Sprint football is a varsity sport played by United States colleges and universities, under standard American football rules. Since the 2022 season, the sport has been governed by the Collegiate Sprint Football League and the Midwest Sprint Football League .
89-556: In sprint football, players must weigh less than 178 lb (81 kg) and have a minimum of 5% body fat to be eligible to play. The end result of these weight restrictions is an emphasis on speed and agility rather than on size and strength. As of the current 2024 season, nine schools play in the CSFL and seven in the Midwest Sprint Football League. Of the nine CSFL members, six are private universities (two being schools in
178-407: A Saturday then either Saturday or the preceding Friday may be designated as the holiday, whereas if it falls on a Sunday it is typically observed on the following Monday. When it falls on the weekend many private companies offer it as a floating holiday where employees can choose some other day. A Society for Human Resource Management poll in 2010 found that 21 percent of employers planned to observe
267-411: A bill establishing the holiday through Congress. President Dwight D. Eisenhower , also from Kansas, signed the bill into law on May 26, 1954. It had been eight and a half years since Weeks held his first Armistice Day celebration for all veterans. Congress amended the bill on June 1, 1954, replacing "Armistice" with "Veterans," and it has been known as Veterans Day since. The National Veterans Award
356-475: A chemical uncoupler similarly to UCP1, was used for weight loss in the 1930s. However, it was quickly discontinued when excessive dosing led to adverse side effects including hyperthermia and death. β 3 -adrenergic agonists , like CL316,243, have also been developed and tested in humans. However, the use of such drugs has proven largely unsuccessful due to several challenges, including varying species receptor specificity and poor oral bioavailability . Cold
445-657: A cold environment, the same adipocytes will adopt a beige phenotype, suggesting that beige adipocytes are retained. Transcriptional regulators, as well as a growing number of other factors, regulate the induction of beige fat. Four regulators of transcription are central to WAT browning and serve as targets for many of the molecules known to influence this process. These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) , PRDM16 , peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) , and Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). The list of molecules that influence browning has grown in direct proportion to
534-431: A different role in diet-induced obesity in rodents and humans. Because adipocytes produce leptin, leptin levels are elevated in the obese. However, hunger remains, and—when leptin levels drop due to weight loss—hunger increases. The drop of leptin is better viewed as a starvation signal than the rise of leptin as a satiety signal. However, elevated leptin in obesity is known as leptin resistance . The changes that occur in
623-417: A glue-like web that supports the intestines and the omental depot (which originates near the stomach and spleen ) and - when massive - extends into the ventral abdomen. Both the mesenteric and omental depots incorporate much lymphoid tissue as lymph nodes and milky spots , respectively. The two superficial depots are the paired inguinal depots, which are found anterior to the upper segment of
712-458: A great army, so that at the last our power was a decisive factor in the victory. We were able to bring the vast resources, material and moral, of a great and free people to the assistance of our associates in Europe who had suffered and sacrificed without limit in the cause for which we fought. Out of this victory there arose new possibilities of political freedom and economic concert. The war showed us
801-424: A large degree why central obesity is a marker of impaired glucose tolerance and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (even in the absence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension ). Studies of female monkeys at Wake Forest University (2009) discovered that individuals with higher stress have higher levels of visceral fat in their bodies. This suggests a possible cause-and-effect link between
890-449: A larger effect on visceral fat versus total fat. High-intensity exercise is one way to effectively reduce total abdominal fat. An energy-restricted diet combined with exercise will reduce total body fat and the ratio of visceral adipose tissue to subcutaneous adipose tissue, suggesting a preferential mobilization for visceral fat over subcutaneous fat. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is a particular form of visceral fat deposited around
979-437: A larger portion of the population than leptin mutations. Adipose tissue has a density of ~0.9 g/ml. Thus, a person with more adipose tissue will float more easily than a person of the same weight with more muscular tissue , since muscular tissue has a density of 1.06 g/ml. A body fat meter is a tool used to measure the body fat to weight ratio in the human body. Different meters use various methods to determine
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#17328455324871068-440: A legal holiday: "a day to be dedicated to the cause of world peace and to be thereafter celebrated and known as 'Armistice Day ' ". In 1945, World War II veteran Raymond Weeks from Birmingham, Alabama , had the idea of a national holiday that would honor all war veterans, living and dead, to be celebrated on Armistice Day. Weeks led a delegation to Gen. Dwight Eisenhower, who supported the idea of National Veterans Day. Weeks led
1157-444: A variety of immune cells such as adipose tissue macrophages . Its main role is to store energy in the form of lipids , although it also cushions and insulates the body. Previously treated as being hormonally inert, in recent years adipose tissue has been recognized as a major endocrine organ, as it produces hormones such as leptin , estrogen , resistin , and cytokines (especially TNFα ). In obesity, adipose tissue
1246-406: Is a method used to identify protein binding sites on DNA and assess histone modifications. This tool has enabled examination of epigenetic regulation of browning and helps elucidate the mechanisms by which protein-DNA interactions stimulate the differentiation of beige adipocytes. Studies observing the chromatin landscapes of beige adipocytes have found that adipogenesis of these cells results from
1335-493: Is a poorly understood adipose depot that resides in the bone and is interspersed with hematopoietic cells as well as bony elements. The adipocytes in this depot are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) which can give rise to fat cells, bone cells as well as other cell types. The fact that MAT increases in the setting of calorie restriction/ anorexia is a feature that distinguishes this depot from other fat depots. Exercise regulates MAT, decreasing MAT quantity and diminishing
1424-449: Is a primary regulator of BAT processes and induces WAT browning. Browning in response to chronic cold exposure has been well documented and is a reversible process. A study in mice demonstrated that cold-induced browning can be completely reversed in 21 days, with measurable decreases in UCP1 seen within a 24-hour period. A study by Rosenwald et al. revealed that when the animals are re-exposed to
1513-474: Is also linked to type 2 diabetes , insulin resistance , inflammatory diseases , and other obesity-related diseases. Likewise, the accumulation of neck fat (or cervical adipose tissue) has been shown to be associated with mortality. Several studies have suggested that visceral fat can be predicted from simple anthropometric measures, and predicts mortality more accurately than body mass index or waist circumference. Men are more likely to have fat stored in
1602-400: Is an active part of the endocrine system, secreting the hormones leptin and resistin . The relationship between the subcutaneous adipose layer and total body fat in a person is often modelled by using regression equations. The most popular of these equations was formed by Durnin and Wormersley, who rigorously tested many types of skinfold, and, as a result, created two formulae to calculate
1691-560: Is associated with an improvement of the function of those organs. In the latter case, non-invasive weight loss interventions like diet or exercise can decrease ectopic fat (particularly in heart and liver) in overweight or obese children and adults. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are liberated from lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and enter the adipocyte, where they are reassembled into triglycerides by esterifying them onto glycerol . Human fat tissue contains from 61% to 94% lipids , with obese and lean individuals tending towards
1780-493: Is associated with insulin resistance in type-2 diabetes. It is stored in relatively high amounts around the organs of the abdominal cavity , but is not to be confused with visceral fat. The specific cause for the accumulation of ectopic fat is unknown. The cause is likely a combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that are involved in excess energy intake and decreased physical activity. Substantial weight loss can reduce ectopic fat stores in all organs and this
1869-545: Is composed of several adipose depots, including mesenteric , epididymal white adipose tissue (EWAT), and perirenal depots. Visceral fat is often expressed in terms of its area in cm (VFA, visceral fat area). An excess of visceral fat is known as abdominal obesity , or "belly fat", in which the abdomen protrudes excessively. New developments such as the Body Volume Index (BVI) are specifically designed to measure abdominal volume and abdominal fat. Excess visceral fat
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#17328455324871958-401: Is controlled through the balanced control of lipolytic B-adrenergic receptors and a2A-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis. Fat cells have an important physiological role in maintaining triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, as well as determining insulin resistance . Abdominal fat has a different metabolic profile—being more prone to induce insulin resistance. This explains to
2047-607: Is implicated in the chronic release of pro-inflammatory markers known as adipokines , which are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome —a constellation of diseases including type 2 diabetes , cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis . Adipose tissue is derived from preadipocytes and its formation appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene . The two types of adipose tissue are white adipose tissue (WAT), which stores energy, and brown adipose tissue (BAT), which generates body heat. Adipose tissue—more specifically brown adipose tissue—was first identified by
2136-429: Is located inside the abdominal cavity , packed between the organs (stomach, liver, intestines, kidneys, etc.). Visceral fat is different from subcutaneous fat underneath the skin , and intramuscular fat interspersed in skeletal muscles . Fat in the lower body, as in thighs and buttocks, is subcutaneous and is not consistently spaced tissue, whereas fat in the abdomen is mostly visceral and semi-fluid. Visceral fat
2225-451: Is primarily located around the neck and large blood vessels of the thorax , where it may effectively act in heat exchange. BAT is robustly activated upon cold exposure by the release of catecholamines from sympathetic nerves that results in UCP1 activation. Nearly half of the nerves present in adipose tissue are sensory neurons connected to the dorsal root ganglia . BAT activation may also occur in response to overfeeding. UCP1 activity
2314-645: Is rapidly gaining popularity as a therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. DNA microarray is a bioinformatics tool used to quantify expression levels of various genes simultaneously, and has been used extensively in the study of adipose tissue. One such study used microarray analysis in conjunction with Ingenuity IPA software to look at changes in WAT and BAT gene expression when mice were exposed to temperatures of 28 and 6 °C. The most significantly up- and downregulated genes were then identified and used for analysis of differentially expressed pathways. It
2403-402: Is stimulated by long chain fatty acids that are produced subsequent to β-adrenergic receptor activation. UCP1 is proposed to function as a fatty acid proton symporter , although the exact mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In contrast, UCP1 is inhibited by ATP , ADP , and GTP . Attempts to simulate this process pharmacologically have so far been unsuccessful. Techniques to manipulate
2492-453: Is to be a reserve of lipids, which can be oxidised to meet the energy needs of the body and to protect it from excess glucose by storing triglycerides produced by the liver from sugars, although some evidence suggests that most lipid synthesis from carbohydrates occurs in the adipose tissue itself. Adipose depots in different parts of the body have different biochemical profiles. Under normal conditions, it provides feedback for hunger and diet to
2581-533: The Cornell Big Red remain. For its first 83 seasons, the CSFL did not sponsor playoff or bowl games (a tradition due in no small part to the Ivy League schools, who, like the rest of the Ivy League, abstain from all football postseason play to encourage academic performance). The season championship was decided solely by the regular season record; if multiple teams were tied atop the standings, all of them shared
2670-623: The Ivy League ) and two are national military academies. All seven MSFL members are private institutions. CSFL member Mansfield University of Pennsylvania is the only state university or college currently playing sprint football. All CSFL teams are located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. Eight schools joined in the 21st century, one in 2008, six in the 2010s, and one in 2024. Five are active in sprint football in
2759-501: The Rockefeller University , together with Rudolph Leibel , Douglas Coleman et al. discovered the protein leptin that the genetically obese mouse lacked. Leptin is produced in the white adipose tissue and signals to the hypothalamus . When leptin levels drop, the body interprets this as a loss of energy, and hunger increases. Mice lacking this protein eat until they are four times their normal size. Leptin, however, plays
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2848-548: The United States Armed Forces . It coincides with holidays in several countries, including Armistice Day and Remembrance Day , which also occur on the anniversary of the end of World War I . Major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 when the Armistice with Germany went into effect. At the urging of major U.S. veteran organizations, Armistice Day
2937-479: The resistance , then uses information on the person's weight, height, age, and sex to calculate an approximate value for the person's body fat percentage. The calculation measures the total volume of water in the body (lean tissue and muscle contain a higher percentage of water than fat), and estimates the percentage of fat based on this information. The result can fluctuate several percentage points depending on what has been eaten and how much water has been drunk before
3026-547: The 2024 season. Of these new members, three no longer sponsor the sport; Franklin Pierce University , which joined in 2012, transitioned to full-sized football in NCAA Division II after the 2018 season, Post University , which joined in 2010, did the same after the canceled 2020 season, and Alderson Broaddus University , which joined in 2019 and also fielded a full-sized football team, dropped all athletics and departed
3115-524: The CACC and PSAC , while Penn's and Cornell's home sprint games are carried via ESPN+ as part of its Ivy League contract, with ESPN+ also carrying select other CSFL and MSFL contests. Body fat Adipose tissue (also known as body fat or simply fat ) is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes . It also contains the stromal vascular fraction ( SVF ) of cells including preadipocytes , fibroblasts , vascular endothelial cells and
3204-640: The CSFL in 2023. Of the other 21st-century arrivals, no other current members also field a full-size varsity football team. The other four teams (all of which have been in the CSFL since 1957) have full-size football teams that compete in NCAA Division I , the service academies in FBS , and the Ivy League schools in FCS . Each team plays a seven-game season. It is not uncommon for the CSFL teams to play against full-size junior varsity or club football squads from other schools in
3293-707: The MSFL was formed. Quincy University , a Division II member, is the only charter MSFL member that also plays full-sized football. Three other charter members are NAIA members. Fontbonne University is the only charter member that no longer plays the sport; the NCAA Division III member played in the first two MSFL seasons before announcing its closure at the end of the 2024–25 academic year. The league added two members, both private institutions, after its first season. Oakland City University , an NAIA member that does not play full-sized football, announced on July 19, 2022 that it
3382-491: The Midwest and Upper South. The league has its own bylaws and championship, but uses the same weight limits as the CSFL. The creation of the MSFL was touted as "the largest single-year expansion of the sport in nearly 90 years." Of the members, all are Catholic except for Midway University and Oakland City University . The only NCAA Division I member is Bellarmine University , which was transitioning from NCAA Division II when
3471-459: The Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551. In humans, adipose tissue is located: beneath the skin ( subcutaneous fat ), around internal organs ( visceral fat ), in bone marrow ( yellow bone marrow ), intermuscular ( muscular system ), and in the breast ( breast tissue ). Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots . Apart from adipocytes, which comprise
3560-494: The U.S. military. Additionally, Women Veterans Day is recognized by a growing number of U.S. states that specifically honor women who have served in the U.S. military. On November 11, 1919, President Woodrow Wilson issued a message to his countrymen on the first Armistice Day, in which he expressed what he felt the day meant to Americans: A year ago today our enemies laid down their arms in accordance with an armistice which rendered them impotent to renew hostilities, and gave to
3649-697: The UK, one family living in Turkey, one in Egypt, and one in Austria —and two other families have been found that carry a mutated ob receptor. Others have been identified as genetically partially deficient in leptin, and, in these individuals, leptin levels on the low end of the normal range can predict obesity. Several mutations of genes involving the melanocortins (used in brain signaling associated with appetite) and their receptors have also been identified as causing obesity in
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3738-716: The abdomen due to sex hormone differences . Estrogen (female sex hormone) causes fat to be stored in the buttocks, thighs, and hips in women. When women reach menopause and the estrogen produced by the ovaries declines, fat migrates from the buttocks, hips and thighs to the waist; later fat is stored in the abdomen. Visceral fat can be caused by excess cortisol levels. At least 10 MET -hours per week of aerobic exercise leads to visceral fat reduction in those without metabolic-related disorders. Resistance training and caloric restriction also reduce visceral fat, although their effect may not be cumulative. Both exercise and hypocaloric diet cause loss of visceral fat, but exercise has
3827-458: The abdomen is referred to as a panniculus . A panniculus complicates surgery of the morbidly obese individual. It may remain as a literal "apron of skin" if a severely obese person loses large amounts of fat (a common result of gastric bypass surgery ). Obesity is treated through exercise, diet, and behavioral therapy. Reconstructive surgery is one aspect of treatment. Visceral fat or abdominal fat (also known as organ fat or intra-abdominal fat)
3916-416: The analysis. This method is quick and readily accessible, but imprecise. Alternative methods are: skin fold methods using calipers , underwater weighing , whole body air displacement plethysmography (ADP) and DXA . Veterans Day Veterans Day (originally known as Armistice Day ) is a federal holiday in the United States observed annually on November 11, for honoring military veterans of
4005-504: The beige phenotype. One such study used RNA-Seq to compare gene expression profiles of WAT from wild-type (WT) mice and those overexpressing Early B-Cell Factor-2 (EBF2). WAT from the transgenic animals exhibited a brown fat gene program and had decreased WAT specific gene expression compared to the WT mice. Thus, EBF2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic molecule to induce beiging. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing (ChIP-seq)
4094-503: The body density of both men and women. These equations present an inverse correlation between skinfolds and body density—as the sum of skinfolds increases, the body density decreases. Factors such as sex, age, population size or other variables may make the equations invalid and unusable, and, as of 2012 , Durnin and Wormersley's equations remain only estimates of a person's true level of fatness. New formulae are still being created. Marrow fat, also known as marrow adipose tissue (MAT),
4183-551: The body would be more efficient at retaining fat in times of plenty, thereby endowing greater resistance to starvation in times of food scarcity. This hypothesis, originally advanced in the context of glucose metabolism and insulin resistance, has been discredited by physical anthropologists, physiologists, and the original proponent of the idea himself with respect to that context, although according to its developer it remains "as viable as when [it was] first advanced" in other contexts. In 1995, Jeffrey Friedman , in his residency at
4272-405: The brain. Mice have eight major adipose depots, four of which are within the abdominal cavity . The paired gonadal depots are attached to the uterus and ovaries in females and the epididymis and testes in males; the paired retroperitoneal depots are found along the dorsal wall of the abdomen , surrounding the kidney, and, when massive, extend into the pelvis. The mesenteric depot forms
4361-538: The championship. Since Navy's and Army's respective admissions to the league, those two schools have dominated the league; of the 72 seasons of lightweight football since Navy joined, they and/or Army have won at least a share of the league title in 76 of them, including stretches of 20 consecutive seasons from 1955–74 and 17 straight from 1983–99. Since the 2017 season, a championship game has been held on Veterans Day weekend. Although CSFL and MSFL teams are considered varsity teams and official school-sponsored sports for
4450-402: The contractile function of the vessels that they surround. Brown fat or brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized form of adipose tissue important for adaptive thermogenesis in humans and other mammals. BAT can generate heat by "uncoupling" the respiratory chain of oxidative phosphorylation within mitochondria through tissue-specific expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). BAT
4539-564: The differentiation of "brown fat" could become a mechanism for weight loss therapy in the future, encouraging the growth of tissue with this specialized metabolism without inducing it in other organs. A review on the eventual therapeutic targeting of brown fat to treat human obesity was published by Samuelson and Vidal-Puig in 2020. Until recently, brown adipose tissue in humans was thought to be primarily limited to infants, but new evidence has overturned that belief. Metabolically active tissue with temperature responses similar to brown adipose
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#17328455324874628-465: The early part of the season (in 2015, for instance, Navy faced the Longwood Lancers ). Army, Cornell, and Penn (and formerly Princeton prior to it dropping the sport) hold alumni games in which sprint football alumni return to campus for a full-contact scrimmage against the varsity squad. The alumni games serve the dual purpose of raising funds to support the team and maintaining alumni interest in
4717-590: The first national celebration in 1947 in Alabama and annually until his death in 1985. President Reagan honored Weeks at the White House with the Presidential Citizenship Medal in 1982 as the driving force for the national holiday. Elizabeth Dole , who prepared the briefing for President Reagan, determined Weeks as the "Father of Veterans Day". US Representative Ed Rees from Emporia, Kansas , presented
4806-492: The following week, is a federal holiday. The National Commission on Federal Election Reform called for the holidays to be merged, so citizens can have a day off to vote. They state this as a way to honor voting by exercising democratic rights. While the holiday is commonly printed as Veteran's Day or Veterans' Day in calendars and advertisements, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs website states that
4895-408: The formation of cell specific chromatin landscapes, which regulate the transcriptional program and, ultimately, control differentiation. Using ChIP-seq in conjunction with other tools, recent studies have identified over 30 transcriptional and epigenetic factors that influence beige adipocyte development. The thrifty gene hypothesis (also called the famine hypothesis) states that in some populations
4984-403: The heart and found to be a metabolically active organ that generates various bioactive molecules, which might significantly affect cardiac function. Marked component differences have been observed in comparing EAT with subcutaneous fat , suggesting a location-specific impact of stored fatty acids on adipocyte function and metabolism. Most of the remaining nonvisceral fat is found just below
5073-487: The high and low ends of this range, respectively. There is a constant flux of FFAs entering and leaving adipose tissue. The net direction of this flux is controlled by insulin and leptin—if insulin is elevated, then there is a net inward flux of FFA, and only when insulin is low can FFA leave adipose tissue. Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood sugar, which results from consuming carbohydrates. In humans, lipolysis (hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids)
5162-535: The highest percentage of cells within adipose tissue, other cell types are present, collectively termed stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of cells. SVF includes preadipocytes , fibroblasts , adipose tissue macrophages , and endothelial cells . Adipose tissue contains many small blood vessels . In the integumentary system , which includes the skin, it accumulates in the deepest level, the subcutaneous layer, providing insulation from heat and cold. Around organs, it provides protective padding. However, its main function
5251-444: The hind limbs (underneath the skin) and the subscapular depots, paired medial mixtures of brown adipose tissue adjacent to regions of white adipose tissue, which are found under the skin between the dorsal crests of the scapulae. The layer of brown adipose tissue in this depot is often covered by a "frosting" of white adipose tissue; sometimes these two types of fat (brown and white) are hard to distinguish. The inguinal depots enclose
5340-416: The holiday in 2011. Legally, two minutes of silence is recommended to be observed at 2:11pm Eastern Standard Time . Non-essential federal government offices are closed. No mail is delivered. All federal workers are paid for the holiday; those who are required to work on the holiday sometimes receive holiday pay for that day in addition to their wages. In his Armistice Day address to Congress, Wilson
5429-419: The hypothalamus to result in leptin resistance in obesity are currently the focus of obesity research. Gene defects in the leptin gene ( ob ) are rare in human obesity. As of July 2010 , only 14 individuals from five families have been identified worldwide who carry a mutated ob gene (one of which was the first ever identified cause of genetic obesity in humans)—two families of Pakistani origin living in
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#17328455324875518-430: The inguinal group of lymph nodes. Minor depots include the pericardial , which surrounds the heart, and the paired popliteal depots, between the major muscles behind the knees, each containing one large lymph node . Of all the depots in the mouse, the gonadal depots are the largest and the most easily dissected, comprising about 30% of dissectible fat. In an obese person, excess adipose tissue hanging downward from
5607-514: The league voted to not play a fall 2020 season out of concern over the COVID-19 pandemic , over the objections of Army and Navy, who indicated an intent to continue play without the other eight teams. In addition to a single Army-Navy game in the fall, Caldwell and St. Thomas Aquinas played a single game in spring 2021. The league resumed normal operations in fall 2021. The MSFL was formed in 2021, with play starting in 2022, by six private institutions in
5696-493: The league's existence. League rules specify official weigh-ins four days and two days before each game. Players must weigh 178 pounds (81 kg) four days and 2 days prior to game day. Players are allowed to gain weight back after meeting the weight limit Television rights to sprint football leagues are generally handled through the same outlets as their schools' respective athletic conferences. Caldwell, Chestnut Hill and Mansfield games are carried via Hudl -managed platforms of
5785-589: The liver, has garnered a great deal of interest after being identified as a potent stimulator of glucose uptake and a browning regulator through its effects on PGC-1α. It is increased in BAT during cold exposure and is thought to aid in resistance to diet-induced obesity FGF21 may also be secreted in response to exercise and a low protein diet, although the latter has not been thoroughly investigated. Data from these studies suggest that environmental factors like diet and exercise may be important mediators of browning. In mice, it
5874-512: The metabolism and in general the function of adipose-derived stem cells. Adipose tissue is a major peripheral source of aromatase in both males and females, contributing to the production of estradiol . Adipose derived hormones include: Adipose tissues also secrete a type of cytokines (cell-to-cell signalling proteins) called adipokines (adipose cytokines), which play a role in obesity-associated complications. Perivascular adipose tissue releases adipokines such as adiponectin that affect
5963-590: The need for feeder cells . The use of a patient's own cells reduces the chance of tissue rejection and avoids ethical issues associated with the use of human embryonic stem cells . A growing body of evidence also suggests that different fat depots (i.e. abdominal, omental, pericardial) yield adipose-derived stem cells with different characteristics. These depot-dependent features include proliferation rate , immunophenotype , differentiation potential , gene expression , as well as sensitivity to hypoxic culture conditions. Oxygen levels seem to play an important role on
6052-416: The popularity of this topic and is constantly evolving as more knowledge is acquired. Among these molecules are irisin and fibroblast growth factor 21 ( FGF21 ), which have been well-studied and are believed to be important regulators of browning. Irisin is secreted from muscle in response to exercise and has been shown to increase browning by acting on beige preadipocytes. FGF21, a hormone secreted mainly by
6141-603: The potential for the use of microarray in the study of WAT browning. RNA sequencing ( RNA-Seq ) is a powerful computational tool that allows for the quantification of RNA expression for all genes within a sample. Incorporating RNA-Seq into browning studies is of great value, as it offers better specificity, sensitivity, and a more comprehensive overview of gene expression than other methods. RNA-Seq has been used in both human and mouse studies in an attempt characterize beige adipocytes according to their gene expression profiles and to identify potential therapeutic molecules that may induce
6230-582: The program. Typically, the alumni have to donate a monetary weight penalty (e.g., $ 2 per pound) for weighing above the 178-pound limit. In 2017, when Caldwell joined, the CSFL was split into two divisions, the North and the South. On December 7, 2017, St. Thomas Aquinas College was announced as the tenth team in the league, to begin play in the 2018 season. After that season, Franklin Pierce left to play full-sized football and
6319-537: The purpose of the NCAA , sprint football teams do not fall into the same divisional structure as other NCAA sports and thus do not follow the same rules or restrictions on athletic scholarships as traditional college football squads are bound to follow. In April 2020, the CSFL chose Dan Mara, also Commissioner of the Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference (CACC) as Commissioner. In July of that year,
6408-401: The ratio. They tend to under-read body fat percentage. In contrast with clinical tools like DXA and underwater weighing , one relatively inexpensive type of body fat meter uses the principle of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in order to determine an individual's body fat percentage. To achieve this, the meter passes a small, harmless, electric current through the body and measures
6497-522: The size of marrow adipocytes. The exercise regulation of marrow fat suggests that it bears some physiologic similarity to other white adipose depots. Moreover, increased MAT in obesity further suggests a similarity to white fat depots. Ectopic fat is the storage of triglycerides in tissues other than adipose tissue, that are supposed to contain only small amounts of fat, such as the liver , skeletal muscle , heart , and pancreas . This can interfere with cellular functions and hence organ function and
6586-482: The skin in a region called the hypodermis . This subcutaneous fat is not related to many of the classic obesity-related pathologies, such as heart disease , cancer, and stroke , and some evidence even suggests it might be protective. The typically female (or gynecoid) pattern of body fat distribution around the hips, thighs, and buttocks is subcutaneous fat, and therefore poses less of a health risk compared to visceral fat. Like all other fat organs, subcutaneous fat
6675-488: The sport after 2015, following 16 consecutive years of winless seasons (an organized football record) and changes in league membership, and shifted its resources to club football . A number of other Ivy League schools have historically had sprint football teams, including the Yale Bulldogs , Harvard Crimson , and Columbia Lions , all of whom had dropped the sport many years earlier; of the Ivy League schools, only Penn and
6764-470: The strength of great nations acting together for high purposes, and the victory of arms foretells the enduring conquests which can be made in peace when nations act justly and in furtherance of the common interests of men. To us in America the reflections of Armistice Day will be filled with solemn pride in the heroism of those who died in the country's service, and with gratitude for the victory, both because of
6853-532: The thing from which it has freed us and because of the opportunity it has given America to show her sympathy with peace and justice in the councils of nations. The United States Congress adopted a resolution on June 4, 1926, requesting that President Calvin Coolidge issue annual proclamations calling for the observance of November 11 with appropriate ceremonies. A Congressional Act (52 Stat. 351; 5 U.S. Code, Sec. 87a) approved May 13, 1938, made November 11 in each year
6942-516: The two, wherein stress promotes the accumulation of visceral fat, which in turn causes hormonal and metabolic changes that contribute to heart disease and other health problems. Recent advances in biotechnology have allowed for the harvesting of adult stem cells from adipose tissue, allowing stimulation of tissue regrowth using a patient's own cells. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells from both human and animals reportedly can be efficiently reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells without
7031-625: The world an assured opportunity to reconstruct its shattered order and to work out in peace a new and more just set of international relations. The soldiers and people of the European Allies had fought and endured for more than four years to uphold the barrier of civilization against the aggressions of armed force. We ourselves had been in the conflict something more than a year and a half. With splendid forgetfulness of mere personal concerns, we remodeled our industries, concentrated our financial resources, increased our agricultural output, and assembled
7120-555: Was Fontbonne's departure after the 2023 season. The school announced in May of 2024 that it would be closing after the Summer semester in 2025. CSFL rules, also used by the MSFL, require that players must weigh no more than 178 pounds (81 kg), a figure that has slowly increased from its original 150 pounds (68 kg) as the weight of the American college student has increased over the course of
7209-460: Was adding sprint football for the 2023 season. In the process, it became the MSFL's second non-Catholic member, instead being affiliated with the General Baptist churches. Exactly three months later, Walsh University , a Catholic institution and NCAA Division II member that plays full-sized football, announced it would also add sprint football for 2023. The most recent change in MSFL membership
7298-670: Was also created in 1954. Congressman Rees of Kansas received the first National Veterans Award in Birmingham, Alabama , for his support in offering legislation to make Veterans Day a federal holiday. Although originally scheduled for celebration on November 11 of every year, starting in 1971 in accordance with the Uniform Monday Holiday Act , Veterans Day was moved to the fourth Monday of October (October 25, 1971; October 23, 1972; October 22, 1973; October 28, 1974; October 27, 1975; October 25, 1976, and October 24, 1977). In 1978, it
7387-506: Was discovered that many of the pathways upregulated in WAT after cold exposure are also highly expressed in BAT, such as oxidative phosphorylation , fatty acid metabolism , and pyruvate metabolism. This suggests that some of the adipocytes switched to a beige phenotype at 6 °C. Mössenböck et al. also used microarray analysis to demonstrate that insulin deficiency inhibits the differentiation of beige adipocytes but does not disturb their capacity for browning. These two studies demonstrate
7476-757: Was first reported in the neck and trunk of some human adults in 2007, and the presence of brown adipose in human adults was later verified histologically in the same anatomical regions. Browning of WAT, also referred to as "beiging", occurs when adipocytes within WAT depots develop features of BAT. Beige adipocytes take on a multilocular appearance (containing several lipid droplets) and increase expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). In doing so, these normally energy-storing adipocytes become energy-releasing adipocytes. The calorie-burning capacity of brown and beige fat has been extensively studied as research efforts focus on therapies targeted to treat obesity and diabetes. The drug 2,4-dinitrophenol , which also acts as
7565-450: Was found that beiging can occur through the production of methionine-enkephalin peptides by type 2 innate lymphoid cells in response to interleukin 33 . Due to the complex nature of adipose tissue and a growing list of browning regulatory molecules, great potential exists for the use of bioinformatics tools to improve study within this field. Studies of WAT browning have greatly benefited from advances in these techniques, as beige fat
7654-448: Was moved back to its original celebration on November 11. While the legal holiday remains on November 11, if that date happens to be on a Saturday or Sunday, then federal government employees and a number of organizations will instead take the day off on the adjacent Friday or Monday, respectively. Because it is a federal holiday , some American workers and many students have Veterans Day off from work or school. When Veterans Day falls on
7743-478: Was renamed Veterans Day in 1954. Veterans Day is distinct from Memorial Day , a U.S. public holiday in May: Veterans Day commemorates the service of all U.S. veterans, while the older Memorial Day, which grew out of Civil War commemorations, specifically honors those who have died while in military service. Another military holiday that also occurs in May, Armed Forces Day , honors those currently serving in
7832-481: Was replaced by Alderson Broaddus. However, in 2023, Alderson Broaddus' authorization to grant degrees was revoked, and they were required to drop all athletics, including their sprint football program. The newest CSFL member is Molloy University , a Division II member which added the sport in the 2024 season. As of 2023, only one charter member of the league remains, the Penn Quakers . The Princeton Tigers dropped
7921-546: Was sensitive to the psychological toll of the lean War years: "Hunger does not breed reform; it breeds madness," he remarked. As Veterans Day and the birthday of the United States Marine Corps (November 10, 1775) are only one day apart, that branch of the Armed Forces customarily observes both occasions as a 96-hour liberty period. Election Day is a regular working day, while Veterans Day, which typically falls
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