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50-467: The Coimbra Innovation Park ( iParque ) is a science and technology park located in Coimbra , Portugal . The park was projected with 150,000 square meters of industrial sites intended for development and 700 square meters of office space. Additional facilities such as a data center, several conference halls and meeting rooms of different sizes, a restaurant and a green park were in the initial plans. The park

100-742: A national innovation system , as described by the World Bank Institute , must be able to disseminate a unified process by which a working method may converge scientific and technology solutions and organizational solutions. According to the World Bank Institute's definition, such innovation would further enable the World Bank Institute's vision outlined in its Millennium Development Goals . The United Nations Commission on Science and Technology for Development report (UNCSTD, 1997) concluded that for developing countries to integrate ICTs successfully and sustainable development to participate in

150-400: A high technological content and by aiming towards innovation, experimental development and the use of new technologies in advising or training actions. It intended to create a new concept of competition based on the collective efforts of a number of institutional initiatives that were credible and promote the attraction of highly educated human resources and investment , turning Coimbra into

200-465: A knowledge economy than in earlier eras. The global economy's transition to a knowledge economy is also referred to as the Information Age , bringing about an information society . The term knowledge economy was made famous by Peter Drucker as the title of Chapter 12 in his book The Age of Discontinuity (1969), which Drucker attributed to economist Fritz Machlup , originating in

250-408: A new technology-based business hub on par with some of the most innovative and entrepreneurial small and mid-sized European university towns (i.e. Leiden , Leuven , Lund , Turku or Uppsala to name a few). The area was woodland and many private owners were forcibly expropriated by the municipality in order to build the park. The construction of the park was concluded in 2010, around

300-583: A number of shared resources, such as incubators, programs and collaboration activities, uninterruptible power supply , telecommunications hubs, reception and security , management offices, bank offices, convention center , parking , and internal transportation. Science parks also aim to bring together people who assist the developers of technology to bring their work to commercial fruition, for example, experts in intellectual property law . They can be attractive to university students who may interact with prospective employers and encourage students to remain in

350-500: A particular field) are vital with global economies, connect locally and globally with linked industries , manufacturers , and other entities that are related by skills, technologies, and other common inputs. Knowledge is the catalyst and connective tissue in modern economies. Ruggles and Holtshouse argue the change is characterised by a dispersion of power and by managers who lead by empowering knowledge workers to contribute and make decisions. With Earth's depleting natural resources,

400-536: A prominent percentage of consultancy firms, as well as technical service firms, including laboratories and quality control firms". The World Intellectual Property Organization defines Science technology parks as territories usually affiliated with a university or a research institution, which accommodate and foster the growth of companies based therein through technology transfer and open innovation . Some science parks include: Knowledge economy The knowledge economy, or knowledge-based economy ,

450-400: A science park must: "have access to qualified research and development personnel in the areas of knowledge in which the park has its identity; be able to market its high valued products and services; have the capability to provide marketing expertise and managerial skills to firms, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises , lacking such a resource; be inserted in a society that allows for

500-413: A whole. The knowledge economy is incorporating the network economy , where the relatively localised knowledge is now being shared among and across various networks for the benefit of all network members, to gain economies of scale in a wider, more open scale. The rapid globalisation of economic activities is one of the main determinants of the emerging knowledge economy. While there are no doubts on

550-439: A wide range of R&D groups and centres, as well as some successful innovative companies. The Coimbra iParque was founded in order to connect these initiatives and businesses and work with them, establishing cooperation networks, creating synergies and competitive advantages. Coimbra iParque mission was to develop and modernize Coimbra as well as the region's economical activity by promoting, creating and settling companies with

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600-476: Is an economic system in which the production of goods and services is based principally on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to advancement in technical and scientific innovation . The key element of value is the greater dependence on human capital and intellectual property as the source of innovative ideas , information , and practices . Organisations are required to capitalise on this "knowledge" in their production to stimulate and deepen

650-510: Is rather a relative concept. For example, there is no sufficient evidence and consideration for whether the " information society " could serve or act as the " knowledge society " interchangeably. Information in general, is not equivalent to knowledge. Their use depends on the individual and group's preferences which are "economy-dependent". Information and knowledge together are production resources that can exist without interacting with other sources. Resources are highly independent of each other in

700-458: The business development process. There is less reliance on physical input and natural resources . A knowledge-based economy relies on the crucial role of intangible assets within the organisations' settings in facilitating modern economic growth . A knowledge economy features a highly skilled workforce within the microeconomic and macroeconomic environment; institutions and industries create jobs that demand specialized skills to meet

750-990: The developed country's financial and economic systems; increased multinational origin of the inputs to productions of both goods and services , technology transfers and information flow. Worldwide examples congregate around regions or cities with high concentrations of talented human capital and are often accompanied with High tech -oriented companies as well as innovation hubs. The knowledge economic hubs include information technology in Silicon Valley , United States ; water and agricultural technology in Silicon Wadi , Israel ; aerospace and automotive engineering in Munich , Germany ; biotechnology in Hyderabad , India ; electronics and digital media in Seoul , South Korea ; petrochemical and

800-452: The manufacturing sector was booming. In the mid-1900s, world economies moved towards a post-industrial or mass production system, where they were driven by the service sector that creates greater wealth versus manufacturing; to the late 1900s - 2000s, knowledge economy emerged with the highlights of the power of knowledge and human capital sector, and it's now marked as the latest stage of development in global economic restructuring . In

850-781: The 1980s, North Carolina State University , Raleigh lacked space. New possible sites included the state mental-health property and the Diocese of Raleigh property on 1,000 acres (4.0 km ) surrounding the Lake Raleigh Reservoir . The university's Centennial Campus was developed. Sandia Science and Technology Park , NASA Research Park at Ames and the East Tennessee Technology Park at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are examples of research parks that have been developed by or adjacent to US Federal government laboratories. Science and technology park (STP) activity across

900-564: The European Union has approximately doubled over the last 11–12 years, driven by the growth of the longer standing parks and the emergence of new parks. There are now an estimated 366 STPs in the EU member states that manage about 28 million m2 of completed building floor space, hosting circa 40,000 organisations that employ approximately 750,000 people, mostly in high value added jobs. In the period from 2000 – 2012, total capital investment into EU STPs

950-470: The ability to adapt to changes as opposed to moving or crafting physical objects in conventional manufacturing-based economies . A knowledge economy stands in contrast to an agrarian economy , in which the primary economic activity is subsistence farming for which the main requirement is manual labour or an industrialized economy that features mass production in which most of the workers are relatively unskilled . A knowledge economy emphasizes

1000-466: The application of workers' expertise - intellectual capital and typically represents a significant level of individual economic activities in modern developed economies through building an interconnected and advanced global economy where sources of knowledge are the critical contributors. The present concept of "knowledge" originates from the historical and philosophical studies by Gilbert Ryle and Israel Scheffler , who conducted knowledge to

1050-409: The backing of powerful, dynamic and stable economic actors, such as a funding agency, political institution or local university ; include in its management an active person of vision, with the power of decision and with the high and visible profile, who is perceived by relevant actors in society as embodying the interface between academia and industry , long-term plans and good management; and include

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1100-420: The difference between the manual workers and the knowledge workers. The manual worker is the one who works with their own hands and produces goods and services. In contrast, the knowledge worker works with their head rather than hands and produces ideas, knowledge, and information. Definitions around "knowledge" are considered to be vague in terms of the formalization and modeling of a knowledge economy, as it

1150-509: The essential link between knowledge and economic growth , knowledge was still identified only as a supplemental element in economic factors. The idea behind it has transformed recently when new growth theory praised knowledge and technology in enhancing productivity and economic advancement. The developed society has transitioned from an agriculture-based economy , that is, the pre-industrial age where economy and wealth were primarily based upon agriculture, to an industrial economy where

1200-492: The exchange of thoughts in many fields including culture, science and the arts. Science parks are elements of the infrastructure of the global " knowledge economy ". They provide concentration that foster innovation and the development and commercialization of technology and where governments, universities and private companies may collaborate. The developers work in fields such as information technology , pharmaceuticals , science and engineering . Science parks may also offer

1250-438: The final decades of 20th century, the knowledge economy became greatly associated with sectors based in research-intensive and high-technology industries as a result of the steadily increased demand for sophisticated science-based innovations. The knowledge economy operates differently from the past as it has been identified by the upheavals (sometimes referred to as the knowledge revolution ) in technological innovations and

1300-460: The flow of knowledge and technology amongst universities, R&D institutions, companies and markets; it facilitates the creation and growth of innovation-based companies through incubation and spin-off processes; and provides other value-added services together with high quality space and facilities.". The Cabral-Dahab Science Park Management Paradigm , was first presented by Regis Cabral in ten points in 1990. According to this management paradigm,

1350-608: The globally competitive need for differentiation with new goods and services , and processes that develop from the research community (i.e., R&D factors , universities , labs , educational institutes ). Thomas A. Stewart points out that just as the Industrial Revolution did not end agriculture because people have to eat, the Knowledge Revolution is unlikely to end manufacturing industries because of ongoing societal demands for physical goods and services. For

1400-472: The idea of scientific management developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor . In a knowledge economy, human intelligence is the key engine of economic development. It is an economy where members acquire, create, disseminate and apply knowledge to facilitate economic and social development. An economic system that is not knowledge-based is considered to be inconceivable. It describes the process of consumption and production activities that are satisfied from

1450-485: The importance of skills in a service economy , the third phase of economic development also called a post-industrial economy . It is related to an information economy , which emphasizes the importance of information as non-physical capital, and a digital economy , which emphasizes the degree to which information technology facilitates trade. For companies, intellectual property such as trade secrets , copyrighted material, and patented processes become more valuable in

1500-504: The knowledge economy, they need to intervene collectively and strategically. Suggested collective intervention includes the development of effective national ICT policies that support the new regulatory framework, promote the selected knowledge production , and use of ICTs and harness their organizational changes to be in line with the Millennium Development Goals . The report further suggests that developing countries develop

1550-978: The landlords of attractive and well specified office style buildings. Rather, they are complex organisations, often with multiple owners having objectives aligned with important elements of economic development public policy as well as an imperative to be financially self-sustaining in the longer term. The Association of University Research Parks ( AURP ), is a non-profit association consisting of university-affiliated science parks, almost entirely based in North America. It defines "university research and science parks" as "property-based ventures with certain characteristics, including master planned property and buildings designed primarily for private/public research and development facilities, high technology and science based companies and support services; contractual, formal or operational relationships with one or more science or research institutions of higher education; roles in promoting

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1600-815: The local area. Science parks may be designed to enhance the quality of life of the workers. For example, they might be built with sports facilities, restaurants, crèches or pleasant outdoor areas. Apart from tenants, science parks create jobs for the local community. Science parks are specific locations and differ from the wider area high-technology business districts in that they are more organized, planned, and managed. They differ from science centres in that they lead to commercialized products from research. They differ from industrial parks which focus on manufacturing and from business parks which focus on business office locations. Science parks are found worldwide. They are most common in developed countries . In North America there are over 170 science parks. For example, in

1650-416: The modern knowledge economies, especially in developed countries , information, and knowledge have always taken on enormous importance in the development of either traditional or industrial economies, particularly with the efficient use of factors of production . Owners of production factors should possess and master information and knowledge so as to apply them to economic activity. In the knowledge economy,

1700-658: The need for green infrastructure , a logistics industry forced into just-in-time deliveries, growing global demand, regulatory policy governed by performance results, and a host of other items place a high priority on knowledge, and research becomes paramount. Knowledge provides the technical expertise, problem-solving, performance measurement and evaluation, and data management needed for today's competition's transboundary, interdisciplinary global scale. Prevailing and future economic development will be highly dominated by technology and network expansion, in particular on knowledge-based social entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship as

1750-442: The needs of the global market . Knowledge is viewed as an additional input to labour , and capital . In principle, one's primary individual capital is knowledge together with the ability to perform to create economic value . In a knowledge economy, highly skilled jobs require excellent technical skills and relational skills such as problem-solving , the flexibility to interface with multiple discipline areas as well as

1800-436: The other stages of relative openness in the global economy, the prevailing pace and intensity of globalisation are without precedent. Fundamental microeconomic forces are the significant drivers of globalizing economic activities and further demands for human intelligence . These forces include the rapid integration of the world's financial and capital markets since the early 1980s, which influences essentially each level of

1850-463: The prevailing idea of competitive advantages which rests on "making more productive use of inputs, which requires continual innovation". Therefore, the technical STEM careers, including computer scientists , engineers , chemists , biologists , mathematicians , and scientific inventors will continue to see demand. Porter further argues that well-situated clusters (that is, geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in

1900-442: The protection of product or process secrets, via patents , security or any other means; be able to select or reject which firms enter the park". A science park should: "have a clear identity, quite often expressed symbolically, as the park's name choice, its logo or the management discourse; have a management with established or recognized expertise in financial matters, and which has presented long-term economic development plans; have

1950-495: The rationales of human capital-based economies: The advancement of a knowledge-based economy occurred when global economies promote changes in material production, together with the creation of rich mechanisms of economic theories after the Second World War that tend to integrate science, technology and the economy. Peter Drucker discussed the knowledge economy in the book The Effective Executive 1966 , where he described

2000-567: The renewable energy industry in Brazil . Many other cities and regions try to follow a knowledge-driven development paradigm and increase their knowledge base by investing in higher education and research institutions to attract highly skilled labour and better position themselves in the global competition. Yet, despite digital tools democratising access to knowledge, research shows that knowledge economy activities remain as concentrated as ever in traditional economic cores. The technology requirements for

2050-437: The sense that if they connect with other available resources, they transfer into factors of production immediately, and production factors are present only to interact with other factors. Knowledge associated with intellectual information then is said to be a production factor in the new economy that is distinguished from traditional production factors. From the early days of economic studies, though economists recognised

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2100-409: The specialised labor force is characterised as computer literate and well-trained in handling data, developing algorithms and simulated models, and innovating on processes and systems. Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter asserts that today's economy is far more dynamic and that the conventional notion of comparative advantages within a company has changed and is less relevant than

2150-423: The terms " procedural knowledge " and " conceptual Knowledge " and identified two types of skills: "routine competencies or facilities" and " critical skills " that is intelligent performance; and it's further elaborated by Lundvall and Johnson who defined "knowledge" as falling in four broad categories: The World Bank has spoken of knowledge economies by associating it with a four-pillar framework that analyses

2200-560: The time that the Portuguese Republic requested a financial bailout . In spite of that, a few businesses started operations in the park immediately. Between 2011 and 2017, the park became the headquarters of a small number of companies and applied research centers with expertise in the fields of ICT , health , nanotech , cleantech and green building . A second development phase – consisting of an additional 200,000 square meters of industrial sites and 3,500 square meters of office space

2250-425: The university's research and development through industry partnerships, assisting in the growth of new ventures and promoting economic development; roles in aiding the transfer of technology and business skills between university and industry teams and roles in promoting technology-led economic development for the community or region." The International Association of Science Parks and Areas of Innovation ( IASP ),

2300-399: The worldwide network of science parks and areas of innovation, defines a science park as "an organisation managed by specialised professionals, whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and the competitiveness of its associated businesses and knowledge-based institutions. To enable these goals to be met, a Science Park stimulates and manages

2350-577: Was also intended to offer a range of specialized services to support business development, internationalization and establishment of foreign companies. Coimbra has good educational, scientific and technological facilities in a number of fields due to its ancient university - the University of Coimbra . Within Portugal , the Coimbra region has a number of incubation initiatives that serve both companies and ideas,

2400-556: Was approved, so there was plenty of space for expansion. This second phase also included dedicated areas for housing, shopping, green parks and sports facilities. As of 2018, most of the park remained largely undeveloped in such a way that all the site looked like a ghost town . Some people of Coimbra area used the infrastructure available for jogging , hiking , biking , dog walking and even street racing . Other related sites: Science and technology park The world's first university research park, Stanford Research Park

2450-469: Was circa €11.7 billion (central estimate). During the same period, STPs spent circa €3 billion on the professional business support and innovation services they either deliver or finance to assist both their tenants and other similar knowledge based businesses in their locality. Increasingly, the reasons why STPs are sound investments for public sector support are becoming better understood and articulated. The evidence base shows that better STPs are not simply

2500-648: Was launched in 1951 as a cooperative venture between Stanford University and the City of Palo Alto . Another early university research park was Research Triangle Park in North Carolina , which was launched in 1959. In 1969, Pierre Laffitte founded the Sophia Antipolis Science Park in France . Laffitte had travelled widely and developed a theory of "cross-fertilisation" where individuals could benefit mutually by

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