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71-520: Coconino is the word the Hopi use for Havasupai and Yavapai Indians. The Coconino National Forest was so named because it is located in the central portion of Coconino County. The elevation in the forest ranges from 2,600 feet (790 m) in the southern part of the forest near the Verde River to 12,633 feet (3,851 m) at the summit of Humphreys Peak , the highest point in the state of Arizona. Much of

142-649: A hotel, and a restaurant that serves Hopi dishes. The Hopi people have repeatedly voted against gambling casinos as an economic opportunity. On November 30, 2017, in his last day as Chairman of the Hopi Tribe, Herman G. Honanie and Governor Doug Ducey signed the Hopi Tribe-State of Arizona Tribal Gaming Compact, a year after the Tribe approved entering into a compact with the State of Arizona. The historic agreement, which gives

213-494: A large coal mine in 2019 has compounded existing unemployment. Combined with the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the lack of official help for those who have lost access to the coal they need to burn to heat their homes, Hopi have turned to nonprofits for help. The Hopi Tribe Economic Development Corporation (HTEDC) is the tribal enterprise charged with creating diverse, viable economic opportunities. The HEDC oversees

284-501: A leader who would represent their tribe to the U.S. government. In 1910 in the Census for Indians, the Hopi Tribe had a total of 2,000 members, which was the highest in 20 years. The Navajo at this time had 22,500 members and have consistently increased in population. During the early years of this century, only about three percent of Hopis lived off the reservation. In 1924 Congress officially declared Native Americans to be U.S. citizens with

355-635: A part of the " public domain " and open under various laws to settlement, purchase, and use. In 1898, President William McKinley established the San Francisco Mountain Forest Reserve, at the request of Gifford Pinchot , head of the US Division of Forestry. Local reaction was hostile—citizens of Williams, Arizona held a mass protest, and the Williams News editorialized that the reserve "virtually destroys Coconino County." In 1905,

426-693: A reservation for the Hopi. It was smaller than the Navajo Reservation , which was the largest in the country. The Hopi reservation was originally a rectangle 55 by 70 miles (88.5 by 110 km) in the middle of the Navajo Reservation, with their village lands taking about half of the land. The reservation prevented encroachment by white settlers, but it did not protect the Hopis against the Navajos. The Hopi and

497-472: A source of conflict. The partition of this area, commonly known as Big Mountain , by Acts of Congress in 1974 and 1996, but as of 2008 has also resulted in long-term controversy. On October 24, 1936, the Hopi Tribe ratified its constitution, creating a unicameral government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council . The powers of the executive branch (chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, are limited. The traditional powers and authority of

568-573: A tributary of the Verde River , flows through the canyon. Sycamore Canyon enters the Verde River canyon 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north-northwest of Clarkdale . Located within three different U.S. National Forests , the Coconino , Kaibab , and Prescott National Forests , Sycamore Canyon is home to a variety of wildlife including black bear , deer , and mountain lion . Unlike the nearby and more heavily visited Oak Creek Canyon, much of Sycamore Canyon

639-669: A two-year term. Representation on the Tribal Council as of December 2017 is as follows: Village of Upper Moenkopi: Hubert Lewis Sr., Michael Elmer, Robert Charley, Philton Talahytewa Sr. Village of Bacavi: Dwayne Secakuku, Clifford Quotsaquahu Village of Kykotsmovi: David Talayumptewa, Phillip Quochytewa Sr., Danny Honanie, Herman G. Honanie Village of Sipaulavi : Rosa Honanie, Village of Mishongnovi : Emma Anderson, Craig Andrews, Pansy K. Edmo, Rolanda Yoyletsdewa First Mesa Consolidated Villages: Albert T. Sinquah, Ivan Sidney Sr., Wallace Youvella Jr., Dale Sinquah Currently,

710-487: A year. The US Government thought they undermined the Hopi resistance, however this only intensified ill feelings of bitterness and resistance towards the government. When the Hopi prisoners were sent home, they claimed that government officials told them that they did not have to send their children to school, but when they returned, Indian agents denied that this was promised to them. Another Oraibi leader, Lomahongyoma , competed with Lololoma for village leadership. In 1906

781-736: Is also home to Sycamore Canyon , the second largest canyon in Arizona. Elevations in this part of the forest are substantially lower (Sedona is at 4,500 feet (1,400 m) above sea level) than the rest of the forest resulting in higher temperatures year round. The Third district is the Mogollon Rim District, located along the Mogollon Rim south of the Mormon Lake District and east of the Red Rock District. The landscape here resembles

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852-492: Is an important part of Hopi culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided. The Hopi people had settled in permanent villages, while the nomadic Navajo people moved around the four corners. Both lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur issued an executive order creating

923-556: Is divided into three districts that each possess their distinct geography and environments. The northernmost district, known as the Flagstaff District, is home to the San Francisco Peaks , an ancient group of volcanic summits. The highest peak, Humphreys Peak, is the highest point in Arizona at 12,633 feet (3,851 m). The second , third , and fourth highest peaks in Arizona are found nearby. The San Francisco Peaks are

994-547: Is protected by the 56,000-acre (23,000 ha) Sycamore Canyon Wilderness , located at 35°03′N 111°58′W  /  35.05°N 111.96°W  / 35.05; -111.96  ( Sycamore Canyon Wilderness ) , and therefore roads and developed campgrounds are nonexistent. Hiking and horseback riding are the only ways to visit the canyon. The most popular access is via the Parsons Spring trail, upriver from Tuzigoot National Monument . A high-clearance vehicle

1065-577: Is thought that Hopi people descend from those Ancestral Puebloan settlements along the Mogollon Rim of northern Arizona. Hopi villages are now located atop mesas in northern Arizona . The Hopi originally settled near the foot of the mesas but in the course of the 17th century moved to the mesa tops for protection from the Utes, Apaches, and Spanish. On December 16, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur passed an executive order creating an Indian reservation for

1136-745: The Hopi Tribe of Arizona and live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona ; however, some Hopi people are enrolled in the Colorado River Indian Tribes of the Colorado River Indian Reservation at the border of Arizona and California. The 2010 U.S. census states that about 19,338 US citizens self-identify as being Hopi. The Hopi language belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family. The primary meaning of

1207-707: The Indian Citizenship Act . Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Hopi established a constitution to create their own tribal government, and in 1936 elected a Tribal Council. The Preamble to the Hopi constitution states that they are a self-governing tribe, focused on working together for peace and agreements between villages in order to preserve the "good things of Hopi life." The constitution consists of 13 articles, addressing territory, membership, and organization of their government with legislative , executive and judicial branches . From

1278-633: The 100-room Moenkopi Legacy Inn and Suites in Moenkopi , Arizona, near Tuba City , Arizona. It is the second hotel on the reservation. It provides non-Hopi a venue for entertainment, lectures, and educational demonstrations, as well as tours and lodging. The project is expected to support 400 jobs. The village also operates the Tuvvi Travel Center in Moenkopi. The Tribally owned and operated Hopi Cultural Center on Second Mesa includes gift shops, museums,

1349-663: The 16th century, and are historically referred to as Pueblo people , because they lived in villages ( pueblos in the Spanish language). The Hopi are thought to be descended from the Ancestral Pueblo people ( Hopi : Hisatsinom ), who constructed large apartment-house complexes and had an advanced culture that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah , northeastern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It

1420-579: The 18th century, the Spanish never re-established a presence in Hopi country. In 1849, James S. Calhoun was appointed official Indian agent of Indian Affairs for the Southwest Territory of the U.S. He had headquarters in Santa Fe and was responsible for all of the Indian residents of the area. The first formal meeting between the Hopi and the U.S. government occurred in 1850 when seven Hopi leaders made

1491-457: The 1940s to the 1970s, the Navajo moved their settlements closer to Hopi land, causing the Hopi to raise the issue with the U.S. government. This resulted in the establishment of "District 6" which placed a boundary around the Hopi villages on the first, second, and third mesas, thinning the reservation to 501,501 acres (2,029.50 km ). In 1962 the courts issued the "Opinion, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment," which stated that

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1562-484: The Coconino National Forest. Despite the abundance of green vegetation throughout the forest, the region is classified as a high desert. Flagstaff, located in the northern part of the forest, receives about 22 inches (560 mm) of precipitation annually—including an average annual snowfall of 100 inches (250 cm)—while other areas of the forest receive even less. The lack of any significant rainfall during

1633-688: The Forest Reserves were transferred to the Department of Agriculture. Some 21 million acres (85,000 km) of public lands, almost one-eighth of the area of Arizona and New Mexico, were now to be administered by the new Forest Service. In 1908, the Coconino National Forest was established from parts of the Tonto , Black Mesa , Grand Canyon , and entire San Francisco Mountains National Forests . Hopi The Hopi are Native Americans who primarily live in northeastern Arizona. The majority are enrolled in

1704-472: The Franciscan Period started. The Franciscans had missionaries assigned and built a church at Awatovi. Spanish Franciscan priests were only marginally successful in converting the Hopi and persecuted them for adhering to Hopi religious practices. The Spanish occupiers enslaved the Hopi populace, forcing them to labor and hand over goods and crops. Spanish oppression and attempts to convert the Hopi caused

1775-518: The Hopi Constitution. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi villages was preserved in the 1936 constitution. The Hopi tribe is federally recognized and headquartered in Kykotsmovi, Arizona . The current tribal officers are: Representatives to the council are selected either by a community election or by an appointment from the village kikmongwi, or leader. Each representative serves

1846-869: The Hopi Cultural Center and Walpi Housing Management. Other HTEDC businesses include the Hopi Three Canyon Ranches, between Flagstaff and Winslow and the 26 Bar Ranch in Eagar ; Hopi Travel Plaza in Holbrook ; three commercial properties in Flagstaff; and the Days Inn Kokopelli in Sedona . Tourism is a source of income. The Moenkopi Developers Corporation, a non-profit entity owned by the Upper village of Moenkopi, opened

1917-563: The Hopi Indians, and in 1875 an LDS Church was built on Hopi land. In 1875, the English trader Thomas Keam escorted Hopi leaders to meet President Chester A. Arthur in Washington D.C. Loololma, village chief of Oraibi at the time, was very impressed with Washington. In 1887, a federal boarding school was established at Keams Canyon for Hopi children. The Oraibi people did not support

1988-610: The Hopi Tribe the opportunity to operate or lease up to 900 Class III gaming machines, makes Hopi the 22nd and last Arizona tribe to sign a gaming compact with the State. The Hopi Dictionary gives the primary meaning of the word "Hopi" as: "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way". Some sources contrast this to other warring tribes that subsist on plunder, considering their autonym , Hopisinom to mean "The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones". However, Malotki maintains that "neither

2059-595: The Hopi Tribe. In 1974, The Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act was passed,(Public Law 93–531; 25 U.S.C. 640d et seq.), followed by the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996, settling some issues not resolved in 1974. The 1974 Act created the Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation , which forced the relocation of any Hopi or Navajo living on the other's land. In 1992, the Hopi Reservation

2130-586: The Hopi Villages were preserved in the 1936 Constitution. Old Oraibi is one of four original Hopi villages. It was founded before A.D. 1100 and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited villages within the territory of the United States. In the 1540s the village was recorded as having 1,500– 3,000 residents. The first recorded European contact with the Hopi was by the Spanish in 1540. Spanish General Francisco Vásquez de Coronado went to North America to explore

2201-455: The Hopi over time to become increasingly intolerant towards their occupiers. The documentary record shows evidence of Spanish abuses. In 1655, a Franciscan priest by the name of Salvador de Guerra beat to death a Hopi man named Juan Cuna. As punishment, Guerra was removed from his post on the Hopi mesas and sent to Mexico City. In 1656, a young Hopi man by the name of Juan Suñi was sent to Santa Fe as an indentured servant because he impersonated

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2272-440: The Hopi resisters. Among those arrested were Habema (Heevi'ima) and Lomahongyoma. In the following days, they realized they had not captured all Hopi resisters and Sergeant Henry Henser was sent back to capture Potopa, a Hopi medicine man, known as "one of the most dangerous of resisters". Eager to rid Orayvi of all resisters, government officials sent 19 Hopi men who they saw as troublesome to Alcatraz Prison , where they stayed for

2343-470: The Hopi were random and spread out over many years. Many times the visits were from military explorations. The Spanish colonized near the Rio Grande and, because the Hopi did not live near rivers that gave access to the Rio Grande, the Spanish never left any troops on their land. The Spanish were accompanied by missionaries , Catholic friars. Beginning in 1629, with the arrival of 30 friars in Hopi country,

2414-417: The Hopi. It was smaller than the surrounding land that was annexed by the Navajo Reservation , which is the largest reservation in the country. As of 2005 the Hopi Reservation is entirely surrounded by the much larger Navajo Reservation. As the result of land disputes from 1940 to 1970 or earlier, the two nations used to share the government designated Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area , but this continued to be

2485-465: The Hopi. They warmly entertained Cardenas and his men and directed him on his journey. In 1582–1583 the Hopi were visited by Antonio de Espejo ’s expedition. He noted that there were five Hopi villages and around 12,000 Hopi people. During that period the Spanish explored and colonized the southwestern region of the New World, but never sent many forces or settlers to the Hopi country. Their visits to

2556-464: The Mogollon Rim. Oak Creek Canyon is one of the most popular recreation destinations in the Coconino National Forest and along with Sedona is Arizona's second most popular tourist attraction, second only to the Grand Canyon . Oak Creek Canyon is also a popular leaf peeping area in the fall as it is one of the few areas in the forest where deciduous trees are the dominant vegetation type . This region

2627-497: The Mormon Lake District with a number of small lakes and perennial streams scattered among a dense ponderosa pine forest. The southern boundary of the district is the edge of the Mogollon Rim where the Coconino National Forest borders the Tonto National Forest and Coconino County borders Gila County . Conifers and other evergreen plants are the dominant type of vegetation in the Coconino National Forest. Due in part to

2698-544: The Navajo fought over land, and they had different models of sustainability, as the Navajo were sheepherders. Eventually the Hopi went before the Senate Committee of Interior and Insular Affairs to ask them to help provide a solution to the dispute. The tribes argued over approximately 1,800,000 acres (7,300 km ) of land in northern Arizona. In 1887 the U.S. government passed the Dawes Allotment Act . The purpose

2769-644: The Oraibi Day School was opened in the Oraibi village. Although the school was in the village, traditional parents still refused to allow their children to attend. Frustrated with this, the US Government often resorted to intimidation and force in the form of imprisonment as a means of punishment. In November 1894, Captain Frank Robinson and a group of soldiers were dispatched to enter the village and arrested 18 of

2840-637: The Southwest. The chief of the Oraibi, Lololoma, enthusiastically supported Hopi education, but his people were divided on this issue. Most of the village was conservative and refused to allow their children to attend school. These natives were referred to as "hostiles" because they opposed the American government and its attempts to force assimilation. The rest of the Oraibi were called "friendlies" because of their acceptance of white people and culture. The "hostiles" refused to let their children attend school. In 1893,

2911-402: The Spanish friars had begun rebuilding a smaller church at Awatovi. During the winter of 1700–01, teams of men from the other Hopi villages sacked Awatovi at the request of the village chief, killed all the men of the village, and removed the women and children to other Hopi villages, then completely destroyed the village and burned it to the ground. Thereafter, despite intermittent attempts during

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2982-527: The U.S. government did not grant the Navajo any type of permission to reside on the Hopi Reservation that was declared in 1882; and that the remaining Hopi land was to be shared with the Navajo, as the Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area . From 1961 to 1964, the Hopi tribal council signed leases with the U.S. government that allowed companies to explore and drill for oil, gas, and minerals in Hopi country. This drilling brought over three million dollars to

3053-480: The area surrounding Sedona, various species of juniper including the alligator juniper and the Utah juniper are predominant. Other common tree and shrubs of this environment, often classified as the "juniper-pinyon woodlands", include Arizona cypress , manzanita , and pinyon pine . Hikers often encounter Parry's agave , yuccas , and prickly pear cacti in this region as well. The huge stands of ponderosa pine on

3124-522: The assistance of Kit Carson , was assigned to travel through the area. They "captured" the Navajo natives and forced them to the fort. As a result of the Long Walk of the Navajo , the Hopi enjoyed a short period of peace. In 1847, Mormons settled in Utah and tried to convert the Indians to Mormonism. Jacob Hamblin , a Mormon missionary, first made a trip into Hopi country in 1858. He was on good terms with

3195-409: The child in honor of the father's clan. Children can be given over 40 names. The village members decide the common name. Current practice is to use a non-Hopi or English name or the parent's chosen Hopi name. A person may also change the name upon initiation to traditional religious societies, or a major life event. The Hopi understand their land to be sacred and understand their role as caretakers of

3266-628: The dominant structure of the San Francisco Volcanic Field , an 1,800 square miles (4,700 km) volcanic field that contains more than 600 volcanic features. The Coconino National Forest encompasses a large portion of the volcanic field and so the forest landscape around Flagstaff is dotted with tree-covered cinder cones , lava flows , and lava tubes (such as Lava River Cave ). The Flagstaff District surrounds two United States National Monuments near Flagstaff, Walnut Canyon National Monument and Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument

3337-528: The dry climate, deciduous trees are rare except for in some moist areas along creeks and streams. While the ponderosa pine is by far the most common tree species in the Coconino National Forest, vegetation type varies depending on the elevation of a certain area. At the lowest elevations, in the extreme southwestern portion of the forest, actual trees are scarce and the landscape is dominated by various small shrubs and sagebrushes . At elevations between 4,500 feet and 6,500 feet (1,400−2,000 m), which includes

3408-409: The first tree to regenerate following a severe wildfire, are scattered across the mountain. Above 11,000 feet (3,400 m) is found the only alpine tundra region in Arizona. Vegetation is scarce in this region. A few small bristlecone pines are found otherwise the area is above tree line and inhabited by small grasses, lichens , and alpine wildflowers . Wildfire is a major concern across

3479-489: The forest are common during peak fire season. Occasionally, the fire danger will become so great that the forest is closed to all public entry until substantial precipitation is received to minimize the danger of a stray spark setting off a destructive wildfire. Over the past few years, the Coconino National Forest has increased its use of prescribed burns as a tool to prevent major wildfires. This strategy, along with forest thinning , has been especially widespread in areas of

3550-707: The forest are found primarily at elevations between 6,500 feet and 8,000 feet (2,000−2,400 m). Other species scattered among this region include gambel oak , quaking aspen , and Rocky Mountain Juniper . The highest elevations in the forest are located in the San Francisco Peaks area north of Flagstaff. Here grow large conifers such as Engelmann spruce , blue spruce , subalpine fir , corkbark fir (a variety of subalpine fir found only in isolated areas of Arizona and New Mexico ), Douglas-fir , bristlecone pine , and limber pine . Isolated stands of quaking aspen, usually

3621-556: The forest is a high altitude plateau (average elevation is roughly 7,000 feet (2,100 m) on the plateau) that is located in the midst of the largest contiguous ponderosa pine forest in North America . The southern border of this plateau is the Mogollon Rim , a nearly 400 miles (640 km) long escarpment running across central Arizona that also marks the southern boundary of the Colorado Plateau . The Coconino National Forest

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3692-492: The forest that surround urban areas . There are ten federally designated U.S. Wilderness Areas within or partially within the Coconino National Forest: When the United States acquired the territory comprising Arizona and New Mexico by treaty with Mexico in 1848, those lands not already privately owned, including Spanish and Mexican land grants , nor reserved by treaty for the various Indian tribes, became

3763-522: The instructions of Maasaw , the Creator or Caretaker of Earth. The Hopi observe their religious ceremonies for the benefit of the entire world. Hopi organize themselves into matrilineal clans. Children are born into the clan of their mother. Clans extend across all villages. Children are named by the women of the father's clan. After the child is introduced to the Sun, the women of the paternal clan gather, and name

3834-489: The land that they inherited from their ancestors. Agriculture is significant to their lifeways and economy. Precontact architecture reflects early Hopi society and perceptions of home and family. Many Hopi homes share traits of neighboring Pueblo tribes. Early communal structures, especially Pueblo Great Houses , include living rooms, storage rooms, and religious sanctuaries, called kivas . Each of these rooms allowed for specific activities. The Hopi encountered Spaniards in

3905-506: The land. While at the Zuni villages, he learned of the Hopi tribe. Coronado dispatched Pedro de Tovar and other members of their party to find the Hopi villages. The Spanish wrote that the first Hopi village they visited was Awatovi . They noted that there were about 16,000 Hopi and Zuni people. A few years later, the Spanish explorer García López de Cárdenas investigated the Rio Grande and met

3976-483: The latter of which preserves the youngest cinder cone in the San Francisco Volcanic Field, Sunset Crater . The forest borders another National Monument, Wupatki National Monument on its northeast corner. Located in the southern portion of the Flagstaff District is Mormon Lake, the largest natural lake in the state of Arizona. Several other natural lakes, including Ashurst Lake and Marshall Lake , dot

4047-654: The notion 'peaceful' nor the idea 'little' are semantic ingredients of the term". Sycamore Canyon Sycamore Canyon is the second largest canyon in the Arizona redrock country, after Oak Creek Canyon . The 21-mile (34 km) long scenic canyon reaches a maximum width of about 7 miles (11 km). It is in North Central Arizona bordering and below the Mogollon Rim , and is located west and northwest of Sedona in Yavapai and Coconino counties. Sycamore Creek,

4118-399: The resident priest Alonso de Posada at Awatovi, an act believed to have been carried out in the spirit of Hopi clowning. During the period of Franciscan missionary presence (1629-1680), the only significant conversions took place at the pueblo of Awatovi. In the 1670s, the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians put forward the suggestion to revolt in 1680 and garnered Hopi support. The Pueblo Revolt

4189-784: The school and refused to send their children 35 miles (56 km) from their villages. The Keams Canyon School was organized to teach the Hopi youth the ways of European-American civilization. It forced them to use English and give up their traditional ways. The children were made to abandon their tribal identity and completely take on European-American culture. Children were forced to give up their traditional names, clothing and language. Boys, who were also forced to cut their long hair, were taught European farming and carpentry skills. Girls were taught ironing, sewing, and "civilized" dining. The school also reinforced European-American religions. The American Baptist Home Mission Society made students attend services every morning and religious teachings during

4260-416: The spring and early summer combined with the high temperatures and strong winds that are commonplace during that time of year results in fire danger that is usually defined as "very high" or "extreme" during the months of May through July. The danger of a major wildfire is increased by the fact that there are a number of cities and communities surrounded by forest land. Restrictions on campfires and smoking in

4331-467: The top of Anderson Mesa , an approximately 20-mile (32 km) long ridge that rises 200 to 400 feet (60−120 m) above the surrounding landscape. Anderson Mesa is best known for the branch of Lowell Observatory located along the edge of the mesa. At the base of the southwest side of Anderson Mesa are two narrow, manmade reservoirs constructed in the early 1900s, Upper Lake Mary and Lower Lake Mary. Upper Lake Mary contains water year round in all but

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4402-400: The trip to Santa Fe to meet with Calhoun. They wanted the government to provide protection against the Navajo , a Southern Athabascan -speaking tribe who were distinct from Apaches. At this time, the Hopi leader was Nakwaiyamtewa. The US established Fort Defiance in 1851 in Arizona , and placed troops in Navajo country to deal with their threats to the Hopi. General James J. Carleton, with

4473-417: The very driest years while Lower Lake Mary, located just to the northwest of Upper Lake Mary, usually resembles a wet meadow rather than a lake. The Red Rock district, centered on the town of Sedona , encompasses many of the famous red rock buttes and mesas , and canyons that have made Sedona famous as a resort town. Just north of Sedona is Oak Creek Canyon , one of the many large canyons located along

4544-401: The village split after a conflict between hostiles and friendlies. The conservative hostiles left and formed a new village, known as Hotevilla . At the dawn of the 20th century, the U.S. government established day schools, missions, farming bureaus, and clinics on every Indian reservation. This policy required that every reservation set up its own police force and tribal courts and appointed

4615-513: The villages of Shungopavi, Oraibi, Hotevilla, and Lower Moenkopi do not have a representative on council. The Hopi Villages select council representatives, and may decline to send any representative. The declination has been approved by the Hopi Courts. The Hopi Tribal Government operates a Trial Court and Appellate Court in Keams Canyon. These courts operate under a Tribal Code, amended August 28, 2012. The Hopi tribe earns most of its income from natural resources. The tribe's 2010 operating budget

4686-410: The week. In 1890, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Thomas Jefferson Morgan arrived in Hopi country with other government officials to review the progress of the new school. Seeing that few students were enrolled, they returned with federal troops who threatened to arrest the Hopi parents who refused to send their children to school, with Morgan forcibly taking children to fill the school. Agriculture

4757-460: The word Hopi is "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way." Some sources contrast this to other warring tribes that subsist on plunder. Hopi is a concept deeply rooted in the culture's religion, spirituality, and its view of morality and ethics. To be Hopi is to strive toward this concept, which involves a state of total reverence for all things, peace with these things, and life in accordance with

4828-400: Was $ 21.8 million, and projected mining revenues for 2010 were $ 12.8 million. On the 1,800,000-acre (7,300 km ) Navajo Reservation, a significant amount of coal is mined yearly from which the Hopi Tribe shares mineral royalty income. Peabody Western Coal Company is one of the largest coal operations on Hopi land, with long-time permits for continued mining. Consequently, the closure of

4899-472: Was increased to 1,500,000 acres (6,100 km ). Today's Hopi Reservation is traversed by Arizona State Route 264 , a paved road that links the numerous Hopi villages. On October 24, 1936, the Hopi Tribe of Arizona ratified a constitution. That constitution created a unicameral government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council. While there is an executive branch (tribal chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, their powers are limited under

4970-457: Was the first time that diverse Pueblo groups had worked in unison to drive out the Spanish colonists. In the Burning of Awatovi, Spanish soldiers, local Catholic Church missionaries, friars, and priests were all put to death, and the churches and mission buildings were dismantled stone by stone. It took two decades for the Spanish to reassert their control over the Rio Grande Pueblos but the Catholic Inquisition never made it back to Hopiland. In 1700,

5041-511: Was to divide up communal tribal land into individual allotments by household, to encourage a model of European-American style subsistence farming on individually owned family plots of 640 acres (2.6 km ) or less. The Department of Interior would declare remaining land "surplus" to the tribe's needs and make it available for purchase by U.S. citizens. For the Hopi, the Act would destroy their ability to farm, their main means of income . The Bureau of Indian Affairs did not set up land allotments in

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