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82-465: The Coast Guard Administration is headed by one minister and three deputy ministers. The CGA includes eight departments, one office and five task forces, as well as a Maritime Patrol Directorate General and a Coastal Patrol Directorate General. Its jurisdiction covers the waters surrounding Kinmen, Matsu, Penghu, and the main island of Taiwan to ensure proper protection of the 1,819.8 kilometers coastline and 540,000 square kilometers of "Blue Territory," which

164-642: A Hsiung Feng II anti-ship missile for the first time in a joint exercise with the Navy. The CGA cooperates with Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam in operations to counter human trafficking and drug smuggling. The CGA and the Japan Coast Guard conduct annual exercises and visits. The CGA and the Philippines Coast Guard have conducted tabletop exercises and drills. The CGA and

246-473: A shotgun . On March 16, 2020, the patrol boats CP-1022 and CP-2006 of the 9th Offshore Flotilla based on Kinmen were attacked by ten Chinese speedboats. They had been assisting a Kinmen County Government Fisheries Research Institute patrol boat in clearing fishing nets illegally left in Taiwanese waters by Chinese fishermen when they came under attack from the men in speedboats throwing rocks and bottles. During

328-571: A 14% increase in catch and a 12% increase in profit." Therefore, the authors concluded that "many nations can recover their fisheries while avoiding these short-term costs by sharply addressing illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing." In December 2022, the United States Secretary of the Treasury issued sanctions on Pingtan Marine Enterprise and related individuals over human rights abuses tied to China-based illegal fishing. Under

410-413: A Chinese offshore supply vessel and its 12 crew. The vessel was caught trespassing in Taiwanese waters near Penghu . It is believed that the supply ship was being used to deliver food and other supplies to offshore fishing fleets. In 2021 the Taiwanese cabinet approved a NT$ 12.9 billion (US$ 428.53 million) budget for six new 3,000-ton class patrol vessels. In May 2022 an Anping-class patrol ship launched

492-588: A background in military intelligence, who once was the deputy of the controversial Bureau of Investigation and Statistics of the National Military Council . (The " Military-Statistics Bureau " served under Dai Li , and even assumed command the "Military-Statistics Bureau" after the death of Dai Li in March 1946. As a result, the National Security Bureau is often seen as one of several successors to

574-639: A comprehensive coastal surveillance network. In 2021 the CGA allocated NT$ 919.99 million (US$ 33.33 million) to upgrade its coastal surveillance network and to add new gap filler radars as well as photoelectric sensors to the network. The navigation and engineering officers of the Taiwan coast guard cutters are not sworn law-enforcement officers. They wear the following rank insigna. National Security Bureau (Republic of China) The National Security Bureau ( NSB ; Chinese : 國家安全局 ; pinyin : Guójiā Ānquán Jú )

656-573: A cooperation agreement, the agreement was promptly denounced by China. In May 2021 US President Joe Biden praised the cooperation agreement while speaking at the commencement of the United States Coast Guard Academy . The first bilateral meeting under the agreement occurred in August 2021. Tuvalu and Taiwan signed a coast guard cooperation agreement in 2022. In 2023 Taiwan donated two new coast guard patrol vessels to Tuvalu. In July 2024,

738-666: A former Director-General of National Police Agency with a career police background, to the post of NSB Deputy Director-General. In 2007, Shi Hwei-yow , a former judge from the Taipei district court, former Director-General of the Coast Guard Administration, and at the time the Deputy Director-General of NSB, replaced a three-star army general ( Hsueh Shih-ming ) as the first civilian Director-General of National Security Bureau. As result of institutionalizing operations,

820-617: A former NSB official who was a retired one-star army general made a personal visit to the PRC and was detained three days later by the PRC Ministry of State Security . A former chief cashier of NSB, Liu Kuan-chun (劉冠軍), was suspected of embezzling more than NT$ 192 million (US$ 5.65 million) from a batch of money returned from Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 4 April 1999. According to the National Bureau of Investigation, Ministry of Justice, Liu left

902-428: A great deal of action for a young agency, participating in numerous search and rescue and anti-smuggling operations. The Coast Guard Administration was also recently involved in escorting Taiwanese fishing boats into waters disputed with Japan claimed by both sides as part of their exclusive economic zones. In the late 2010s, China escalated to grey-zone actions against Taiwan in an attempt to achieve unification with

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984-567: A high chance of success – i.e. a high rate of return  – from the failure of governments to regulate adequately (e.g. inadequate coverage of international agreements), or to enforce national or international laws (e.g. because of lack of capacity, or poor levels of governance). A particular driver behind IUU fishing is the failure of a number of flag states to exercise effective regulation over ships on their registers – which in turn creates an incentive for ships to register under these flags of convenience . The Chinese commercial fishing fleet

1066-557: A projected 6,000. Article two of the Coast Guard Law splits the responsibilities of the CGA into three zones, their core area (Shoreline to the end of the Exclusive Economic Zone), Waters temporarily or tentatively within the area of law enforcement, and International waters fisheries patrol. The "core area" includes all land within 500 meters of the high tide line, Territorial waters (extending 12 nm from shoreline),

1148-494: A responsibly sourced catch, in January 2016 a revised scheme was launched to include the health and safety and welfare of crew on board. The new scheme has been re-developed in accordance with the requirements of internationally recognised standard ISO17065. Initially focused on vessels supplying the UK market, the scheme will be rolled out internationally over the next two years. Seafish is

1230-451: A serious personnel review. The Control Yuan impeached nine officials for dereliction of duty. Among those were former National Security Bureau (NSB) chief Tsai Chao-ming (蔡朝明), former deputy chief of the NSB special service center Chiu Chung-nan (邱忠男). The Control Yuan said in an impeachment report that the National Security Bureau had received information on 18 March 2004 about a possible attack on

1312-491: Is 15 times larger than the island of Taiwan. The Maritime Patrol Directorate General is responsible for all maritime patrols and operations at sea. The directorate consists of 16 Offshore Flotillas as well as the Northern, Southern, Central, and Eastern Flotilla Sectors. The Coastal Patrol Directorate General is responsible for land based operations, primarily the patrolling of harbors, beaches and other coastal areas, and includes

1394-408: Is also used for timber and for diamonds, which have analogous enforcement problems. Labels can reward harvesters and supply chains which honor regulations. Labeling may also provide accountability for adaptive management planning, as well-managed fisheries may provide higher quality products and more stable economics for producers. The use of certification or catch document schemes is encouraged in

1476-465: Is an issue around the world. Fishing industry observers believe IUU occurs in most fisheries , and accounts for up to 30% of total catches in some important fisheries. Illegal fishing takes place when vessels or harvesters operate in violation of the laws of a fishery . This can apply to fisheries that are under the jurisdiction of a coastal state or to high seas fisheries regulated by regional fisheries management organisations (RFMO). According to

1558-461: Is another effect of IUU fishing. Illegal fishing undermines the economy and human security of coastal communities, impacting the stock assessment by distorting the record of catches in that area, thus leading to wrong calculus on the fish exploitation. By un-reporting, IUU fishing often makes the countries set higher catching levels than the one necessary to guarantee the replenishment of fish population, which leads to food scarcity and dangers for

1640-555: Is endangering turtles’ survival; in Chile , harvesting seaweed is destroying the marine ecosystem, and in Costa Rica , the use of dynamite as a fishing method is reducing fishing species, destroying the food chain and damaging the habitat. IUU in Cuba is leading to a decrease in lobster stocks, decreasing the fish population, and thus endangering the marine food chain, causing food insecurity for

1722-620: Is funded by a levy on the first sale of seafood landed in the UK. Its services are intended to support and improve the environmental sustainability , efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the industry, as well as promoting responsibly-sourced seafood. Illegal and unreported fishing (two of the three components of IUU fishing) essentially arise from a failure to adequately enforce existing national and international laws . There are, however, many factors underlying enforcement failure, including, notably, poor levels of national governance. There are obvious problems with enforcing fisheries regulations on

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1804-643: Is impossible to patrol and control, given its resources. This leads to massive Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing by foreign fishing fleets including the Taiwanese fleet which has the biggest fleet based in Port Louis and is documented as flouting the law, including human rights, worldwide multiple times on record. Mauritian fishing cooperatives also allegedly engage in Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and are sometimes apprehended but their movements are impossible to track. Overfishing and bycatching in

1886-595: Is making the government spend a fortune to address the threat, thus highly impacting public spending: the country has been investing millions of dollars towards the fight against IUU fishing, which endangers the economies of the regions with limited financial capabilities, who must contribute to the public spending . IUU fishing led to $ 2.3 billion losses in South America , together with $ 600 million income losses and $ 500 million tax revenue losses. The IUU in Jamaica impacts

1968-414: Is responsible for more IUU fishing than that of any other nation. Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing poses a global challenge and has significant economic and environmental repercussions. The impact of IUU fishing includes economic losses, job losses, scarcity , price distortion , food insecurity and unfair competition , together with the depletion of fish populations and damages to

2050-833: Is subjected to the supervisory and coordination from the National Security Bureau . The Special Task Unit is an elite special forces unit of the CGA similar to the Military Police Special Services Company or the National Police Agency's Thunder Squad . During the 36th annual Han Kuang exercises they participated alongside special operations units from other branches in anti-decapitation drills. The CGA has civilian coastal patrol volunteers which assist it. Volunteers provide assistance in search and rescue, border security, and marine debris removal. The number of auxiliaries has grown from 186 to

2132-468: Is the principal intelligence agency of Taiwan . The organization was created in 1955 by a ROC Presidential Directive from Chiang Kai-shek , to supervise and coordinate all security-related administrative organizations, military agencies and KMT organizations in Taiwan. Earlier, the bureau was nicknamed "China's CIA" or "CCIA". The first Director-General of National Security Bureau was a three-star army general Cheng Chieh-min  [ zh ] , with

2214-445: The "Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No 2 of 1996" . In many Oceanian countries, fish highly contributes to GDP, and impacts the livelihood of domestic populations: Indonesia and Papua New Guinea highly suffer from economic consequences of IUU fishing. Illegal fishing presents a serious challenge to Oceanians countries, because it creates a high fish stock depletion , and endangers marine environment. In Australia, IUU fishing

2296-647: The Asia-Pacific region are destroying coral reefs and are depleting endangering the species by non-respecting the safe biological quota for fish replenishment. Moreover, the destructive fishing practices in the region involve the use of cyanide to poison reef fish: as a consequence, 56% of coral reefs in Southeast Asia are at risk, especially in the Paracel Islands , Indonesia , Chinese Taipei , Philippines , and Malaysia . Dynamite fishing has destroyed 50% of

2378-651: The Central African region is creating high risk to food security, and in Gabon is having severe economic impacts on the GDP . In 2003, the value of IUU fishing in the Asian Pacific Economies was between $ 3102 million and $ 7312 million. Illegal fishing impacts many economies in the region, and the degradation of marine environment by illegal fishing affects ecotourism and contributes to loss of employment and nutrition for

2460-645: The Contiguous zone (extending 24 nm from shore), and the Exclusive Economic Zone (extending 200 nm from shore). "Waters temporarily or tentatively within the area of law enforcement" are waters within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were Taiwanese EEZs overlap with those of neighboring nations "where negotiations for delimitation have not yet reached a consensus." The CGA conducts fisheries patrols in international waters , particularly

2542-766: The FAO 's International Plan of Action on IUU Fishing . Several RFMOs include them, including CCAMLR 's Catch Documentation Scheme for Toothfish , CCSBT 's Trade Information Scheme for Southern Bluefin Tuna and ICCAT 's Bluefin Tuna Statistical Document Programme . Similar systems are applied at a national level, including the USA's Certification of Origin of Tuna and Tuna Tracking and Verification Systems , Japan's reporting requirements (including area of capture) for all imports or transportation of tunas into Japan by boat, and

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2624-510: The Mediterranean Sea has significant environmental effects: for example, many species, such as shrimps and octopus are highly declining in their stock due to IUU catches, which also puts biodiversity at risk. Bycatch is extremely frequent, endangering species like dogfish and dolphins, while trawling is damaging seagrass beds and endangering endemic species like sponges, white sharks, and stingrays. Those activities not only are compromising

2706-620: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , states bear responsibility for the vessels (including fishing vessels ) that fly their flag. While it is uncontroversial that individuals engaged in IUU fishing may be subject to legal sanctions, the extent to which flag states may be held liable under international law for the IUU fishing activities of their vessels is less clearly defined. In March 2013

2788-456: The high seas , including locating and apprehending the pirate ships, but solutions are available, chiefly through improved monitoring and surveillance systems. Many fishermen are getting away with IUU ocean fishing due to the difficulty of monitoring every single fishing boat. This will begin to change with new technology that is able to watch and follow each boat from space consistently. This will be done through radio beacons, which all boats in

2870-518: The CGA and Chinese authorities worked out a standard operating procedure for dealing with illegal sand dredging by Chinese vessels. From implementation to December 2020 Chinese authorities had taken action in 64 cases and impounded 23 ships which demonstrated to the CGA that the Chinese were serious about cooperating on the issue. In March 2021 the CGA and the US Coast Guard announced that they had signed

2952-401: The CGA chased 2,988 Chinese sand dredging vessels out of Taiwanese waters. In July 2020 the CGA seized a dredging vessel and arrested its eight crew as a warning to the rest. In August 2020 the CGA detained a small Chinese oil tanker which had illegally entered Taiwan's waters. The oil tanker was discovered during enhanced COVID-19 pandemic biosecurity patrols. In May 2021 the CGA detained

3034-454: The CGA conducted a joint search and rescue drill with its Japanese counterpart. In 2021 the CGA had more than 200 vessels. In 2021 President Tsai Ing-wen ordered the name “Taiwan” to be prominently displayed on all vessels to avoid confusion with the People's Republic of China Coast Guard which is engaged in a grey-zone campaign against Taiwan and other neighboring countries. The CGA maintains

3116-508: The EU's labelling of all fish products (including area of capture). The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) is an international non-profit organization that runs a certification and ecolabelling program for traceable, sustainable seafood. To achieve certification as sustainable a fishery must meet a standard based on three principles: Fisheries that meet the MSC standard for a sustainable fishery can use

3198-518: The IUU catches removed more than $ 450 million in fish value to the country. In the Western region , IUU fish loss per boat per year is estimated to be up to $ 3 million, and in Senegal , the country lost 2% of its GDP in 2012. IUU fishing in the region results in price distortion and unfair competition. Nigeria has a loss estimated between $ 30 million to $ 800 million from illegal fisheries. Illegal fishing in

3280-509: The KMT and People First Party for alleged abuses of power. Despite statements from several NSB Directors General on the political neutrality of the organization, some controversial events have still occurred. In 2004, Chen Feng-lin (陳鳳麟), a colonel of the logistics department, Special Service Center, National Security Bureau, confessed that he leaked classified information regarding security measures at President Chen Shui-bian 's residence as well as

3362-577: The Military-Statistics Bureau .) Initially, National Security Bureau did not have its own field officers or operatives. However, in order to strengthen its ability to guide and coordinate other intelligence agencies, NSB soon developed its own field intelligence officers and training pool. The National Security Bureau was involved in the 1980 murder of lawyer and opposition politician Lin I-hsiung and his family. On 1 January 1994, shortly after

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3444-507: The NSB now has six intelligence-related divisions -- Also, there are three centers: This is also a special feature of the NSB since martial law was lifted. In addition to managing intelligence relevant to national security, it also takes charge of planning special tasks and is responsible for guiding, coordinating, and supporting the intelligence affairs in military and civil categories: Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing ( IUU )

3526-747: The North Sea 50% of cod and 60% of all catch comes from IUU fishing. In the Baltic Sea , 40% of cod comes from illegal fishing, and in the Iberian coast 40% of tuna, leading to an overexploitation of the resources and loss of catch for the local and legal fisheries. In Europe, countries lost up to €10 billion from IUU fishing, €8 billion for stock value, and more than 27 000 people lost their jobs. Mandatory product certification and catch documentation are increasingly part of fishery monitoring and enforcement, and to exclude IUU products from consumer markets. Certification

3608-516: The Northern, Southern, Central, and Eastern Coastal Patrol Offices. There are several mobile investigative groups subordinated to four corresponding areas of responsibility of the Coastal Patrol Directorate General. All mobile investigative groups of the Coast Guard Administration are tasked to perform intelligence-gathering mission of State Security. While executing such intelligence-gathering function, The Coast Guard Administration

3690-604: The South Georgia, Ross Sea, Heard Island, Macquarie Island, Kerguelen Islands and Falkland Islands fisheries) provide an example of how good fisheries management can reverse the trend of illegal fishing. These fisheries took, among others, the following steps to exclude illegal vessels from their waters: The Responsible Fishing Scheme is the only global standard that audits compliance on board fishing vessels, including ethical and welfare criteria. First launched in 2006 by Seafish to help fishing vessels demonstrate their commitment to

3772-462: The UK's authority on seafood. It was founded in 1981 by an Act of Parliament and aims to support all sectors of the seafood industry for a sustainable, profitable and socially responsible future. It is the only pan-industry body offering services to all parts of the industry, from the start of the supply chain at catching and aquaculture; through processing, importers, exporters and distributors of seafood right through to restaurants and retailers. Seafish

3854-478: The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, illegal fishing has caused losses estimated at US$ 23 billion per year. Unreported fishing is fishing that has been unreported or misreported to the relevant national authority or RFMO, in contravention of applicable laws and regulations. Unregulated fishing generally refers to fishing by vessels without nationality, vessels flying

3936-702: The US Coast Guard cooperate on monitoring longline fishing, maritime law enforcement, human trafficking, and drug smuggling. In 2010 the CGA held their first ever drill with China's Maritime Search and Rescue Center . The drill, which simulated a ferry disaster between Kinmen and Xiamen, included 14 vessels, 3 helicopters, and 400 personnel. Due to the tense relations between the two countries participating forces used drill flags instead of their national flags and emblems. The second drill in 2012 involved 18 vessels and two helicopters from Taiwan, as well as 11 ships and one helicopter from China. A third drill in 2014 featured 33 vessels, four helicopters, and 550 personnel. In 2020

4018-574: The United States. The loyalty of NSB officials to the Democratic Progressive Party is constantly questioned. Traditionally, career personnel of law enforcement , intelligence agencies, and military organizations in Taiwan are labeled as pan-blue because most of them have been lifelong Kuomintang members. However, while the DPP is in power, the National Security Bureau has been attacked by

4100-450: The blue MSC ecolabel on their seafood products . The second element of the program is a certification for seafood traceability. This is called MSC Chain of Custody. From the fishery, every company in the supply chain that handles the certified fish is checked to ensure the MSC label is only applied to fish products that come from a certified fishery. This requires effective record-keeping and storage procedures. This traceability element of

4182-472: The catch is often left in the ocean, contributing to ocean pollution, harming marine life, and impacting the honest fishermen’ economy, who cannot sell that fish if they catch it. In Eastern Africa , the coasts in Tanzania suffer the use of trawlers from foreign vessels, which impact the ecosystem, fish and crustaceans, upon which artisanal fishers rely: this can create food scarcity, and possible job losses for

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4264-600: The chain of command, the NSC is under the direct administration of the President. However, the Director-General of the National Security Bureau usually can and does report directly to the President, bypassing the NSC. Traditionally, the successive bureau chiefs were exclusively military officers with the rank of three-star general, though this has changed in recent years. In 2003, President Chen Shui-bian appointed Wang Ginn-wang ,

4346-490: The coral reef in Southeast Asia , endangering the food security of the population who relies on fish as primary food and income. In Australia , IUU fishing is affecting biodiversity, and is leading to a decrease of legal fish traps in favor of the illegal ones. Illegal fishing is endangering the species of sea cucumber and oysters , leading to fish depletion, and damages to the ecosystem. Bycatch and illegal fishing are

4428-527: The coral reef in the target areas. The impact on fish stock is an effect of overfishing and overharvesting , which can damage the ecosystem biodiversity and can create an imbalance in the food chain , thus affecting predators, forage species, and marine mammals. In addition, the catch of high market valued species, such as tuna and sharks, contribute to the depletion of fish stocks, causing both environmental effects, and food scarcity . Bycatch further exacerbates fish depletion and ecosystem damage, because

4510-514: The country on 3 September 2000, for Shanghai , PRC. He reappeared in Bangkok in January 2002 and then went to North America. Liu is still on the run. In the afternoon of 19 March 2004, President Chen Shui-bian and Vice President Annette Lu were wounded by gunfire on the day before the presidential election, while they were campaigning in Tainan. This act of violence caused shock in Taiwan, and led to

4592-555: The flag of a country not party to the RFMO governing that fishing area or species on the high seas, or harvesting in unregulated areas. The drivers behind illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing are similar to those behind many other types of international environmental crime : pirate fishers have a strong economic incentive – many species of fish, particularly those that have been over-exploited and are thus in short supply, are of high financial value. Such IUU activity may then show

4674-576: The foreign fleets that don't pay taxes or licenses. In the Caribbean and Ecuador , IUU fishing and its environmental damages to the coral reefs has endangered the tourism in those places, who cannot attract people anymore because the marine environment is damaged by illegal fishing practices; moreover, IUU fishing in Ecuador is now leading to food insecurity in the region. In the Mediterranean Sea , 50% of tuna and swordfish catch come from IUU fishing, while in

4756-760: The government. IUU fishing makes the global economy lose between $ 10 billion and $ 23 billion annually, and is valued up to $ 23.5 billion, placing it among the most profitable natural resource crimes. According to some studies, annual global losses due to IUU fishing account between $ 25 and $ 50 billion, tax revenues losses for countries are up to $ 4 billion. The major economic impacts of IUU fishing are unfair competition, job losses, declining revenues for legal fishers, tax revenue losses for governments, poverty and food insecurity for artisanal fishers and fishing communities, price distortion and overexploitation of fish stock. Unfair competition and subsequent job losses happen when legal and illegal catches are both sold on

4838-421: The growth and settlement of oysters and scallop. Fishing gears and fishing methods in prohibited areas often damage the habitat, leading to environmental damage and fish detriment. Examples include the use of bottom trawling , which destroys sponges that take decades to regrow, and the use of fishing gears like beach seines and dynamite fishing , which highly damage the reef ecosystems and can kill up to 80% of

4920-440: The habitat. In Kenya , the overexploitation of some kinds of fish has led to a disproportionate increase in their forage, such as the sea urchin , which feeds on the reef, thus reducing the coral cover dramatically. Cargados Carajos Shoals ( Mauritius ) The main island, Mauritius, is situated 800 km east of Madagascar, has a land area of 2040 km2 and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.3 million square kilometres which

5002-531: The incident CP-1022 was rammed at speed and lost the function of two of their three engines and its hull was damaged. The CGA responded to the attack using less lethal means including stun grenades and bean bag rounds which caused the attacking boats to retreat. In July 2020 the CGA arrested all 18 crew members of a Chinese fishing vessel caught fishing illegally in Taiwanese waters. The interdiction followed an increase in illegal fishing in Taiwanese waters by Chinese fishing vessels. Between January and July 2020

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5084-714: The issue of flag state liability for IUU fishing was brought before the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in a request for an advisory opinion submitted by the Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission (SRFC) of West Africa. The SRFC asked the Tribunal to advise on the following four questions: In its submissions to the Tribunal, the SRFC emphasized the severity of the IUU fishing problem in West Africa and

5166-404: The local fish stock, and has caused $ 284 million losses in the past twenty years. The subsequent establishment of a fishing quota to guarantee the replenishment of the species has been endangering the local fisheries, and the overexploitation has created food insecurity for domestic consumption. In Argentina, IUU fishing has led to unfair competition among legal fisheries, who cannot compete with

5248-569: The local fishermen. Moreover, the coasts are subjected to bycatch of turtles and dolphins. The problem of IUU fishing in Mozambique and Tanzania sometimes derives from artisanal fishermen themselves, who fish during closed seasons in protected areas, and buy illegal catch from other vessels, to process it and sold it in exchange for shrimps, which are overfished. The country also suffers the use of dynamite fishing, which destroys coral reefs, sea-grass beds, mangroves, and salt marshes, thus compromising

5330-407: The loss of government revenue from license fees , as well as sales and export taxes : IUU vessels evade these fees and taxes, sometimes by transporting fish through various countries to avoid taxation, or by transferring catches to other vessels while on the high sea, thus reducing export earnings for the government, and resulting in losses for the transport industries as well. Food insecurity

5412-598: The main causes of turtle decrease in stock. The most endangered species by IUU fishing are scale fish, rock lobster, sharks and billfish. Bycatch in New Zealand has endangered the survival of the Maui dolphins., and dynamite fishing in the continent is killing corals that takes centuries to rebuild. Overall, bycatching in the European regions is threatening the extinction of many species, such as sharks, rays, and tuna. IUU fishing in

5494-575: The marine habitat. The most affected areas by this phenomenon are Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The environmental effects of IUU fishing include biodiversity loss , and damages to the marine flora and ecosystem, and are generally caused by illegal fishing methods , overfishing and bycatch . Illegal fishing methods usually damage the seabed and the marine flora: fishing gears, chemicals, and explosions, can affect organisms’ growth and cause sediment transport , which blocks or reduces light, endangering

5576-754: The north and midwest Pacific Ocean . The CGA was established on 1 February 2000, combining the Coast Guard Command (formerly under the Ministry of Defense), the Marine Police Bureau (formerly under the National Police Administration , Ministry of Interior), and several cutters from the Taiwan Directorate General of Customs, Ministry of Finance. The CGA formally unifies coastal and maritime law enforcement agencies. It has seen

5658-509: The ocean are required to have. By implementing this new monitoring system, it will be impossible for fishermen to get away with IUU fishing in the future. MSC systems are similarly of value within exclusive economic zones , including, for example, offshore patrols and licensing schemes. The aggressive efforts of the Indonesian government to curtail illegal fishing has "reduced total fishing effort by at least 25%, ... [potentially] generate

5740-719: The other was 2.1 nautical miles offshore. In May 2019 the CGA rescued six fishermen aboard a burning boat nineteen miles offshore. Five fisherman were picked up by cutter while the most seriously injured was airlifted to hospital by helicopter. All fishermen survived the ordeal although three required hospitalization. As of 2019 the CGA planned to construct a total of 141 ships, including four 4000-tonne, six 1000-tonne, 12 600-tonne, 17 100-tonne, 52 35-tonne patrol ships and 50 coastal multi-purposed ships, by 2027. On March 1, 2020, three coast guard cutters clearing illegal fishing nets off Little Kinmen island were attacked by Chinese fishing boats which had to be repelled with warning shots from

5822-427: The overall brand perception, and thus impact honest sellers by devaluating the product. Illegal fishing activities within the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of coastal states by unauthorized vessels can lead to serious economic losses for both the affected coastal State and its industries, and local fishermen lose potential opportunity of catching and selling the fish in the market. Another economic impact concerns

5904-462: The population in the area. Illegal fishing during spawning season is destroying the fishing reproduction and restoration in Panama . In California, bycatch is endangering many species of vaquita . The economic effects of IUU fishing affect both the parties directly involved, such as the employment sector, the storing and transport sector and the stores, and indirect parties, such as the population and

5986-518: The populations relying on fish as primary source of protein. IUU fishing in the Asia-Pacific usually leads to tax evasions , money laundering and document fraud . Illegal fishing by Indian fishermen in Sri Lankan waters in large numbers have led to several confutations including several deaths reported among Indian fishermen and Sri Lanka Navy that regularly intercept Indian fishing boats under

6068-508: The president's itinerary to Peng Tzu-wen (彭子文), a former director of the center who retired as a major general. Peng, a retired one-star general, revealed on TV that he would not "take a bullet for President Chen." In August 2005, Peng Tzu-wen was indicted for leaking national secrets on TV and for potentially putting Chen's life in jeopardy. The National Security Bureau is subordinate to the National Security Council (NSC). Under

6150-447: The president, but did not take the report seriously. In 2004, former US State Department Deputy Assistant Secretary Donald W. Keyser has been arrested by the FBI for illegally handing over documents to two Taiwanese NSB officials who served as intelligence liaison officers in USA. Immediately, the director general of NSB, General Hsueh Shih-ming, had recalled crucial intelligence agents from

6232-527: The program helps to keep illegally fished seafood out of the supply chain by linking seafood sold in shops and restaurants to a certified sustainable fishery. The MSC eco-label enables consumers to identify sustainable seafood when shopping or dining out. As of June 2014, there are over 14,000 MSC-labelled seafood products sold in over 90 countries around the world. The MSC website lists outlets selling MSC-certified seafood. The six MSC-certified Patagonian toothfish and Antarctic toothfish fisheries (which are

6314-506: The respective organic laws of the National Security Council and NSB were promulgated by the order of the ROC President Lee Teng-hui on 30 December 1993, the National Security Bureau became a legal institution. Though a few known intelligence failures of the National Security Bureau have surfaced in recent years, supporters have pointed out that the agency rarely, if ever, publicizes any successful operations. On 1 June 2000,

6396-415: The same markets: the abundance of illegal catches drives the prices down, forcing legitimate and honest fishermen to sell the product at a lower price and bear the operating costs for conservation and management measures, ultimately endangering their profits and generally leading to economic deficit . Furthermore, because illegal fish in the market often lacks quality controls , this latter can compromise

6478-439: The self-governing island. The Coast Guard Administration had to expand rapidly to meet the rising grey-zone challenge. China's grey-zone operations against Taiwan in the maritime domain are meant to establish presence while maintaining plausible deniability . In May 2019 the CGA detained two Chinese fishing vessels for illegally fishing inside Taiwan's territorial waters. One vessel was 0.4 nautical miles off Taiwanese shores while

6560-462: The species, but are also undermining the fisheries in the region. America The main environmental effects in America involve the depletion of fish stock , the extermination of fish populations and the devastation of local ecosystems. In Ecuador , shark finning has led to the decline in size of shark catch, and overfishing and IUU fishing is leading to a depletion of the resources; in Guyana , bycatch

6642-444: The survival of the species. As fish stock diminishes, fishermen struggle to meet the needs of their families and their community, resulting in economic losses and food insecurity for the coastal population, which relies on it as a primary source of protein. Consequently, countries are compelled to import fish for domestic consumption, resulting in additional economic losses. The impacts of IUU are interconnected: as stocks decrease,

6724-538: The value of catch rises, thereby increasing the likelihood of overfishing , and illegal fishing. In South Africa the value of IUU fishing for tonnages are 20 times the legal catch, and for the lobster resource, IUU fishing accounts for 25% of the total. In Eastern Africa , unsustainable fishing causes loss of income and a decrease in fish stocks; in Tanzania , in 2001 $ 20 million was lost due to IUU fishing, and in Somalia

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