Till or glacial till is unsorted glacial sediment .
41-821: Coldwater River may refer to: In Canada [ edit ] Coldwater River (British Columbia) Coldwater River (Algoma District) , which flows to Lake Superior Coldwater River (Simcoe County) , which flows to Lake Huron In the United States [ edit ] Coldwater River (Branch County) , Michigan Coldwater River (Isabella County) , Michigan Coldwater River (Western Michigan) Coldwater River (Mississippi) Cold Water River, alternate name for Blackwater River , Florida See also [ edit ] Coldwater River National Wildlife Refuge , Mississippi Coldwater Creek (disambiguation) Cold River (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
82-440: A glacier and deposited directly from the ice or from running water emerging from the ice. It is distinguished from other forms of drift in that it is deposited directly by glaciers without being reworked by meltwater. Till is characteristically unsorted and unstratified , and is not usually consolidated . Most till consists predominantly of clay, silt , and sand , but with pebbles, cobbles, and boulders scattered through
123-482: A blockage from broken ice caused the river to flood basements. In late December 1980, the largest recorded floods to that time changed the river channel morphology, which prompted revisions of the draft study examining the expected impact upon the river of the proposed Coquihalla Highway. The flooding caused extensive damage to roads and bridges and the loss of farmland. The river flooded parts of Merritt due to very high water in 1995 and an ice jam in 2005. During
164-515: A cover of till. Interpreting the glacial history of landforms can be difficult due to the tendency of overprinting landforms on top of each other. As a glacier melts, large amounts of till are eroded and become a source of sediments for reworked glacial drift deposits. These include glaciofluvial deposits , such as outwash in sandurs , and as glaciolacustrine and glaciomarine deposits, such as varves (annual layers) in any proglacial lakes which may form. Erosion of till may take place even in
205-466: A higher water content behave more fluidly, and thus are more susceptible to flow. There are three main types of flows, which are listed below. In cases where till has been indurated or lithified by subsequent burial into solid rock, it is known as the sedimentary rock tillite . Matching beds of ancient tillites on opposite sides of the south Atlantic Ocean provided early evidence for continental drift . The same tillites also provide some support to
246-548: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Coldwater River (British Columbia) The Coldwater River is in south central British Columbia , Canada. The river is the largest tributary of the Nicola River , which is joined at Merritt . Tsillatko (or alternative spellings), the Shuswap name for the river, translates to "cold water". The earliest known documented use of
287-417: Is likely eroded from bedrock rather than being created by glacial processes. The sediments carried by a glacier will eventually be deposited some distance down-ice from its source. This takes place in the ablation zone , which is the part of the glacier where the rate of ablation (removal of ice by evaporation, melting, or other processes) exceeds the rate of accumulation of new ice from snowfall. As ice
328-455: Is primarily in Merritt, impacts about 1.0 per cent on both banks of the river. Upstream, agricultural land use occupies 3.7 per cent of both banks. Rural land use occurs along about 11.2 per cent of the left bank, and 23 per cent of the right bank. Infrastructure accounts for about 3.2 per cent and 4.4 per cent of the left and right banks respectively, which is largely a result of the 24 bridges along
369-705: Is removed, debris are left behind as till. The deposition of glacial till is not uniform, and a single till plain can contain a wide variety of different types of tills due to the various erosional mechanisms and location of till with respect to the transporting glacier. The different types of till can be categorized between subglacial (beneath) and supraglacial (surface) deposits. Subglacial deposits include lodgement, subglacial meltout, and deformation tills. Supraglacial deposits include supraglacial meltout and flow till. Supraglacial deposits and landforms are widespread in areas of glacial downwasting (vertical thinning of glaciers, as opposed to ice-retreat. They typically sit at
410-406: The 2021 Pacific Northwest floods , the river damaged the Merritt wastewater treatment plant, about 600 residences, and several commercial properties. The entire community of 7,100 residents had to be evacuated. Upstream, workers were able to save the highway bridge at Brodie by dumping rock to protect an abutment. Along a 30-kilometre (19 mi) stretch south of Merritt, the 14 exposed sections of
451-620: The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) tried a new Kamloops – Yale trail, which was ultimately rejected as overly arduous and hazardous. This Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail was via Nicola Lake , the Coldwater River, the mountains, Chapmans , and the Fraser River . Developed during 1872–1876, a 2-metre (6 ft) wide upgraded cattle trail, which connected Hope and Merritt via the Coquihalla Pass,
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#1732837284288492-548: The Precambrian Snowball Earth glaciation event hypothesis. Tills sometimes contain placer deposits of valuable minerals such as gold. Diamonds have been found in glacial till in the north-central United States and in Canada. Till prospecting is a method of prospecting in which tills are sampled over a wide area to determine if they contain valuable minerals, such as gold, uranium, silver, nickel, or diamonds, and
533-434: The entrainment by the moving ice of previously available unconsolidated sediments. Bedrock can be eroded through the action of glacial plucking and abrasion , and the resulting clasts of various sizes will be incorporated to the glacier's bed. Glacial abrasion is the weathering of bedrock below a flowing glacier by fragmented rock on the basal layer of the glacier. The two mechanisms of glacial abrasion are striation of
574-411: The erosion and entrainment of material by the moving ice of a glacier . It is deposited some distance down-ice to form terminal , lateral , medial and ground moraines . Till is classified into primary deposits, laid down directly by glaciers, and secondary deposits, reworked by fluvial transport and other processes. Till is a form of glacial drift , which is rock material transported by
615-532: The 950,000 litres; 250,000 US gallons (210,000 imp gal) of released oil entered the dam, but none reached the river. Over the decades, the pipeline companies modified extensive sections of the Coldwater River to protect the buried pipe from river scour. The Trans Mountain Expansion Project route was revised in 2021 when the Coldwater Band claimed that the original proposal might potentially damage
656-558: The Brodie–Jessica right-of-way. and built a private road north from Portia largely upon the former rail bed. In summer 1963, a passenger vehicle convoy made a promotional public use of the Brookmere–Portia route, which comprised the private pipeline road and logging roads. The tenth such annual excursion in 1973 appears to have been the last. By the mid-1970s, the public use of this road was increasing. Consequently, petitioning for
697-646: The Coldwater River name is 1875. G.M. Dawson's Southern Interior of B.C. map (1877) is the earliest map adopting this name. From west of the Coquihalla Lakes on the northeastern slopes of the North Cascades , the river flows northeastward, before entering the Nicola at Merritt. The length is about 94 kilometres (58 mi) and channel width is 10 to 25 metres (33 to 82 ft). Water temperature does not rise above 10 °C (50 °F) until early July, whereas in
738-533: The Coldwater Valley bottom, the region changes to the drier Ponderosa Pine /Bunch Grass Zone. The route includes the Coldwater River Park (near Juliet) and only one canyon (7-kilometre (4 mi) length, north of Brodie). Daily discharge tables for the Coldwater River at: Brook Creek mouth for 1965–2022. Merritt for 1913–2022. Mapped tributaries total 85. ^a . Distance upstream from
779-464: The Nicola, water exceeds that by early June. The average gradient of the lower 90 kilometres (56 mi) is 0.6 per cent. The watershed area covers 915 square kilometres (226,000 acres). Annual precipitation in the upper watershed is 1,000 millimetres (39 in) and at Merritt is 255 millimetres (10 in). The watershed is snow dominated with summer low flows occurring late August–September and late winter. Commercial and industrial land use, which
820-450: The bedrock by coarse grains moved by the glacier, thus gouging the rock below, and polishing of the bedrock by smaller grains such as silts. Glacial plucking is the removal of large blocks from the bed of a glacier. Much of the silt in till is produced by glacial grinding, and the longer the till remains at the ice-bedrock interface, the more thoroughly it is crushed. However, the crushing process appears to stop with fine silt. Clay in till
861-498: The clasts dipping upstream. Though till is generally unstratified, till high in clay may show lamination due to compaction under the weight of overlying ice. Till may also contain lenses of sand or gravel , indicating minor and local reworking by water transitional to non-till glacial drift. The term till comes from an old Scottish name for coarse, rocky soil. It was first used to describe primary glacial deposits by Archibald Geikie in 1863. Early researchers tended to prefer
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#1732837284288902-413: The difficulties in accurately classifying different tills, which are often based on inferences of the physical setting of the till rather than detailed analysis of the till fabric or particle size. Subglacial lodgement tills are deposits beneath the glacier that are forced, or "lodged" into the bed below. As glaciers advance or retreat, the clasts that are deposited by the ice may have a lower velocity than
943-513: The existing oil pipeline cost tens of millions of dollars to repair and route revisions were required for the expansion project where river channels had altered. The KV, a Canadian Pacific Railway subsidiary, operated standard gauge trackage, which followed the Coldwater River (via the Brodie junction) and the Coquihalla River through the North Cascades . Till Till is derived from
984-410: The glacier. Many of the clasts are faceted, striated, or polished, all signs of glacial abrasion . The sand and silt grains are typically angular to subangular rather than rounded. It has been known since the careful statistic work by geologist Chauncey D. Holmes in 1941 that elongated clasts in tills tend to align with the direction of ice flow. Clasts in till may also show slight imbrication , with
1025-411: The glacier. Since the rate of deposition is controlled by the rate of basal melting, it is worth considering the factors that contribute to melting. These can be the geothermal heat flux, frictional heat generated by sliding, ice thickness, and ice-surface temperature gradients. Subglacial deformation tills refer to the homogenization of glacial sediments that occur when the stresses and shear forces from
1066-401: The glacier. These consist of clasts and debris that become exposed due to melting via solar radiation. These debris are either just debris that have a high relative position on the glacier, or clasts that have been transported up from the base of the glacier. Debris accumulation has a feedback-loop relationship with melting. Initially, the darker colored debris absorb more heat and thus accelerate
1107-403: The ice itself. When the friction between the clast and the bed exceeds the forces of the ice flowing above and around it, the clast will cease to move, and it will become a lodgement till. Subglacial meltout tills are tills that are deposited via the melting of the ice lobe. Clasts are transported to the base of the glacier over time, and as basal melting continues, they are slowly deposited below
1148-451: The long promised highway intensified. In May 1985, a tanker spilled about 500 litres (110 imp gal; 132 US gal) of diesel fuel, which flowed into the river. The respective Coquihalla Highway contractor was later acquitted on a charge of negligence. By that summer, the public could use the highway while earthmovers developed the grade. Opened in May 1986, the highway parallels
1189-650: The melting process. After a significant amount of melting has occurred, the thickness of the till insulates the ice sheet and slows the melting process. Supraglacial meltout tills typically end up forming moraines. Supraglacial flow tills refer to tills that are subject to a dense concentration of clasts and debris from meltout. These debris localities are then subsequently affected by ablation . Due to their unstable nature, they are subject to downslope flow, and thus named "flow till." Properties of flow tills vary, and can depend on factors such as water content, surface gradient, and debris characteristics. Generally, flow tills with
1230-608: The mouth of the Coldwater River. Other species include Pacific lamprey , river lamprey , and Western brook lamprey . Nlaka'pamux First Nations have inhabited the Coldwater valley at least since the early 1800s. The main reserve of the Coldwater Band is Coldwater 1 . Paul's Basin IR 2 is southwest of IR 1 and Gwen Lake 3 is on Gwen Lake, which feeds Kwinshatin Creek. In 1848 and 1849,
1271-470: The moving glacier rework the topography of the bed. These contain preglacial sediments (non glacial or earlier glacial sediments), which have been run over and thus deformed by meltout processes or lodgement. The constant reworking of these deposited tills leads to a highly homogenized till. Supraglacial meltout tills are similar to subglacial meltout tills. Rather than being the product of basal melting, however, supraglacial meltout tills are imposed on top of
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1312-561: The reserve aquifer. The change added about 4 kilometres (2 mi), necessitated two crossings of the Coldwater River where none were needed before, and raised further concerns about the local environmental impact. By February 2024, the project was almost complete along the river between Merritt and the Coquihalla Summit . During May–June 1948, the rising river at the Collettsville Bridge flooded residences. In February 1962,
1353-477: The river for almost 39 kilometres (24 mi). Construction required six bridges and three river diversions. The lower reaches of Juliet and Mine creeks were also impacted. The Ministry of Transportation and Highways installed several compensating river channels for spawning. In 1953, the Trans Mountain Oil Pipe Line was installed along the river. In 1955, a pipeline easement through the reserve
1394-484: The river. Along the cobble-bedded, irregularly meandering river, abandoned channels have created low-lying areas of wetland. Valley walls are primarily formed of till overlying bedrock. The installation of revetments over the past century has restricted the meandering. The river passes through two biogeoclimatic zones . In the upper reaches, it passes through the Interior Douglas Fir Zone. On entering
1435-432: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coldwater_River&oldid=877941708 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1476-464: The subglacial environment, such as in tunnel valleys . There are various types of classifying tills: Traditionally (e.g. Dreimanis , 1988 ) a further set of divisions has been made to primary deposits, based upon the method of deposition. Van der Meer et al. 2003 have suggested that these till classifications are outdated and should instead be replaced with only one classification, that of deformation till. The reasons behind this are largely down to
1517-412: The term boulder clay for the same kind of sediments, but this has fallen into disfavor. Where it is unclear whether a poorly sorted, unconsolidated glacial deposit was deposited directly from glaciers, it is described as diamict or (when lithified ) as diamictite . Tillite is a sedimentary rock formed by lithification of till. Glacial till is mostly derived from subglacial erosion and from
1558-491: The till. The abundance of clay demonstrates lack of reworking by turbulent flow, which otherwise would winnow the clay. Typically, the distribution of particle sizes shows two peaks (it is bimodal ) with pebbles predominating in the coarser peak. The larger clasts (rock fragments) in till typically show a diverse composition, often including rock types from outcrops hundreds of kilometers away. Some clasts may be rounded, and these are thought to be stream pebbles entrained by
1599-413: The top of the stratigraphic sediment sequence, which has a major influence on land usage. Till is deposited as the terminal moraine , along the lateral and medial moraines and in the ground moraine of a glacier, and moraine is often conflated with till in older writings. Till may also be deposited as drumlins and flutes , though some drumlins consist of a core of stratified sediments with only
1640-575: Was destroyed in the 1910s by the Kettle Valley Railway (KV) construction. In 1910, a new wagon road was built along the Voght Valley, which included the corresponding part along the east shore of the Coldwater from Merritt. By 1931, a minor road headed westward to Brookmere . By 1956, the road along the east shore had been extended to Brookmere. In 1960, Trans Mountain Pipeline bought
1681-466: Was granted to Trans-Mountain Oil Pipeline Ltd. The Westcoast Pipeline , which carries natural gas, was completed through the Coldwater and Coquihalla valleys in 1957 and expanded in 1979. In April 1971, a washout left 61 metres (200 ft) of pipeline suspended. On fracturing, the pipe leaked crude oil, which was contained behind a quickly prepared earth dam. During repairs, the greater part of