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34-545: The Dënesųłiné of Cold Lake occupy the territory around present-day Cold Lake, Alberta , in the northeast of the province close to the Saskatchewan border. They are the only Chipewyan community who are signatory to Treaty Six and are somewhat isolated from other Chipewyan. Their closest Chipewyan neighbors are situated at Ejerésche or Dillon, Saskatchewan and K'ái K'oz Desé or Janvier, Alberta , both of which are approximately 5 hours away by motor vehicle. Oral traditions of

68-550: A provincial wildlife refuge . Birds found on the island and elsewhere in the IBA include the American white pelican , double-crested cormorant , common tern , California gull , great blue heron , ring-billed gull , and the herring gull . The south-west corner of Primrose Lake ( 54°45′N 110°03′W  /  54.750°N 110.050°W  / 54.750; -110.050 ) in Alberta

102-486: A Francophone school named École Voyageur that offers French programming for kindergarten through grade 12, as well as the Cold Lake Cadet Summer Training Centre . Cold Lake is situated near many campgrounds due to its proximity to the lake. The M.D. campground has powered sites, shower facilities with flush toilets, and a covered camp picnic area. The Cold Lake Provincial Park has many sites, and

136-517: A hill above Reiter Creek they gathered in the summer of 1913 and elected Alexi Janvier (Nanuchele) as their chief. At the end of the First World War people coming back from Europe's battlefields brought with them the Spanish flu . Nearly half of the population died. The Cold Lake Nations had been forced to give up their nomadic lifestyle. At the beginning they were quite successful farmers but meanwhile

170-463: A kind of compensation for the Air Base, which consists of 2023.5 ha. Cold Lake, Alberta Cold Lake is a city in east-central Alberta , Canada and is named after the lake nearby. Canadian Forces Base Cold Lake (CFB Cold Lake) is situated within the city's outer limits. Cold Lake was first recorded on a 1790 map, by the name of Coldwater Lake. Originally three communities, Cold Lake

204-560: A large part of the land is leased to white farmers with more money. After the Frog Lake Massacre of May 1885, the band's main group fled to the Cold Lake in fear of revenge. Despite moderation of a priest, the militia disarmed the tribe. Women and children were sent to a camp on Reiter Creek , while the men stayed in the army's camp. When the band returned to the Cold Lake, they met another armed unit there. The oral tradition tells about

238-535: A mass execution, which was averted in a last-minute decision. In 1890 many Chipewyan families went from Heart Lake (Saskatchewan) to Primrose Lake , as they were used to do traditionally, but this time they stayed there permanently. When land surveys started in 1902 the Indians of Cold Lake were still suspected to have participated in the North-West Rebellion, so that they lost their treaty rights. In addition,

272-532: A population density of 235.1/km (608.9/sq mi) in 2021. In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Cold Lake had a population of 14,961 living in 5,597 of its 6,657 total private dwellings, a change of 8.1% from its 2011 population of 13,839. With a land area of 59.92 km (23.14 sq mi), it had a population density of 249.7/km (646.7/sq mi) in 2016. About 8.7% of residents identified themselves as aboriginal at

306-400: A recreational trail situated on a former railway line (see rail trail ) has its easternmost terminus in Cold Lake. Recreational pastimes include, among others: The Air Force Museum preserves and exhibits the history of CFB Cold Lake and of 42 Radar Squadron . 42 Radar was on this site from 1954 to 1992, so Cold War era technology is mostly on display in their exhibit. An example of this

340-570: A significant contributor to the local economy. Every year Cold Lake hosts military forces from around the world for Exercise Maple Flag , a training exercise where pilots and support staff of NATO allies can take advantage of the Air Weapons Range and relatively open rural air space. Running from 4 to 6 weeks and starting in May of each year, commercial accommodations in the entire region are left with little to no vacancy. This annual exercise contributes

374-466: A substantial amount of capital into these industries and other hospitality-related businesses. Cold Lake is the home of Marvel comic book character Wolverine . Cold Lake has a variety of sports, including: Mayors: The last local election was held in October 2021 . As of 2021, the councillors of Cold Lake are Bob Mattice, Chris Vining, Vicky Lefebvre, Adele Richardson, Ryan Bailey, and Bill Parker. At

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408-550: A system for which Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologized in 2008. The largest reserve today is Cold Lake 149 in the east of Bonnyville (145.281 km). There are other reserves, like the one of 4134 ha on the Beaver Creek (149B), 96.2 ha of the territory of the Blue Quills First Nation Indian Reserve , 71.6 ha on the southern shore of Cold Lake (149A) and 149C, and the land meant as

442-402: Is in Alberta, and an elevation of 559 metres (1,834 ft). It lies within muskeg and the boreal forest ecozone of Canada. There are several rivers and creeks that flow into the lake with Calder River on the northern shore being the primary inflow. Martineau River is the lake's outflow and it starts on the southern shore and flows in a south-westerly direction into Cold Lake in Alberta. To

476-493: Is more secluded than the M.D. site (which is surrounded by development). The Provincial campground boasts a wilderness trail system, a beach, boat launch and a powered section. Nearby Meadow Lake Provincial Park to the east, across the border in Saskatchewan , has facilities similar to Cold Lake Provincial Park. Kinosoo Beach is a favorite destination during the hot summer months between June and August. The Iron Horse Trail ,

510-670: Is the General Electric Height Finder Radar on display. The Museum has much 4 Wing history on display. The current 4 Wing standing squadrons such as 409 Squadron , 410 Squadron , 419 Squadron , 1 Air Maintenance Squadron , Aerospace Engineering Test Establishment and others are displayed in the Museum. There are a few exhibits of purely historic nature, such as displays on 441 and 416 , Squadrons which stood down in 2006 to be amalgamated into 409 Squadron . The Museum also has four aircraft on display outside, including

544-644: The Alberta and Saskatchewan Acts were used to allow the confiscation of any militarily important area. During the Cold War the Royal Canadian Air Force was looking for a test area and found it around Primrose Lake. The people living there were offered a small amount of compensation for 20 years. While the most modern techniques were introduced on CFB Cold Lake , the first power line was not installed before 1964. The residential schools were not closed before 1971,

578-706: The CF-5 Freedom Fighter , CT-133 Silver Star , the CT-114 Tutor and the CT-134 Musketeer . The newest addition to the air park is a CF-188 Decoy. This exhibit was designed, researched and constructed by Grand Centre High School students. This museum explains the history of Oil and gas in the Cold Lake area from Paleolithic times to the present. The Heritage Museum exhibits a time line of life in Cold Lake, both domestic and commercial. The museum also boasts some impressive murals. The Aboriginal Museum displays

612-551: The Saint Lawrence River . The Government of Canada negotiated with Woodland and Plains Cree, and some Nakota as well as with the Denesuline Peoples around Cold Lake. Treaty 6, which covers modern-day central Alberta and Saskatchewan, was signed in 1876 at Carlton and Fort Pitt. A Cree decided to go to a piece of land at Willow Point, a territory reaching about 20 miles (32 km) south and westwards. It included

646-527: The United Church of Canada , 5.5% identified as Anglican , 3% as Baptist , 2.5% as Lutheran , and 2% as Pentecostal . The city's economy is inextricably linked to military spending at CFB Cold Lake . The region also supports oil and gas exploration and production. The Athabasca Oil Sands project in Fort McMurray is having a growing influence in the region as well. The Cold Lake oil sands may become

680-443: The City of Cold Lake according to its 2022 municipal census is 16,302, a change of 3.6% from its 2014 municipal census population of 15.736. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the City of Cold Lake had a population of 15,661 living in 6,114 of its 6,767 total private dwellings, a change of 4.6% from its 2016 population of 14,976. With a land area of 66.61 km (25.72 sq mi), it had

714-485: The Cold Lake First Nations reach back in time and in traditions similar to those we can expect at the end of the last ice age . Prehistoric artifacts , such as stone tools and pottery, have been dated to over 5,000 years old. Researchers have also discovered a pre-Columbian campsite covering about 1,200 square metres along the lakeshore at English Bay. Locally known as Berry Point, the area has been used by

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748-540: The Cold Lake, to be more precise the English Bay. At the same time French settlers came to the French Bay . The Canadian residential school system was also introduced for the Cold Lake First Nations. The children had to attend residential schools like Onion Lake or Blue Quills Residential School. The legacy of the schools on aboriginal people of today has been referred to as a "collective soul wound." In 1930 provisions of

782-560: The Cold Lake, which the Denesuline called Luwe Chok Tuwe or Łue Chok Tué and where they spent the summers, while the winters were spent on Primrose Lake (called in the Chipewyan language Xah Tué ). When chief Uldahi died in June 1882, he had no successor. Consequently, the group dwelling at Heart Lake elected its own chiefs and headmen. They also tried to get a reserve of their own. On

816-481: The Denesuline for fishing, hunting and gathering medicines since time immemorial. The bones of their ancestors are buried in grave sites there. The Denesuline of Cold Lake were traditionally a nomadic people who lived off the land by hunting and gathering . Wetlands , prairie and boreal forest made up their homelands in this eco-region and was indeed plentiful in food. During the fur trade era, they trapped in and around Primrose Lake and Cold Lake where there

850-726: The Late Holocene. By the Middle Holocene , the mammalian biota in the region was essentially modern. The city is situated in Alberta's "Lakeland" district, 300 km (190 mi) northeast of Edmonton , near the Alberta- Saskatchewan provincial border. The area surrounding the city is sparsely populated, and consists mostly of farmland. Cold Lake's climate is humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ). Summers are generally warm with cool nights, and winters are very cold with moderate snowfall. The population of

884-537: The east of the lake are the Mostoos Hills. Besides the aforementioned Martineau River and Cold Lake, the waters of Primrose Lake flow through multiple rivers and lakes en route to the Churchill River, including Cold River , Pierce Lake , Lepine Lake, Lac des Îles , Waterhen River , Waterhen Lake , Beaver River , and Lac Île-à-la-Crosse . The Primrose Lake (SK 092) IBA encompasses the entire lake and much of

918-567: The history of the Dene , Cree and Metis peoples in time lines, maps, crafts and cultural displays. There are also bears on display. Primrose Lake Primrose Lake is a large lake in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta in the Churchill River drainage basin . The lake straddles the Saskatchewan / Alberta border, with most of the water surface in Saskatchewan with only

952-815: The provincial level, the city is in the district of Bonnyville-Cold Lake-St. Paul . Its current representative is Scott Cyr , from the United Conservative Party . At the federal level, the city is in the district of Fort McMurray—Cold Lake . Its current representative is Laila Goodridge , from the Conservative Party of Canada . Portage College operates a campus at Cold Lake. Program offerings include academic upgrading, accounting, community social works, nursing, power engineering and university studies among others. Lakeland Catholic School District No. 150 and Northern Lights School Division No. 69 operate public schools within Cold Lake. Cold Lake also hosts

986-465: The responsible Indian agent believed that their territory was much too large for only 330 members of the tribe. Their territory was reduced to 73 square miles (190 km). Consequently, they could no more live by fishing, hunting and trapping. In exchange for not losing their fishing rights, they swapped their 16 square miles (41 km) of land in the south of the Beaver River with a piece of land on

1020-476: The south-west corner of the lake in Alberta. On the Saskatchewan side of the lake is Backes Island Wildlife Refuge, which is a small protected island near the middle of the lake that is important to birds. The entire lake plus surrounding land totalling 1,259.52 km (486.30 sq mi) is part of an Important Bird Area (IBA) of Canada. Primrose Lake has a total surface area of 444 km (171 sq mi), 17.7 km (6.8 sq mi) of which

1054-444: The surrounding landscape. Most of the IBA is in Saskatchewan but the western boundary is in Alberta. The lake is surrounded by boreal forests and has a sub-arctic climate. There are several islands in the lake that support colonial nesting birds with Backes Island ( 54°57′30″N 109°42′26″W  /  54.9583°N 109.7073°W  / 54.9583; -109.7073 ) being the most prominent. Backes Island has been designated

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1088-612: The time of the 2006 census. Almost 89% of residents identified English and more than 7% identified French as their first language . Almost 1% identified German , 0.5% identified Chinese , 0.4% each identified Dutch and Ukrainian , and 0.3% each identified Cree and Arabic as their first language learned. About 82 percent of residents identified as Christian at the time of the 2001 census, while more than 17 percent indicated they had no religious affiliation. For specific denominations Statistics Canada found that 40% of residents identified as Roman Catholic , 14% identified with

1122-477: Was an abundance in fur-bearing animals such as beaver and muskrat In 1716, the peoples in the Cold Lake area were supposedly attacked for the first time by fur trading Cree , who had become owners of firearms by trading with Europeans. Not before 1800 the groups around Cold Lake started to trade with Europeans on their own, but then they travelled to the trading posts on the Hudson Bay and even to Hochelaga on

1156-620: Was formed by merging the Town of Grand Centre , the Town of Cold Lake, and Medley ( CFB Cold Lake ) on October 1, 1996. Grand Centre was renamed Cold Lake South, and the original Cold Lake is known as Cold Lake North. Because of its origins, the area is also known as the Tri-Town. Cold Lake preserves an extensive fossil and subfossil record from the Pleistocene after the Last Glacial Maximum to

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