasted with independent contractors , especially when there is dispute as to the worker's entitlement to have matching taxes paid, workers compensation , and unemployment insurance benefits. However, in September 2009,

1168-464: Is a specific type of bargaining power relating to a purchaser and a supplier. For example, a retailer may be able to dictate price to a small supplier if it has a large market share and or can bulk buy. In modern economic theory, the bargaining outcome between two parties is often modeled by the Nash Bargaining solution. An example is if party A and party B can collaborate in order to generate

1241-559: Is an association of national level with its international reputation of co-operation and welfare of the migrant workforce as well as its approximately 1200 members agencies in collaboration with and support from the Government of Bangladesh. In the Canadian province of Ontario , formal complaints can be brought to the Ministry of Labour . In the province of Quebec , grievances can be filed with

1314-400: Is associated with employment at a macro, sector and industry level was aggregated in 2013. Researchers found evidence to suggest growth in manufacturing and services have good impact on employment. They found GDP growth on employment in agriculture to be limited, but that value-added growth had a relatively larger impact. The impact on job creation by industries/economic activities as well as

1387-542: Is common in the public sector. In the United Kingdom, employment contracts are categorized by the government into the following types: For purposes of U.S. federal income tax withholding, 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) provides a definition for the term "employee" specific to chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code : "For purposes of this chapter, the term "employee" includes an officer, employee, or elected official of

1460-473: Is considered to apply only to unskilled, semi-skilled or manual labor . Wage labor, as institutionalized under today's market economic systems, has been criticized, especially by socialists , using the pejorative term wage slavery . Socialists draw parallels between the trade of labor as a commodity and slavery . Cicero is also known to have suggested such parallels. The American philosopher John Dewey posited that until "industrial feudalism"

1533-491: Is crucial for negotiators , policymakers , and analysts striving to achieve favorable outcomes in various contexts. There are a number of fields where the concept of bargaining power has proven crucial to coherent analysis, including game theory , labour economics , collective bargaining arrangements, diplomatic negotiations , settlement of litigation , the price of insurance , and any negotiation in general. The distribution of bargaining power among negotiating parties

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1606-491: Is distributed between principals (e.g., shareholders) and agents (e.g., managers). This theory highlights issues of information asymmetry , where agents might have more information than principals, potentially skewing bargaining power in favour of the agents. Mechanisms such as incentive schemes and performance monitoring are discussed as ways to align the interests of the principal and agent, thereby rebalancing bargaining power. Economic theories of bargaining often focus on how

1679-413: Is expressed as a ratio of a party's ability to influence the other participant, to the costs of not reaching an agreement to that party: These formulations and more complex models with more precisely defined variables are used to predict the probability of observing a certain outcome from a range of outcomes based on the parties' characteristics and behavior before and after the negotiation. Buying power

1752-495: Is increasing in π {\displaystyle \pi } as well as in X {\displaystyle X} , and so both parameters reflect different aspects of party A's power. To clearly distinguish between the two parameters, some authors such as Schmitz refer to π {\displaystyle \pi } as party A's bargaining power and to X {\displaystyle X} as party A's bargaining position . A prominent application

1825-450: Is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling. Scholars conceptualize the employment relationship in various ways. A key assumption is the extent to which the employment relationship necessarily includes conflicts of interests between employers and employees, and the form of such conflicts. In economic theorizing,

1898-403: Is not inherent to the parties but emerges from the context of their relationship and exchange. Jensen and Meckling (1976), Mirrlees (1976), Ross (1973), and Stiglitz (1975) were the key theorists who initiated the original theories of principal-agent theory. The principal-agent theory, often discussed in the context of corporate governance and contract theory , examines how bargaining power

1971-484: Is not static and can be enhanced through strategic actions such as improving one's alternatives, increasing the perceived value of one's offer, or altering the negotiation timeline. A party's bargaining power can significantly shift the outcome of negotiations, leading to more advantageous positions for those who possess greater leverage. The dynamics of bargaining power extend beyond individual negotiations to affect industries, economies , and international relations . In

2044-506: Is regulated by the Department of Labor and Employment . According to Swedish law, there are three types of employment. There are no laws about minimum salary in Sweden. Instead, there are agreements between employer organizations and trade unions about minimum salaries, and other employment conditions. There is a type of employment contract which is common but not regulated in law, and that

2117-497: Is replaced by " industrial democracy ", politics will be "the shadow cast on society by big business". Thomas Ferguson has postulated in his investment theory of party competition that the undemocratic nature of economic institutions under capitalism causes elections to become occasions when blocs of investors coalesce and compete to control the state plus cities. American business theorist Jeffrey Pfeffer posits that contemporary employment practices and employer commonalities in

2190-528: Is then photographed, allowing more subtle and painterly effects. Colorist Steve Oliff and his company Olyoptics were one of the first to use computers to do color separations. Although other companies at the time were experimenting with computers, Oliff and his crew were the first to blend the color guide artist with the separator. In 1987, the Japanese manga Akira was in preparation to be translated and published by Marvel Comics 's Epic Comics line. Oliff

2263-575: Is typically governed by employment laws , organization or legal contracts. An employee contributes labour and expertise to an endeavor of an employer or of a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCB) and is usually hired to perform specific duties which are packaged into a job . In a corporate context, an employee is a person who is hired to provide services to a company on a regular basis in exchange for compensation and who does not provide these services as part of an independent business . An issue that arises in most companies, especially

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2336-600: The AFL–CIO created in 1955, and the Change to Win Federation which split from the AFL–CIO in 2005. Both advocate policies and legislation on behalf of workers in the United States and Canada, and take an active role in politics. The AFL–CIO is especially concerned with global trade issues. Young workers are at higher risk for occupational injury and face certain occupational hazards at

2409-663: The Commission des normes du travail . Two of the prominent examples of work and employment contracts in Germany are the Werksvertrag or the Arbeitsvertrag , which is a form of Dienstleistungsvertrag (service-oriented contract). An Arbeitsvertrag can also be temporary, whereas a temporary worker is working under Zeitarbeit or Leiharbeit . Another employment setting is Arbeitnehmerüberlassung (ANÜ). India has options for

2482-767: The United States is failing to provide jobs that can adequately support families. According to sociologist Matthew Desmond , the US "offers some of the lowest wages in the industrialized world," which has "swelled the ranks of the working poor, most of whom are thirty-five or older." Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute argue that there are differences across economic sectors in creating employment that reduces poverty. 24 instances of growth were examined, in which 18 reduced poverty. This study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment , such as manufacturing . The services sector

2555-518: The United States, a State, or any political subdivision thereof, or the District of Columbia, or any agency or instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing. The term "employee" also includes an officer of a corporation." This definition does not exclude all those who are commonly known as 'employees'. "Similarly, Latham's instruction which indicated that under 26 U.S.C. § 3401(c) the category of 'employee' does not include privately employed wage earners

2628-470: The United States, including toxic working environments, job insecurity, long hours and increased performance pressure from management, are responsible for 120,000 excess deaths annually, making the workplace the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. Australian employment has been governed by the Fair Work Act since 2009. Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies ( BAIRA )

2701-489: The United States. Their activity today centers on collective bargaining over wages, benefits, and working conditions for their membership, and on representing their members in disputes with management over violations of contract provisions. Larger unions also typically engage in lobbying activities and electioneering at the state and federal level. Most unions in America are aligned with one of two larger umbrella organizations:

2774-599: The age of 17 are restricted from certain types of driving, including transporting people and goods under certain circumstances. High-risk industries for young workers include agriculture, restaurants, waste management, and mining. In the United States, those under the age of 18 are restricted from certain jobs that are deemed dangerous under the Fair Labor Standards Act . Youth employment programs are most effective when they include both theoretical classroom training and hands-on training with work placements. In

2847-451: The allocation of resources, market conditions, and alternative options influence bargaining power. The concept of BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) plays a crucial role in this context, positing that a party's bargaining power is significantly determined by the attractiveness of their options outside the negotiation. According to this perspective, the more advantageous the BATNA,

2920-499: The beginning, and treating them accordingly, can save a company from trouble later on. Provided key circumstances, including ones such as that the worker is paid regularly, follows set hours of work, is supplied with tools from the employer, is closely monitored by the employer, acting on behalf of the employer, only works for one employer at a time, they are considered an employee, and the employer will generally be liable for their actions and be obliged to give them benefits. Similarly,

2993-454: The benefits may include meals. Employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover. Organizational justice is an employee's perception and judgement of employer's treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the employee-employer relationship is also a part of organizational justice. Employees can organize into trade or labor unions , which represent

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3066-466: The chronically poor are wage earners in formal employment, because their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks. According to the UNRISD , increasing labor productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century

3139-428: The colorist to insert shading through variation in color tones or through adding a layer of translucent black. Most contemporary colorists work in digital media using tools. Employee Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services. Usually based on a contract , one party, the employer, which might be a corporation , a not-for-profit organization ,

3212-595: The compensation he received during the period of his disloyalty. Employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employees in addition to their wages or salaries. The benefits can include: housing (employer-provided or employer-paid), group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), disability income protection, retirement benefits, daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, vacation (paid and non-paid), social security, profit sharing, funding of education, and other specialized benefits. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions,

3285-449: The competing capitalist and working classes in a Marxist framework) that are part of a deeper social conflict of unequal power relations. As a result, there are four common models of employment: These models are important because they help reveal why individuals hold differing perspectives on human resource management policies, labor unions, and employment regulation. For example, human resource management policies are seen as dictated by

3358-520: The conversation of employment among younger aged workers, youth unemployment has also been monitored. Youth unemployment rates tend to be higher than the adult rates in every country in the world. Those older than the statutory defined retirement age may continue to work, either out of enjoyment or necessity. However, depending on the nature of the job, older workers may need to transition into less-physical forms of work to avoid injury. Working past retirement age also has positive effects, because it gives

3431-565: The court case of Brown v. J. Kaz, Inc. ruled that independent contractors are regarded as employees for the purpose of discrimination laws if they work for the employer on a regular basis, and said employer directs the time, place, and manner of employment. In non-union work environments, in the United States, unjust termination complaints can be brought to the United States Department of Labor . Labor unions are legally recognized as representatives of workers in many industries in

3504-491: The current deal, the value of what is being negotiated, and the urgency of reaching an agreement. A party's bargaining power can significantly shift the outcome of negotiations, leading to more advantageous positions for those who possess greater leverage. If both parties are on an equal footing in a debate, then they will have equal bargaining power, such as in a perfectly competitive market , or between an evenly matched monopoly and monopsony . In many cases, bargaining power

3577-634: The employer is the owner of any invention created by an employee "hired to invent", even in the absence of an assignment of inventions. In contrast, a company commissioning a work by an independent contractor will not own the copyright unless the company secures either a written contract stating that it is a "work made for hire" or a written assignment of the copyright. In order to stay protected and avoid lawsuits, an employer has to be aware of that distinction. Employer and managerial control within an organization rests at many levels and has important implications for staff and productivity alike, with control forming

3650-730: The extent of the body of evidence and the key studies. For extractives, they again found extensive evidence suggesting growth in the sector has limited impact on employment. In textiles, however, although evidence was low, studies suggest growth there positively contributed to job creation. In agri-business and food processing , they found impact growth to be positive. They found that most available literature focuses on OECD and middle-income countries somewhat, where economic growth impact has been shown to be positive on employment. The researchers didn't find sufficient evidence to conclude any impact of growth on employment in LDCs despite some pointing to

3723-614: The field can be best through assessments . Employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of a job interview . Training and development refers to the employer's effort to equip a newly hired employee with the necessary skills to perform at the job, and to help the employee grow within the organization. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve employee's job satisfaction . There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework , by yearly salary , or by gratuities (with

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3796-547: The fundamental link between desired outcomes and actual processes. Employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. The main ways for employers to find workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers (via classified advertising ) and online, also called job boards . Employers and job seekers also often find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive

3869-407: The greater the party's bargaining power, as they have less to lose by walking away from the negotiation table. Game theory provides a mathematical framework to analyze bargaining situations, offering insights into the strategies that parties may employ to maximise their outcomes. The Nash Equilibrium , for instance, describes a situation where no party can benefit by changing their strategy while

3942-399: The impact of training alone is rather low. Bargaining power Bargaining power is the relative ability of parties in an argumentative situation (such as bargaining , contract writing, or making an agreement ) to exert influence over each other in order to achieve favourable terms in an agreement. This power is derived from various factors such as each party’s alternatives to

4015-476: The inked pages, which they colored with special dyes. Dr. Martin's Dyes was a brand notable in this field within the comic strip industry. CMYK codes were written on the page to indicate the final printed colors, and these hand-colored pages were used as guides by the engraver. Tatjana Wood was the main colorist for DC Comics ' covers from 1973 through the mid-1980s. More recently, colorists have worked in transparent media such as watercolors or airbrush, which

4088-546: The labor market mediates all such conflicts such that employers and employees who enter into an employment relationship are assumed to find this arrangement in their own self-interest. In human resource management theorizing, employers and employees are assumed to have shared interests (or a unity of interests, hence the label “unitarism”). Any conflicts that exist are seen as a manifestation of poor human resource management policies or interpersonal clashes such as personality conflicts, both of which can and should be managed away. From

4161-415: The latter often being combined with another form of payment). In sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission , a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions ( e.g. , executive jobs), employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets. Some executives and employees may be paid in shares or stock options ,

4234-432: The market in the first view, as essential mechanisms for aligning the interests of employees and employers and thereby creating profitable companies in the second view, as insufficient for looking out for workers’ interests in the third view, and as manipulative managerial tools for shaping the ideology and structure of the workplace in the fourth view. Literature on the employment impact of economic growth and on how growth

4307-402: The mid-1990s, Digital Chameleon's facility with Adobe Photoshop helped make that program the industry standard. The improvements in the technology used for coloring have had a great impact on the way comics are drawn. Before the use of computers, artists would often use the pen or brush to put in detailed shading effects; now the artist is more likely to leave the drawing open and leave it to

4380-468: The negative impact is beginning to show. In Vietnam , for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued. Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the United States , where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s. Oxfam and social scientist Mark Robert Rank have argued that the economy of

4453-471: The ones that are in the gig economy , is the classification of workers. A lot of workers that fulfill gigs are often hired as independent contractors . To categorize a worker as an independent contractor rather than an employee, an independent contractor must agree with the client on what the finished work product will be and then the contractor controls the means and manner of achieving the desired outcome. Secondly, an independent contractor offers services to

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4526-499: The other parties keep theirs unchanged, highlighting the balance of power in strategic interactions. The Ultimatum Game is another game theory model that illustrates how the power to propose how a resource is divided can drastically affect the distribution outcomes, even when such proposals are not equitable. Several formulations of bargaining power have been devised. A popular one from 1951 and due to American economist Neil W. Chamberlain is: In another formulation, bargaining power

4599-399: The perspective of pluralist industrial relations, the employment relationship is characterized by a plurality of stakeholders with legitimate interests (hence the label “pluralism), and some conflicts of interests are seen as inherent in the employment relationship (e.g., wages v. profits). Lastly, the critical paradigm emphasizes antagonistic conflicts of interests between various groups (e.g.,

4672-443: The positive impact, others point to limitations. They recommended that complementary policies are necessary to ensure economic growth's positive impact on LDC employment. With trade, industry and investment, they only found limited evidence of positive impact on employment from industrial and investment policies and for others, while large bodies of evidence does exist, the exact impact remains contested. Researchers have also explored

4745-400: The public at large, not just to one business, and is responsible for disbursing payments from the client, paying unreimbursed expenses, and providing his or her own tools to complete the job. Third, the relationship of the parties is often evidenced by a written agreement that specifies that the worker is an independent contractor and is not entitled to employee benefits; the services provided by

4818-460: The realm of international trade negotiations, countries with larger economies or unique resources may wield greater bargaining power, affecting the terms of trade agreements and economic policies . Similarly, in labour economics, for example, the bargaining power of workers versus employers can influence wage levels, working conditions, and job security . Understanding the factors that influence bargaining power and how it can be balanced or leveraged

4891-405: The relationship between employment and illicit activities. Using evidence from Africa, a research team found that a program for Liberian ex-fighters reduced work hours on illicit activities. The employment program also reduced interest in mercenary work in nearby wars. The study concludes that while the use of capital inputs or cash payments for peaceful work created a reduction in illicit activities,

4964-601: The same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%. Both increased employment opportunities and increased labor productivity (as long as it also translates into higher wages) are needed to tackle poverty. Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of "working poor", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" and not "quantity" in labor market policies. This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia , but

5037-400: The value of the resources each party brings to the exchange (a cost-benefit analysis), as well as the level of dependency between the parties. According to this theory, bargaining power increases when a party possesses resources that are highly valued and scarce, and when there are few alternatives to these resources. This theory underscores the relational aspect of bargaining power, where power

5110-486: The worker are not key to the business; and the relationship is not permanent. As a general principle of employment law, in the United States, there is a difference between an agent and an independent contractor. The default status of a worker is an employee unless specific guidelines are met, which can be determined by the ABC test. Thus, clarifying whether someone who performs work is an independent contractor or an employee from

5183-579: The workforce to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working, and contractual conditions and services. Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time, often subject to a certain notice period. This is referred to as at-will employment . The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include requirements such as notice periods, severance pay , and security measures. A contract forbidding an employee from leaving their employment, under penalty of

5256-600: Was chosen as the colorist, and he convinced Marvel that it was time to try computer color. After the publication of Akira in 1988, computer coloring became increasingly prevalent in the comics industry. By the early 1990s, even though the larger comics publishers were using computers, there were variations within the field. DC Comics allowed only a 64-color palette, while Marvel had expanded it to 125 colors. Dark Horse Comics allowed even more variations. The dominant programs in use during that time were Color Prep and Tint Prep, both originally implemented by Olyoptics. This software

5329-630: Was invented and written by "Pixel Craft", the first company to create software that used a personal computer that could output files for a digital image setter to make negatives for color printing. Pixel craft was a small company in Long Island, New York, created by Kenneth Giordano and Khouri Giordano. The father and son team went on to accomplish many first in the computerization of color print. In 1993, Image Comics ' use of computer color and more advanced color separation technology propelled DC and Marvel to further upgrade their coloring techniques. Finally, in

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