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56-809: Like other manuscripts in the Codex Borgia , the Codex Cospi is believed to derive from the Puebla-Tlaxcala region but the exact origin of the manuscript is unknown. The contents of the manuscript are of a religious and divinatory character including depictions of the Venus god, Tlahuizcalpanteuhtli , and of Gods, or priests dressed as gods, present offerings in front of temples. The back side pictorially describes rituals that involve counted bundles in front of deities. The rituals are intended for obtaining good luck and protection in several activities. Similar scenes are found in

112-473: A Cihuapilli and a Macuiltonaleque, each associated with day-signs. This almanac depicts the ruling deities of half- trecena periods, enthroned, receiving cult and with associated mantic images. Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples Former dicasteries The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples ( Latin : Congregatio pro Gentium Evangelizatione ) was a congregation of

168-573: A cover. The edges of the pages are overlapped and glued together, making the sheet edges hardly visible under the white gesso finish. The gesso creates a stiff, smooth, white finished surface that preserves the underlying images. The Codex Borgia was brought to Europe at some point during the Spanish colonial period . The Codex seems to have been the property of the Giustiniani family before being donated to Stefano Borgia; indeed, an indigenous book from Mexico

224-467: A dart or arrow, which gives its name to the section. Pages 22–24 present the ritual qualities of the 20 day-signs. Two directional almanacs, one depicting four deities (Tlaloc, Xipe Totec, an unidentified Mixtec god, and Mixcoatl), and a directional almanac related to death, associated with four deities. Pages 27 and 28 center on the Postclassical period central Mexican rain god Tlaloc , associated to

280-467: A deer with day-signs. Its meaning is not agreed: according to Codex Tudela , they are mere prognostications for people born at those birth signs, while Codex Rios suggest a medical use. This section starts in the lower left part of page 53 and continues throughout page 54. It is generally considered, following Seler, that the iconography depicts Venus as the morning star, piercing different characters or iconographic elements in different day-signs. Due to

336-687: A devotional revolution under Cardinal Cullen . These "Cardinals in General Congregation" met weekly, keeping their records in Latin until 1657, then in Italian . The minutes are available in microfilm (filling 84 reels) at large libraries. In the course of their work, the Propaganda fide missionaries accumulated the objects now in the Vatican Museum 's Ethnological Missionary Museum. The Holy See removed

392-403: A divinatory content. Section 13, which comprises pages 29–46, has been the subject of differing interpretations throughout the years. The one that claims it depicts a series of rituals is the most agreed upon. The overview offered here follows the division proposed by Karl Anton Nowotny. The first eight pages list the 260 day-signs of the tonalpohualli, each trecena or 13-day division forming

448-570: A horizontal row spanning two pages. Certain days are marked with a footprint symbol with an unknown purpose. Mantic images are placed above and below the day signs. Sections parallel to this one are contained in the first eight pages of the Codex Cospi and the Codex Vaticanus B . However, while the Codex Borgia is read from right to left, those codices are read from left to right. Additionally,

504-527: A large depiction of Tezcatlipoca , with day signs associated with different parts of his body. Prognostications related to different activities being performed by gods, including religious activities (Tonatiuh, Ehecatl), woodcutting (Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli), agriculture (Tlaloc), crossing a river (Chalchiuhtlicue) travelling (red Tezcatlipoca), and the ball-game (black Tezcatlipoca). The upper side of page 22 presents two deer, one white, with closed eyes and surrounded by precious regalia, and other being pierced by

560-527: A sequence of 104 scenes (Cospi, pp. 1–8 = Borgia, pp. 1–8). Another resemblance is the Codex Cospi god having "two knives as a head": this is equivalent to double-knife-headed god central to Codex Borgia, p. 32. This article related to indigenous Mesoamerican culture is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Codex Borgia The Codex Borgia ( The Vatican , Bibl. Vat. , Borg.mess.1), also known as Codex Borgianus , Manuscrit de Veletri and Codex Yohualli Ehecatl ,

616-687: A training college for missionaries, the Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide . When Pope Paul VI reorganized and adjusted the tasks of the Roman Curia with the publication of Regimini Ecclesiae Universae 15 August 1967, the name of the congregation was changed to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. The early congregation was established in the Palazzo Ferratini, donated by Spanish cleric Juan Bautista Vives, to

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672-523: Is a pre-Columbian Middle American pictorial manuscript from Central Mexico featuring calendrical and ritual content, dating from the 16th century. It is named after the 18th century Italian cardinal, Stefano Borgia , who owned it before it was acquired by the Vatican Library after the cardinal's death in 1804. The Codex Borgia is a member of, and gives its name to, the Borgia Group of manuscripts. It

728-561: Is considered to be among the most important sources for the study of Central Mexican gods, ritual, divination, calendar, religion and iconography. It is one of only a handful of pre-Columbian Mexican codices that were not destroyed during the conquest in the 16th century; it was perhaps written near Cholula , Tlaxcala , Huejotzingo or the Mixtec region of Puebla . Its ethnic affiliation is unclear, and could either have been produced by Nahuatl -speaking Tlaxcaltec people, Cholulteca people, or by

784-527: Is mentioned as being part of the 1600-1611 inventories of the Guardaroba of Cardinal Benedetto Giustiniani, although the identification of this catalogue entry with the Borgia itself is still unsure. It could have reached Europe even earlier, for, as noticed by Franz Ehrle, there is a gloss in page 68 of the codex in wrong Italian which suggest a 16th-century Spanish priest, which uses a manicule or hand sign typical of

840-456: Is unknown, but perhaps it was related to life and death prognostications in medicine. This section comprises prognostications for marriages. The coefficient of the Tonalpohualli birth-sign of the groom and the bride (comprising from 1 to 13) are added, and the resulting sum is compared to each of the images, which go from 2, the lowest result, to 26, the highest. The prognostication is given by

896-532: The Cihuateteo , the divinized spirits of the women that died in child-birth, and the Macuiltonaleque , minor spirits of excess, pleasure and violence. The directional almanacs depict the four quarters of the universe and the centre, and their corresponding day signs, sacred trees, and 'mantic images'. The 'deer of our flesh' or tonacayo mazatl is a corporeal almanac, associating parts of the human body figured as

952-454: The Codex Cospi includes the so-called Lords of the Night alongside the day signs (see Section 3). Pages 9 to 13 are divided into four quarters. Each quarter contains one of the twenty day signs, its patron deity, and associated mantic symbols, presumably as prognostications for individuals born in each of those day signs. The list is as follows: Page 14 is divided into nine sections for each of

1008-611: The Decretal law was government as described in the New Testament . In this new structure, missionaries would be given orders from Rome, and administrative power would be traded over to those who were titled bishops. The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith was left in charge to give faculties to the aforementioned bishops in addition to perfects, who were similar to bishops without

1064-416: The Mixtec . The codex is made of animal skins folded into 39 sheets. Each sheet is a square 27 by 27 cm (11 by 11 in), for a total length of nearly 11 metres (36 ft). All but the end sheets are painted on both sides, providing 76 pages. The codex is read from right to left. Pages 29–46 are oriented perpendicular to the rest of the codex. The top of this section is the right side of page 29, and

1120-559: The Palazzo di Propaganda Fide . Stories about the codex prior to its acquisition by Borgia are difficult to verify: oral tradition at the Congregation asserts that it was saved in 1762 from an Auto-da-fé in Mexico, while baron von Humboldt mentions that it belonged to the Giustiniani family, eventually falling into the hands of neglectful servants who damaged the manuscript with fire, only to be saved by Borgia. In 21 April 1902, Borgia's collection

1176-472: The Pontifical Mission Societies was Archbishop Giampietro Del Toso The under-secretary was Father Ryszard Szmydki , O.M.I. Founded in 1622 by Pope Gregory XV with the bull Inscrutabili Divinae , the body was charged with fostering the spread of Catholicism and with the regulation of Catholic ecclesiastical affairs in non-Catholic countries. The intrinsic importance of its duties and

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1232-884: The Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome , responsible for missionary work and related activities. It is also known by its former title, the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith ( Latin : Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide ), or simply the Propaganda Fide . On 5 June 2022, it was merged with the Pontifical Council for Promoting the New Evangelization into the Dicastery for Evangelization . It

1288-411: The 18 pages of this section describes a different ritual, proposing the following internal division: Nowotny's interpretation has become the basis of many subsequent readings, such as those of Ferdinand Anders, Maarten Jansen, and Luis Reyes (1993), who complemented Nowotny's interpretation with ethnographic data and re-interpreted some of the rituals; that of Bruce Byland and John Pohl, who researched

1344-511: The 4 quarters and the centre, as well as the qualities of the rains that he will bring, some destructive, some beneficial. Having no discernible parallels with other manuscripts within the Borgia Group, the interpretation of this section has varied strongly throughout the years. Its first interpreter, the jesuit Lino Fábrega, considered it to be a native Zodiac , divided in 18 signs. Eduard Seler , its first modern interpreter, considered it to be

1400-601: The College. Other parts of the College have further minor works by Borromini. The prefect is ex officio President of the Interdicasterial Commission for Consecrated Religious and Grand Chancellor of the Pontifical Urbaniana University . The secretary assists the cardinal-prefect in the day-to-day running of the congregation and is always an archbishop . They usually go on to hold a position in

1456-530: The Collegium Urbanum as well as to missionaries traveling cross-country to territories that the Vatican entrusted them. The press was originally called Polyglotta, and was intended to print Catholic literature in the various native languages that CPF missionaries would encounter. The press faced significant challenges when most of the equipment and machinery they used to print books was stolen and destroyed during

1512-488: The Combonian Missionary Sisters, was appointed a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, the first woman to be appointed a member of a Roman curial congregation . The Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith was established in 1622 due to the realization that the governmental structure of the episcopal structure and the decretal law was not possible. Episcopal structure and

1568-654: The Congregation's activities were considered subversive: the first missionary to be killed was in Grisons , Switzerland , in April 1622, before the papal bull authorizing its creation had been disseminated. In Ireland after Catholic emancipation (1829) while the established church was still the Anglican Church of Ireland , the Catholic Church in Ireland came under the control of the Congregation in 1833, and soon reformed itself with

1624-598: The Evangelization of Peoples has jurisdiction over 186 archdioceses, 785 dioceses, 82 vicariates apostolic, 39 prefectures apostolic, 4 apostolic administrations, 6 missiones sui iuris, 1 territorial abbacy, and 6 military ordinariates," in today's modern organization. The Congregation has jurisdiction over missions in Asia, Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and North America. The church overall has many statues and regulations in place for

1680-809: The French MEP and Italian Barnabites; and on the other hand, other income came from land properties, real estate, and commercial rentals in Rome and the Pontifical States, and also inheritance and donations from benefactors – from within Italy and abroad. Currently, these efforts are the ways in which CPF obtains funds for the mission, however, the World Mission Sunday is the main resource of collection for financial support for this organization. The Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide (Pontifical Urban College for

1736-573: The Propaganda Fide instead of the normally competent Congregation for Bishops , notably in countries/regions where the Catholic church is too poor/small (as in most African countries) to aspire self-sufficiency and/or local authorities hostile to Catholic/Christian/any (organized) faith. It was founded by Pope Gregory XV in 1622 to arrange missionary work on behalf of the various religious institutions, and in 1627 Pope Urban VIII established within it

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1792-739: The Propaganda Fide was developed in the triangular urban block between the Via Due Macelli and the Via del Collegio di Propaganda Fide, two streets which diverged from the piazza. In 1634 a small oval chapel was built according to designs by Bernini. In 1642, Father Valerio, with Bernini, redesigned the façade to the Piazza di Spagna, and the development was continued along the Via Due Macelli by Gaspare de'Vecchio from 1639–1645. In 1648, Borromini took over and made various proposals that included demolishing Bernini's chapel, which must have been particularly galling for

1848-508: The Propagation of the Faith) was established in 1627 by Pope Urban VIII for the purpose of training missionaries. It was located at the former Palazzo Ferratini at the Piazza di Spagna . The college prepared students for holy orders, after which they were to return to their homelands as missionaries. In 1641 Urban VIII placed it directly under the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. In 1931

1904-536: The United States from the jurisdiction of Propaganda Fide as mission territory in 1908, along with England, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Canada. With the publication of Pope Paul VI's Regimini Ecclesiae Universae on 15 August 1967, the Roman Curia was reorganized and the name of the congregation was changed to the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. In 2014 Sr. Luzia Premoli , superior general of

1960-513: The centre of the vault. The criss-cross arrangement in the Re Magi Chapel is such that an octagon is formed at the centre, embellished with a Dove of the Holy Spirit bathed in golden rays. The central door leads into the courtyard where Borromini intended a curved arcade but this was not built. Only the left hand side of the façade relates to the chapel and the right to the stair and entrance to

2016-624: The codices Fejérváry-Mayer and Laud . Eduard Seler remarked, the depictions in the Codex Cospi resemble those in "comic books" : this may characterize the political situation (regarded as farcical and comical) wherein Tlaxcallan, although completely encircled by the Aztec empire, was deliberately not incorporated into it in order to exemplify the magnanimity of the Aztec rulers. The Codex Cospi has many close specific resemblances in content to Codex Borgia, most notably both codices' beginning with

2072-596: The era. The Borgia is first mentioned with certainty as forming part of the collections of Cardinal Stefano Borgia in Veletri, the Museum Borgianum Veliternum , catalogue number 365, "Gran codice messicano in Pelle", valued in 300 scudi. After the death of Borgia, these objects became property of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith , which created a Borgian museum of its own within its headquarters at

2128-564: The extraordinary extent of its authority and of the territory under its jurisdiction caused the Cardinal Prefect of Propaganda to be known as the "red pope". There had already been a less formally instituted committee of cardinals concerned with propaganda fide since the time of Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585). They were especially charged with promoting the union with Rome of the long-established Eastern Christian communities: Slavs , Greeks , Syrians , Egyptians , and Abyssinians . This

2184-740: The following year did not interrupt the organization, because Cardinal Barberini, one of the original thirteen members of the congregation, became the next pope as Urban VIII (1623–1644). Under Urban VIII, a central seminary, the Collegium Urbanum , was established to train missionaries. The Congregation also operated Polyglotta , a printing press in Rome, printing catechisms in many languages. Their procurators were especially active in China from 1705, moving between Macau and Canton before finally settling in Hong Kong in 1842. In strongly Protestant areas,

2240-508: The following, according to the glosses in Codex Borbonicus : The final page of this section depicts the sun god, Tonatiuh, receiving offerings, and states the sacred flying animals associated to each day. This almanac divides the 20 day-signs into quarters associated with deities and snakes forming a xicalcoliuhqui or meandering pattern. Similar to section 20, but divided in four quarters rather than two halves. This almanac presents

2296-530: The iconography: in general, even numbers are unlucky, odd, lucky. A complete tonalpohualli, comprising the twenty 13-day periods which were known as trecenas in Spanish, which some chroniclers considered equivalent to weeks in the Gregorian calendar. Each trecena is named after its initial day-sign, and each has a patron god which determines if it is either lucky or unlucky. Trecenas, patron gods and prognostications are

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2352-681: The invasion of Rome in the Napoleonic Wars , 1809 (New Catholic Encyclopedia 11, 751). Later in 1926, the Polyglotta Press was absorbed by the Vatican Printing Press under the leadership of Pope Pius X . The Congregation was originally housed in a small palace, the Palazzo Ferratini, donated by the Spanish priest Vives. The building is located in the Rione Colonna, at the southern end of Piazza di Spagna . The architectural complex of

2408-470: The journey of Venus through the underworld. His astronomical interpretation was continued by his disciple, Friedrich Röck, as well as modern scholars such as Susan Milbrath. It was Karl Anton Nowotny, a disciple of Röck, who first questioned the 'astral interpretation' of Seler's school, partly inspired by Alfonso Caso's work on Mixtec codices, where it was demonstrated that those documents were not astronomical, but historical. Nowotny proposed that each of

2464-503: The latter as he could see the building from his house on Via Mercede. The Re Magi chapel, dedicated to the Three Kings , has a plan with four side chapels and galleries above. The wall pilasters are continued in the vault as ribs that criss-cross and unite the space, unlike his design at the Oratory of Philip Neri Oratorio dei Filippini where the ribs are interrupted by the oval fresco at

2520-563: The mechanics of the Tonalpohualli, the heliacal rising of Venus can only happen in five day signs: Crocodile, Snake, Water, Reed and Movement. Thus, the prognostications associated to the rising of the planet in each day, as well as the next three days, are presented. The interpretation of the iconography of each unit has been related to water (Caiman, Wind, House, Lizard), polities (Snake, Death, Deer, Rabbit), earth and agriculture (Water, Dog, Monkey, Grass), rulers (Reed, Jaguar, Eagle and Vulture), and war (Movement, Flint, Storm, Flower). Recently

2576-740: The new Pontifical Urban University opened on the Janiculum . The Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide relocated from the Palazzo di Propaganda Fide to the renovated former hospital of Santa Maria della Pietà, also on the Janiculum, and serves as a residence for seminarians studying at the Urbania. The congregation needed to mass-produce literature for their missions so they established their own printing press four years after their founding in 1626 (New Catholic Encyclopedia 11, 751). The press contributed it literature to

2632-463: The nine Lords of the Night , pre-Hispanic deities which ruled nighttime. They are accompanied by a day sign and symbols indicating positive or negative associations. The deities and prognostications according to Codex Ríos and Jacinto de la Serna , a seventeenth-century Spanish cleric, are as follows: Pages 15 to 17 depict deities associated with childbirth . Each of the twenty sections contains four day signs. The bottom section of page 17 contains

2688-474: The notoriety. On January 6, 1622 Gregory XV erected the Congregation de Propaganda Fide as central and supreme organ for the propagation of the faith to aim at the union of the Orthodox and Protestant Churches and to promote and organize the mission among non-Christians. The goal of this was to regulate missionary work through structural accountability. According to Fernando Cardinal Filoni, "The Congregation for

2744-863: The overseen congregations so that they may determine the appropriate way to hold mass, perform the sacraments and spread the gospel in difficult or challenging settings. During Clement VIII's reign, in the sixteenth century, the second purpose for the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (CPF) was for the organization to procure financial support for their missions – both in domestic and international territory. Each territory would have procurators, where these individuals would ensure that mail, funds, and merchandise could be sent via any route, and Swedish, Danish, and English ships were preferred for their reliability. Most of CPF missions were run and funded by religious orders which were affiliated with this organization, but they were financially independent, like

2800-468: The relationship between the rites depicted in this section and the rituals of Mixtec kings; and that of Samantha Gerritse, who offers a narratological analysis. Other diverging models are that offered by Elizabeth Hill Boone, who considers these pages to be a cosmological narrative, and that of Juan José Batalla Rosado, who considers them to be a series of hallucinations that pre-Hispanic priests would have to endure during initiation. This section depicts

2856-429: The scenes are read from top to bottom, so the reader must rotate the manuscript 90 degrees in order to view this section correctly. The Codex Borgia is organized into a screen-fold. Single sheets of the hide are attached as a long strip and then folded back and forth. Images were painted on both sides and painted over with a white gesso . Stiffened leather is used as end pieces by glueing the first and last strips to create

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2912-713: The scholar Ana Díaz has questioned the calendrical mechanism present in these pages, which don't seem to be fit for this astronomical calculation; however, hieroglyphic evidence from Seibal in the Maya area and the heavily Toltec-influenced Maya Codex of Mexico , the oldest Venus almanac in Mesoamerica, suggest that these calculations are central Mexican in origin, rather than Maya. This section depicts day-signs associated to different deities represented as travellers or merchants, and their associated prognostications. This page depicts Mictlantecuhtli and Quetzalcoatl back to back. The purpose

2968-442: The south of the Piazza di Spagna . Two of the foremost artistic figures of Baroque Rome were involved in the development of the architectural complex; the sculptor and architect Gianlorenzo Bernini and the architect Francesco Borromini . The last Prefect of the Congregation was Cardinal Luis Antonio Tagle from December 2019 until June 2022. The secretary was Archbishop Protase Rugambwa . The adjunct secretary and President of

3024-423: Was moved to the Apostolic Library of the Vatican, where it is currently housed. It has been digitally scanned and made available to the public. The manuscript comprises 28 sections. Most of them are devoted to the different aspects of the Tonalpohualli , the Central Mexican divinatory calendar. In general, the codex presents the associations between time periods, gods, and 'mantic images', or iconography with

3080-461: Was responsible for Latin Church pre-diocesan missionary jurisdictions: missions sui iuris , apostolic prefectures (neither entitled to a titular bishop ) and apostolic vicariates . Eastern Catholic equivalents like apostolic exarchate are the responsibility of the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches . However many former missionary jurisdictions - mainly in the Third World - remain, after promotion to diocese of (Metropolitan) Archdiocese, under

3136-402: Was the traditional direction for the evangelization efforts of the Catholic Church. Catechisms were printed in many languages and seminarians sent to places as far as Malabar . The most concrete result was the union with Rome of the Ruthenian Catholic communion, most concentrated in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus ; the union was formalized at Brest in 1596. The death of Pope Gregory XV

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