19-510: Colobus Piliocolobus Procolobus Trachypithecus Presbytis Semnopithecus Pygathrix Rhinopithecus Nasalis Simias † Cercopithecoides † Dolichopithecus † Mesopithecus † Microcolobus † Paracolobus † Parapresbytis † Rhinocolobus The Colobinae or leaf-eating monkeys are a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 61 species in 11 genera , including
38-511: A "U" shape of long white fur runs along the sides of their body. Newborn colobi are completely white with a pink face. Cases of allomothering are documented, which means members of the troop other than the infant's biological mother care for it. Allomothering is believed to increase inclusive fitness or maternal practice for the benefit of future offspring. Many members participate in a greeting ritual when they are reunited with familiar individuals, an act of reaffirming. The greeting behaviour
57-475: A food source, which may serve to save energy. Groups seem to regularly switch up sleeping locations (suggested due to reducing risk of parasites and placement prediction) and generally do not sleep near other groups. They also tend to sleep more tightly together on nights with great visibility. They sleep in mid- to upper sections of tall trees which allows for predator watch as well as protection from ground and aerial predators while they are asleep. Although there
76-492: A montane habitat colobus are known to utilise lichen as a fallback food during periods of low food availability. Colobuses live in territorial groups that vary in both size (3-15 individuals) and structure. It was originally believed that the structure of these groups consisted of one male and about 8 female members. However, more recent observations have shown variation in structure and the number of males within groups, with one species forming multi-male, multifemale groups in
95-656: A multilevel society, and in some populations supergroups form exceeding 500 individuals. There appears to be a dominant male, whilst there is no clear dominance among female members. Relationships among females are considered to be resident-egalitarian, as there is low competition and aggression between them within their own groups. Juveniles are treated as a lower-rank (in regards to authority) than subadults and likewise when comparing subadults to adults. Colobuses do not display any type of seasonal breeding patterns. As suggested by their name, adult colobi have black fur with white features. White fur surrounds their facial region and
114-588: Is a positive correlation between mean monthly vigilance and encounter rates. Male vigilance generally increases during mating. Mesopithecus Mesopithecus ("middle monkey" for being between Hylobates and Semnopithecus in build) is an extinct genus of Old World monkey belonging to the subfamily Colobinae that lived in Europe and Asia during the Late Miocene and Pliocene epochs, around 8.2-2.6 million years ago. Fossils span from Great Britain and
133-508: Is approximately 20 years. Colobinae is split into two tribes: Colobini , found in Africa, and Presbytini , found in Asia. Based on fossil records, the tribes split between 10 and 13 million years ago. The Colobini tribe contains three genera, black-and-white colobuses, red colobuses, and the olive colobus, all of whom are found in Africa. The Asian Presbytini comprises seven genera split into two clades,
152-404: Is generally carried out by the approaching monkey and often is followed with grooming. They participate in three greeting behaviours of physical contact. This includes mounting, head mounting (grasps the shoulders) and embracing. It seems as though these behaviours do not have any relationship with mating or courting. Black-and-white colobus have complex sleeping patterns. They sleep in trees near
171-575: Is no obvious preference for tree type, they have often been observed in Antiaris toxicaria . They are prey for many forest predators such as leopards and chimpanzees , and are threatened by hunting for the bushmeat trade, logging, and habitat destruction. Individuals are more vigilant (conspecific threat) in low canopy, they also spend less time scanning when they are around familiar group members as opposed to unfamiliar. There are no clear difference in vigilance between male and females. However, there
190-661: Is the dominant form of digestions in diverse herbivore taxa, including most Artiodactyla (e.g., deer, cattle, antelope), sloths, and kangaroos. In contrast, lower diversity howler monkeys in the New World rely on hindgut fermentation – occurring lower in the colon or cecum – much like horses and elephants. Unlike the other subfamily of Old World monkeys, the Cercopithecinae , they do not possess cheek pouches. Gestation averages six to seven months. Young are weaned at about one year and are mature at three to six years. Their life expectancy
209-505: The black-and-white colobus , the large-nosed proboscis monkey , and the gray langurs . Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera Colobus , Piliocolobus , and Procolobus in one group; these genera are distinct in that they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός kolobós = "docked"). The various Asian genera are placed into another one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA confirms
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#1732855555418228-555: The Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species, but are inconsistent as to the relationships of the gray langurs; some studies suggest that the gray langurs are not closely related to either of these groups, while others place them firmly within the langur group. Colobines are medium-sized primates with long tails (except for the pig-tailed langur ) and diverse colorations. The coloring of nearly all young animals differs remarkably from that of
247-837: The Iberian Peninsula in the west, eastwards to the Indian Subcontinent and China. Species of Mesopithecus had a body length of about 40 centimetres (16 in), possessing a slender body with long, muscular limbs and flexible fingers . Analysis of its anatomy suggests that members of the genus were semiterrestrial, spending a considerable amount of the time on the ground, though some authors have argued that some species were likely arboreal. Species of Mesopithecus were likely capable climbers and probably occasionally engaged in leaping. Dental microwear analysis suggests that it fed on hard seeds as well as probably leaves. The relationship of Mesopithecus to living members of Colobinae
266-917: The Tugen Hills of Kenya, dating to 12.5 million years ago. The earliest fossils of the genus in Eurasia are those of Mesopithecus found in Greece, dating to around 8.2 million years ago. Intergeneric hybrids are known to occur within the subfamily Colobinae. In India, gray langurs ( Semnopithecus spp.) are known to hybridize with Nilgiri langurs ( Trachypithecus johnii ). Roos, Christian, et al. “Nuclear Versus Mitochondrial DNA: Evidence for Hybridization in Colobine Monkeys.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 11, no. 1, 2011, pp. 77–77, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-77 . Black-and-white colobus Black-and-white colobuses (or colobi ) are Old World monkeys of
285-401: The adults. Most species are arboreal , although some live a more terrestrial life. They are found in many different habitats of different climate zones ( rainforests , mangroves , mountain forests, and savannah ), but not in deserts and other dry areas. They live in groups, but in social forms vary. Colobines are folivorous , though their diet may be supplemented with flowers, fruits and
304-1429: The female population. Complex behaviours have also been observed in this species, including greeting rituals and varying group sleeping patterns. Colobi play a significant role in seed dispersal. The word "colobus" comes from the Greek κολοβός ( kolobós , "docked", "maimed") and refers to the stump-like thumb. [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Unknown [REDACTED] [REDACTED] 975 [REDACTED] Fossil species Colobus habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands; they are found more in higher-density logged forests than in other primary forests. Their ruminant -like digestive systems have enabled them to occupy niches that are inaccessible to other primates: they are herbivorous , eating leaves, fruit, flowers, lichen, herbaceous vegetation and bark. Colobuses are important for seed dispersal through their sloppy eating habits, as well as through their digestive systems. Leaf toughness influences colobus foraging efficiency. Tougher leaves correlate negatively with ingestion rate (g/min) as they are costly in terms of mastication , but positively with investment (chews/g). Individuals spend approximately 150 minutes actively feeding each day. In
323-438: The genus Colobus , native to Africa . They are closely related to the red colobus monkeys of genus Piliocolobus . There are five species of this monkey, and at least eight subspecies. They are generally found in high-density forests where they forage on leaves, flowers and fruit. Social groups of colobus are diverse, varying from group to group. Resident-egalitarian and allomothering relationships have been observed among
342-414: The occasional insect. To aid in digestion, particularly of hard-to-digest leaves, they have multichambered, complex stomachs, making them the only primates with foregut fermentation . Foregut fermenters use bacteria to detoxify plant compounds before reaching the intestine, where toxins can be absorbed. Foregut fermentation is also associated with higher protein extraction and efficient digestion of fiber; it
361-483: The odd-nosed group and the langur group. The discordant gene tree topologies and divergence age estimates suggest that hybridization, particularly involving female introgression from Piliocolobus / Procolobus into Colobus and male introgression from Semnopithecus into Trachypithecus , played a prominent role in shaping the phylogenetic relationships of African and Asian colobine monkeys during their evolutionary history. The earliest remains of Colobinae are known from
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