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26-464: The Colle is characterised by several moves. White's center pawns are developed to d4 and e3, the king's knight is developed to f3, the king's bishop is developed to d3, and the queen bishop's pawn (c-pawn) is developed to c3. Common continuations include development of the queen's knight to d2 (Nbd2) and kingside castling (0-0). A major theme of the Colle System is the ambition to play

52-456: A "good" example of an unorthodox opening, as opposed to a "bad" or "ugly" one. Together with Benjamin and Schiller, Hooper and Whyld also noted that the Colle is unfashionable in master play. Van der Sterren concurred with Benjamin and Schiller that the Colle is a fine opening "for those who want to keep the opening as simple as possible", and also echoed their remark that White's plan is to play e4 in

78-510: A 4–1 lead Zukertort wilted, lost four of the last five games, and lost the match by 12½–7½. After his 1886 defeat, Zukertort's health suffered and he was a greatly weakened player for the remaining two years of his life. Diagnoses of his ailments include rheumatism , coronary heart disease , kidney problems, and arteriosclerosis . His results after the 1886 match declined steeply: Seventh at London, and third at Nottingham in 1886; fifteenth at Frankfurt, and fourth at London in 1887; lost

104-491: A list of unorthodox chess pieces, see Fairy chess piece ; for a list of terms specific to chess problems , see Glossary of chess problems ; for a list of named opening lines , see List of chess openings ; for a list of chess-related games, see List of chess variants ; for a list of terms general to board games , see Glossary of board games . Johannes Zukertort Johannes Hermann Zukertort (Polish: Jan Hermann Cukiertort ; 7 September 1842 – 20 June 1888)

130-533: A match in 1887 against Blackburne (1 win, 5 losses, and 8 draws); and seventh at London in 1888. Poor health and lack of physical stamina appeared to be one of Zukertort's two long-term weaknesses: Some commentators attributed to illness the severity of his defeat in the 1872 match against Steinitz; aside from the tournaments mentioned above, in the 1883 London tournament he won 22 of his first 23 games – enough to give him an uncatchable lead – but lost his last 3 games. His other weakness

156-460: A score of eight wins, three losses, one draw , and finally defeated him convincingly (5–2; no draws) in a match in 1871. In 1867 he moved to Berlin and in 1872 to London. In that year, he played Wilhelm Steinitz in London, losing 9–3 (7 losses, 1 win, 4 draws). Although Zukertort lost both his matches against Steinitz, he proved that he was superior to other opponents throughout

182-405: A slightly unusual Greek gift sacrifice is Colle– O'Hanlon , 1930. Analysts have debated the theoretical soundness of this sacrifice for many years. 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 c5 4.c3 e6 5.Bd3 Bd6 6.Nbd2 Nbd7 7.0-0 0-0 8.Re1 Re8 9.e4 dxe4 10.Nxe4 Nxe4 11.Bxe4 cxd4 12.Bxh7+ Kxh7 13.Ng5+ Kg6 14.h4 Rh8 15.Rxe6+ Nf6 16.h5+ Kh6 17.Rxd6 Qa5 18.Nxf7+ Kh7 19.Ng5+ Kg8 20.Qb3+ 1–0 (Black resigns ) Black has

208-573: A soldier, musician, linguist, journalist and political activist. Zukertort was born on 7 September 1842 in Lublin , Congress Poland , Russian Empire as Jan Hermann Cukiertort. He said that his mother was the Baroness Krzyżanowska (Krzyzanovska). His parents were Polish Jews who converted to Protestant Christianity and missionized for the London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst

234-571: A stronger player". Players like Capablanca and Tal found ways to take the sting out of some of its various lines, however. One such line that has been tested is 3...Bf5, sometimes called the "Anti-Colle". Magnus Carlsen lost his only game with the white pieces during his five world championship matches, when he played the Colle-Zukertort System in game 8 of the World Chess Championship 2016 against Sergey Karjakin . The Colle

260-407: A usual continuation. Benjamin and Schiller give the broader, less specific definition 1.d4, 2.Nf3, 3.e3, although they also note that the immediate plan involves developing the "f1-bishop". John Nunn et al. regard the Colle as totally innocuous. While acknowledging the system's "innocuous" reputation and its "slow and solid" plan of development, Benjamin and Schiller recommended the Colle as

286-989: A variety of approaches to counter the Colle System. One of the most dynamic is to aim for a Queen's Indian Defense setup. White's pawn push to e4 slashes at empty space, while Black's pieces are poised to undermine White's centre and attack the queenside . The technique is well-illustrated in the 1929 game between Colle and José Capablanca : 1.d4 Nf6 2.Nf3 b6 3.e3 Bb7 4.Nbd2 e6 5.Bd3 c5 6.0-0 Nc6 7.c3 Be7 8.e4 cxd4 9.Nxd4 0-0 10.Qe2 Ne5 11.Bc2 Qc8 12.f4 Ba6 13.Qd1 Nc6 14.Rf3 g6 15.N2b3 Nxd4 16.Nxd4 Bb7 17.Qe2 Bc5 18.Rh3 Qc6 19.e5 Nd5 20.Qf2 Bxd4 21.cxd4 Rac8 22.Bd1 f6 23.Qh4 Rf7 24.Bf3 Qc4 25.Be3 Nxe3 26.Bxb7 Nf5 27.Qe1 Rc7 28.Be4 Qxd4+ 29.Kh1 fxe5 30.Bxf5 exf5 31.fxe5 Re7 32.Re3 Qxb2 33.e6 dxe6 34.Rxe6 Kf7 0–1 (White resigns) Bibliography Glossary of chess#developed This glossary of chess explains commonly used terms in chess , in alphabetical order. Some of these terms have their own pages, like fork and pin . For

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312-416: A well-timed e4, where the square is defended by the bishop on d3, the knight on d2 (following Nbd2), and possibly the rook on e1 (following 0-0 and Re1). Although sometimes described as a specific sequence of moves, the Colle System is not a fixed line of play, but rather a system for White where the moves may be permuted at the player's discretion. When a game opens with most or all of the above moves, to

338-579: The Austro-Prussian war , and again during the Franco-Prussian war of 1870–1871. Zukertort is widely suspected to have embellished his biography. In an account of his life for the Eastern Daily Press in 1872 many claims were made on his behalf: Aristocratic descent, fluency in nine languages (fourteen, according to other sources), and proficiency in swordsmanship, dominoes , and whist ; it

364-472: The ECO , the Colle system is defined by the line 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.e3 e6 4.Bd3 c5 5.c3. Paul van der Sterren gives an identical definition, with the same moves played in the same order. Other authors clarify that the system refers specifically to White's moves. Hooper and Whyld define the Colle as d4, Nf3, e3, Nbd2, c3 and Bd3 (in no particular order), including Nbd2 in their definition rather than noting it as

390-602: The Paris 1878 chess tournament and beat Winawer in the playoff; second at Berlin in 1881, behind Blackburne; tied for fourth at Vienna in 1882; first at London in 1883, 3 points ahead of Steinitz. The 1878 win in Paris led to some suggestion that Zukertort was the world's leading player, although Steinitz did not compete. Zukertort's win in the London 1883 chess tournament was his most significant success: He won his games against most of

416-791: The Jews. Because the Christian Protestant mission among the Jewish population in Russian-occupied Poland was considered illegal and heretical , the Zukertort family emigrated to Prussia . He was educated at the gymnasium of Breslau , and in 1866 at the University of Breslau , from which he graduated in medicine in 1866. As a member of the medical corps of the Prussian army he saw service in 1866 during

442-623: The Masters section of the tournament. One variation of the Colle is the Colle–Zukertort System (named after Johannes Zukertort ), characterised by developing the dark-squared bishop on b2. The typical plan is: 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 e6 3.e3 Nf6 4.Bd3 c5 5.b3 Nc6 6.0-0 Bd6 7.Bb2 0-0, where White, despite their apparently innocuous development, will eventually play for a kingside attack. This system has been frequently employed at grandmaster level by Artur Yusupov . A famous Colle System win featuring

468-683: The editor of a chess magazine for several years. The Oxford Companion to Chess comments, "There is some truth in the last sentence: He was co-author of the books [and] co-editor of the chess magazine." In an age where the majority of players played exclusively 1.e4 , Zukertort was an occasional early experimenter with openings such as 1. Nf3 (The Zukertort Opening) and 1. c4 In his prime Zukertort also excelled at blindfold chess . In 1876, he played sixteen games simultaneously while blindfolded, winning eleven, drawing four, and losing only one. Zukertort learned to play chess in Breslau when he

494-459: The exclusion of moves which typify other openings, the game may be described as "a Colle System". Although criticised by some and used infrequently in master play, the Colle is regarded by others as a solid and playable opening. The Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings ( ECO ) identifies the Colle System as an uncommon continuation of the Queen's Pawn Game , assigning it the code D05. In

520-503: The late 1870s and early 1880s. During this period top-class tournaments were rare and Zukertort's best performances were mostly in matches, notably against Anderssen in 1871 and Joseph Henry Blackburne in 1881 (6 wins, 2 losses, 5 draws). Nonetheless Zukertort was one of the most successful tournament players of his time: third place behind Steinitz and Blackburne at London, 1872; first place at Cologne , and second at Leipzig in 1877; tied for first with Simon Winawer at

546-424: The near future. Colle and Koltanowski each won several tournaments in the 1920s and 1930s. Colle finished ahead of Tartakower , Euwe , and Rubinstein at various times. The opening had even been referred to as the "dreaded" Colle System. George Koltanowski, in his book The Colle System , said it offered "solid development", combinations , and a decent endgame , giving White "good chances of not losing against

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572-405: The world's leading players, scoring 22/26, and he finished 3 points ahead of Steinitz, who was second with 19/26. This tournament established that Steinitz and Zukertort were clearly the best two players in the world, and led to the World Chess Championship match between these two. The 1886 World Chess Championship match lasted from 11 January to 29 March 1886. After building up

598-427: Was a Polish-born British-German chess master . He was one of the leading world players for most of the 1870s and 1880s, but lost to Wilhelm Steinitz in the World Chess Championship 1886 , which is generally regarded as the first World Chess Championship match. He was also defeated by Steinitz in 1872 in an unofficial championship. Zukertort filled his relatively short life with a wide range of other achievements as

624-567: Was about age 19. Entering a tournament in that city, and receiving the odds of the queen, he lost every game, whereupon he took up the study of Bilguer's Handbuch , with the result that in 1862 he won games from the leading German chess player Adolf Anderssen at the odds of a knight. Zukertort studied with Anderssen and within a very few years he became one of the strongest players in Germany. Among many other notable matches that Zukertort played with Anderssen, he defeated him in 1866, lost in 1868 by

650-687: Was also stated that he had played 6,000 games of chess with Adolf Anderssen , fought in numerous battles, and was awarded the Order of the Red Eagle , the Iron Cross of the German Army , and seven other medals. He also found time to get an M.D. at Breslau in 1865, and work on the staff of the Allgemeine Zeitung – Otto von Bismarck 's private organ – in addition to writing two chess books and working as

676-484: Was seen once again in world championship play in 2023, when Ding Liren successfully employed the system against Ian Nepomniachtchi in winning game 12 of the World Chess Championship 2023 . Ding's compatriot Wei Yi also successfully employed the use of the Colle System in round 13 of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2024 , defeating Vidit Gujrathi on route to the playoffs, with Wei Yi eventually winning

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