Cola is a carbonated soft drink flavored with vanilla , cinnamon , citrus oils , and other flavorings. Cola became popular worldwide after the American pharmacist John Stith Pemberton invented Coca-Cola , a trademarked brand, in 1886, which was imitated by other manufacturers. Most colas originally contained caffeine from the kola nut ( Cola acuminata ), leading to the drink's name, though other sources of caffeine are generally used in modern formulations. The Pemberton cola drink also contained a coca plant extract. His non-alcoholic recipe was inspired by the coca wine of pharmacist Angelo Mariani , created in 1863.
34-626: Most modern colas have a dark caramel color and are sweetened with sugar , high-fructose corn syrup or artificial sweeteners . They come in numerous different brands , with Coca-Cola and Pepsi being among the most popular. These two companies have been competing since the 1890s, a rivalry that has intensified since the 1980s . The primary modern flavorings in a cola drink are citrus oils (from orange , lime , and lemon peels ), cinnamon , vanilla , and an acidic flavoring. Manufacturers of cola drinks add trace flavorings to create distinctive tastes for each brand. Trace flavorings may include
68-453: A certain degree. In June 2018, Coca-Cola introduced Coca-Cola Clear in Japan . A 2007 study claimed that consumption of colas, both those with natural sweetening and those with artificial sweetening, was associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease. The phosphoric acid used in colas was thought to be a possible cause. One 2005 study indicated that soda and sweetened drinks are
102-460: A conclusion that caramel colors are not carcinogenic. While the US FDA, Canadian Health Products and Food Branch and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have found caramel color safe for use in food and beverages, California has listed 4-Methylimidazole (4-MeI), a compound formed in the manufacture of Class III and IV caramel colors, in the state's Proposition 65 , thus legally including it in
136-705: A dilute solution. When reacted with sulfites, caramel color may retain traces of sulfite after processing. However, in finished food products, labeling is usually required only for sulfite levels above 10 ppm . In 2010, the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) concluded that commercially produced caramel color has the same toxicological properties as caramel produced by cooking or heating sucrose , except for those prepared using ammonium (Class III and IV). The IPCS has concluded that caramel color does not exhibit carcinogenicity or mutagenicity , based on its studies. Additional long-term studies support
170-399: A food has a standard of identity, caramel color may be safely used in foods generally at levels consistent with " good manufacturing practice " (GMP). Caramel color has excellent microbiological stability. Since it is manufactured under very high temperature, high acidity, high pressure, and high specific gravity , it is essentially sterile, as it will not support microbial growth unless in
204-420: A lower intake of calcium , magnesium , vitamin C , riboflavin , and vitamin A . The drink has also aroused criticism for its use of caffeine , which can cause physical dependence ( caffeine dependence ), and can reduce sleep quality. A link has been shown between long-term regular cola intake and osteoporosis in older women (but not men). This was thought to be due to the presence of phosphoric acid, and
238-497: A negative charges depending upon the reactants used in their manufacture. Problems such as precipitation , flocculation , or migration can be eliminated with the use of a properly charged caramel color for the intended application. Internationally, the United Nation's Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives ( JECFA ) recognizes four classes of caramel color, differing by
272-534: A reactive metabolite. Secondly, carcinogenic doses of 4-MeI exceed estimates of exposure from the consumption of caramel coloring by several thousand-fold. Caramel coloring may be derived from a variety of source products that are themselves common allergens , namely starch hydrolysates (from wheat), malt syrup (in general derived from barley), or lactose (from milk ). As such, persons with known sensitivities or allergies to food products are advised to avoid foods including generic caramel coloring or first determine
306-432: A remitting-relapsing pattern, often resulting in relapse and prolonged disability of a degree to preclude the possibility of lawful employment. Protracted withdrawal syndrome can last for months, years, or depending on individual factors, indefinitely. Protracted withdrawal syndrome is noted to be most often caused by benzodiazepines . To dispel the popular misassociation with addiction , physical dependence to medications
340-463: A serious emergency and the need for immediate medical care. Sedative hypnotic drugs such as alcohol , benzodiazepines , and barbiturates are the only commonly available substances that can be fatal in withdrawal due to their propensity to induce withdrawal convulsions. Abrupt withdrawal from other drugs, such as opioids can cause an extremely painful withdrawal that is very rarely fatal in patients of general good health and with medical treatment, but
374-481: A wavelength of 610 nanometers (or 560 nm for tinctorial power). In this case, A stands for absorbance and TS stands for total solids . The color tone of the caramel color is also important. This is defined by the Linner Hue Index , which is the measure of the color hue or red characteristics of the caramel color. It is a function of the absorbance of light of wavelengths 510 and 610 nm. In general,
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#1732851544125408-411: A wide variety of ingredients, such as spices like nutmeg or coriander . Acidity is often provided by phosphoric acid , sometimes accompanied by citric or other isolated acids. Coca-Cola's recipe is maintained as a corporate trade secret . A variety of different sweeteners may be used in cola, often influenced by local agricultural policy. High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is predominantly used in
442-432: Is a physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance -forming drug, in which abrupt or gradual drug withdrawal causes unpleasant physical symptoms. Physical dependence can develop from low-dose therapeutic use of certain medications such as benzodiazepines, opioids, stimulants, antiepileptics and antidepressants, as well as the recreational misuse of drugs such as alcohol , opioids and benzodiazepines. The higher
476-536: Is a water-soluble food coloring . It is made by heat treatment of carbohydrates (sugars), in general in the presence of acids , alkalis , or salts , in a process called caramelization . It is more fully oxidized than caramel candy , and has an odor of burnt sugar and a somewhat bitter taste. Its color ranges from pale yellow to amber to dark brown . Caramel color is one of the oldest and most used food colorings for enhancing naturally occurring colors, correcting natural variations in color, and replacing color that
510-406: Is debated whether the entire antipsychotic drug class causes true physical dependency, a subset, or if none do. But, if discontinued too rapidly, it could cause an acute withdrawal syndrome. When talking about illicit drugs rebound withdrawal, especially with stimulants, it is sometimes referred to as "coming down" or "crashing". Some drugs, like anticonvulsants and antidepressants , describe
544-800: Is lost to light degradation during food processing and storage. The use of caramel color as a food additive in the brewing industry in the 19th century is the first recorded instance of it being manufactured and used on a wide scale. Caramel color is found in many commercially made foods and beverages, including batters , beer , brown bread, buns, chocolate, cookies, cough drops, spirits and liquor such as brandy , rum , and whisky , chocolate-flavored confectionery and coatings, custards , decorations, fillings and toppings, potato chips , dessert mixes, doughnuts, fish and shellfish spreads, frozen desserts, fruit preserves , glucose tablets, gravy, ice cream , pickles , sauces and dressings, soft drinks (especially colas ), sweets, vinegar , and more. Caramel color
578-478: Is more often fatal in patients with weakened cardiovascular systems; toxicity is generally caused by the often-extreme increases in heart rate and blood pressure (which can be treated with clonidine ), or due to arrhythmia due to electrolyte imbalance caused by the inability to eat, and constant diarrhea and vomiting (which can be treated with loperamide and ondansetron respectively) associated with acute opioid withdrawal, especially in longer-acting substances where
612-561: Is sometimes compared to dependence on insulin by persons with diabetes. Physical dependence can manifest itself in the appearance of both physical and psychological symptoms which are caused by physiological adaptions in the central nervous system and the brain due to chronic exposure to a substance. Symptoms which may be experienced during withdrawal or reduction in dosage include increased heart rate and/or blood pressure, sweating, and tremors. More serious withdrawal symptoms such as confusion , seizures , and visual hallucinations indicate
646-600: Is usually managed by a slow dose reduction over a period of weeks, months or sometimes longer depending on the drug, dose and the individual. A physical dependence on alcohol is often managed with a cross tolerant drug, such as long acting benzodiazepines to manage the alcohol withdrawal symptoms. A wide range of drugs whilst not causing a true physical dependence can still cause withdrawal symptoms or rebound effects during dosage reduction or especially abrupt or rapid withdrawal. These can include caffeine , stimulants, steroidal drugs and antiparkinsonian drugs. It
680-549: Is widely approved for use in food globally but application and use level restrictions vary by country. Caramel color is manufactured by heating carbohydrates, either alone or in the presence of acids, alkalis, and/or salts. Caramel color is produced from commercially available nutritive sweeteners consisting of fructose , dextrose (glucose), invert sugar , sucrose , malt syrup , molasses , starch hydrolysates , and fractions thereof. The acids that may be used are sulfuric , sulfurous , phosphoric , acetic , and citric acids;
714-681: The "Hippie Cola" because of the focus on the harmful effects the color additive could have on children and the boycott of multinational brands. It was inspired by a campaign on harmful additives in Denmark by the Environmental-Organization NOAH, an independent Danish division of Friends of the Earth . This was followed up with a variety of sodas without artificial coloring. Today many organic colas are available in Denmark, but, for nostalgic reasons, clear cola has still maintained its popularity to
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#1732851544125748-551: The 1940s, Coca-Cola produced White Coke at the request of Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov . Clear colas were again produced during the clear craze of the early 1990s. Brands included Crystal Pepsi , Tab Clear , and 7 Up Ice Cola . Crystal Pepsi was repeatedly reintroduced in the 2010s. In Denmark , a popular clear cola was made by the Cooperative FDB in 1976. It was especially known for being
782-605: The United States due to the lower cost of government-subsidized corn . In Europe, however, HFCS is subject to production quotas designed to encourage the production of sugar; sugar is thus preferentially used to sweeten sodas. In addition, stevia or an artificial sweetener may be used; "sugar-free" or "diet" colas typically contain artificial sweeteners only. In Japan, there is a burgeoning craft cola industry, with small-scale local production methods and highly unique cola recipes using locally sourced fruits, herbs, and spices. In
816-458: The alkalis are ammonium , sodium , potassium , and calcium hydroxides; and the salts are ammonium , sodium , and potassium carbonate , bicarbonate , phosphate (including mono- and dibasic), sulfate , and bisulfite . Antifoaming agents , such as polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, may be used as processing aids during manufacture. Its color ranges from pale yellow to amber to dark brown. Caramel color molecules carry either positive or
850-617: The category of chemicals "known to the state to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity". According to the Food Chemicals Codex , 4-MeI in caramel color is allowed up to 250 ppm on a color-adjusted basis, which means 250 ppm maximum for every 0.100 color absorbance of a 0.10% solution at 610 nm. The exposure to 4-MeI at levels present in Class III and IV caramel colors are not expected to be of concern for two reasons. Firstly, 4-MeI does not appear to be genotoxic or metabolized to
884-432: The diarrhea and emesis can continue unabated for weeks, although life-threatening complications are extremely rare, and nearly non-existent with proper medical management. Treatment for physical dependence depends upon the drug being withdrawn and often includes administration of another drug, especially for substances that can be dangerous when abruptly discontinued or when previous attempts have failed. Physical dependence
918-402: The dose used, the greater the duration of use, and the earlier age use began are predictive of worsened physical dependence and thus more severe withdrawal syndromes. Acute withdrawal syndromes can last days, weeks or months. Protracted withdrawal syndrome, also known as post-acute-withdrawal syndrome or "PAWS", is a low-grade continuation of some of the symptoms of acute withdrawal, typically in
952-488: The drug category and not the mechanism. The individual agents and drug classes in the anticonvulsant drug category act at many different receptors and it is not possible to generalize their potential for physical dependence or incidence or severity of rebound syndrome as a group so they must be looked at individually. Anticonvulsants as a group however are known to cause tolerance to the anti-seizure effect. SSRI drugs, which have an important use as antidepressants, engender
986-685: The formation of certain types of " floc " and its light protective quality can aid in preventing oxidation of the flavoring components in bottled beverages. Internationally, JECFA has set the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of Class I caramel color as "not specified"; that of Class II as 0–160 mg/kg body weight; and that of Class III and IV as 0–200 mg/kg body weight. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies and regulates caramel color in Title 21 CFR § 73.85 as an approved color additive exempt from certification. Unless
1020-510: The higher the Tinctorial Power, K 0.56 , the lower the Hue Index and the lower the red tones. Various other indices are in use around the world and there are conversion factors between them. Caramel color is a colloid . Though the primary function of caramel color is for coloration, it also serves additional functions. In soft drinks, it can function as an emulsifier to help inhibit
1054-451: The main source of calories in the American diet and that of those who drink more sweetened drinks, obesity rates were higher. Most nutritionists advise that Coca-Cola and other soft drinks can be harmful if consumed excessively, particularly to young children whose soft drink consumption competes with, rather than complements, a balanced diet. Studies have shown that regular soft drink users have
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1088-422: The reactants used in their manufacture, each with its own INS and E number , listed in the table below. Each class consists of a variety of caramels with their own unique properties that make it suitable for use in specific foods and/or beverages. Color intensity (or, tinctorial power) is defined as the absorbance of a 1 mg/mL (0.1% weight/volume) solution in water, measured using a 1 cm light path at
1122-571: The risk for women was found to be greater for sugared and caffeinated colas than diet and decaffeinated variants, with a higher intake of cola correlating with lower bone density. Many soft drinks in North America are sweetened mostly or entirely with high-fructose corn syrup , rather than sugar . Some nutritionists caution against the consumption of corn syrup because it may aggravate obesity and type-2 diabetes more than cane sugar. Caramel color Caramel color or caramel coloring
1156-441: The source for the caramel coloring before consuming the food. Caramel color produced from corn or cane-based materials would be unlikely to contain gluten due to the lack of gliadin in the carbohydrates. North American and European manufacturers mostly use glucose derived from corn or wheat to produce caramel color, which is highly processed and is generally considered gluten-free . Physical dependence Physical dependence
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