A mutual organization , also mutual society or simply mutual , is an organization (which is often, but not always, a company or business ) based on the principle of mutuality and governed by private law. Unlike a cooperative , members usually do not directly contribute to the capital of the organization, but derive their right to profits and votes through their customer relationship.
63-544: The Co-operative Permanent Building Society was a mutual building society , providing mortgages and savings accounts to its members. Its head office was located at New Oxford House in London . In 1970, it was renamed the Nationwide Building Society . The Southern Co-operative Permanent Building Society was formed in 1884 by a group of Co-operators including Thomas Webb and Charles Cooper, initially to provide
126-424: A Privy Counsellor to King James IV , and helped to arrange his marriage to Margaret , daughter of King Henry VII of England . As a reward, he was created Earl of Arran on 8 August 1503. He was succeeded by his elder son from his second marriage, James, 2nd Earl of Arran . He was Regent of Scotland between 1542 and 1554, and guardian of the young Mary, Queen of Scots . He was created Duc de Châtellerault in
189-421: A Lymphad with the sails furled proper flagged Gules (for Arran); 2nd and 3rd grand quarters: Argent a Heart Gules imperially crowned Or on a Chief Azure three Mullets of the first (for Douglas) . The achievement has two crests , namely: 1st, on a Ducal Coronet an Oak Tree rutted and penetrated transversely in the main stem by a Frame Saw proper the frame Or (for Hamilton); 2nd, on a Chapeau Gules turned up Ermine
252-430: A Salamander in flames proper (for Douglas) . The supporters are: on either side an Antelope Argent armed unguled ducally gorged and chained Or . Each crest has a motto , namely " Through " (over the 1st crest) and " Jamais Arriere " (" Never Behind ") (over the 2nd crest). The heir apparent is the present Duke's eldest son Douglas Charles Douglas-Hamilton, Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale (born 2012). The next heir
315-639: A cashier, before joining the board and then becoming a director, serving 5 years as president in 1942 - 1947. Between 1914 and 1918, the Society was inevitably affected by disruption in its workforce. Many of its agents joined the Forces and substitutions had to be found – sometimes these were the wives, sisters and daughters of the original agents. At the early stages in the war, the Society moved to seek insurance through Lloyds to protect all mortgage properties against loss or damage caused by aircraft or bombardment. After
378-504: A great-grandson in direct line to the titles, but it is likely that the latter would be styled "Lord Abernethy" (the Lordship of Abernethy and Jedburgh Forest being the most senior available title). Before the dukes succeeded to the Marquessate of Douglas and its subsidiary titles, the heirs apparent were styled initially " Earl of Arran " (which had previously been used as a courtesy title by
441-550: A male heir and the Dukedom passed to his fourth cousin Alfred, 13th Duke of Hamilton , who was descended from the 4th Duke of Hamilton and whose line of the family had adopted the surname "Douglas-Hamilton". His son was Douglas, 14th Duke of Hamilton , who was succeeded by his son Angus, 15th Duke of Hamilton . He died in 2010, and was succeeded by his son, the current Duke, Alexander, 16th Duke of Hamilton . The letters patent that created
504-460: A mutual company in the United States has been mutual insurance . Some insurance companies are set up as stock companies and then mutualized, their ownership passing to their policy owners. In mutual insurance companies, what would have been profits are instead rebated to the clients in the form of dividend distributions, reduced future premiums or paid up additions to the policy value. This
567-665: A service to members of the co-operative movement, enabling them to own their own properties. The early rules of the Society show that each member of the Society had one vote on resolutions at the Annual General Meeting, and that a member of the Society could be either a man or a woman. (At this time women were unable to vote in parliamentary elections) Some of the Society’s first mortgages went to local co-operative societies to buy their own buildings. Mortgage Number 3, granted in June 1884,
630-460: A small deposit and created the Home Savings Bank department to manage this new product. Interest was offered on the accounts at 3 and 1/3% or 1d for every 10 shillings per quarter. This kind of account especially appealed to children, and the first child recorded as opening such an account was Thomas John Mansbridge, son of Albert Mansbridge . Mansbridge himself had joined the Society in 1901 as
693-474: A turning point for the Society. In 1894 Arthur insisted on the removal of ‘Southern’ from the Society’s name. He had worked hard to build a national network of agents for the Society and thought the name should represent this enlarged coverage. In 1903 the Society moved headquarters to much bigger premises at 22 Red Lion Square. This was to remain its head office for the next twenty-five years. The Society agreed on 29 July 1904 to lend £2200 for builders to create
SECTION 10
#1732854569835756-422: A typical company. Some mutual insurance companies make this claim explicitly. In more general terms, mutual organizations are able to minimize the principal–agent problem by removing one stakeholder, the investor-owner, in favor of one of the other stakeholders, usually the customer, who becomes both user and joint owner of the business. However, the mutual form of ownership also has disadvantages. One example
819-404: Is (under provision 4 of the special remainder) the heir whatsoever of the 3rd Duchess, namely Edward Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby ( b. 1962 ) (a descendant of the 6th Duke through his only daughter, Lady Elizabeth Hamilton, who married Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby ). Lord Derby is not, however, an heir to the Marquessate of Douglas and its subsidiary titles, which would pass to
882-408: Is a competitive advantage to such companies—the idea of owning a piece of the company could be more attractive to some potential clients than the idea of being a source of profits for investors. In the typical stock company, profits go to shareholders. In contrast, a mutual manages the company in the best interests of the customers. Furthermore, a mutual company is able to focus on a longer horizon than
945-609: Is embedded in its name. It is noted that other formerly mutual companies such as Washington Mutual , a former savings and loan association , have been allowed to demutualize and yet retain their names. The approximate British equivalent of the savings and loan is the building society . Building societies also went through an era of demutualisation in the 1980s and 1990s, leaving only one large national building society and around forty smaller regional and local ones. Significant demutualisation also occurred in Australia and South Africa in
1008-444: Is that mutual companies have no shares to sell and hence no access to equity markets . At one time, most major U.S. life insurers were mutual companies. For many years, the tax status of such organizations was open to dispute, as they were technically nonprofit organizations. Eventually, it was agreed that federal taxation would be based on their share of business: for instance, in years in which mutual companies represented half of
1071-399: Is the process by which a joint stock company changes legal form to a mutual organization or a cooperative , so that the majority of the stock is owned by employees or customers. Demutualization or demutualisation is the reverse process, whereby a mutual may convert itself to a joint-stock company. This process became increasingly common in the 1980s as a result of deregulation. In
1134-602: The Acts of Union 1707 , the 4th Duke was the leader of the anti-union party. He was created Duke of Brandon , in the County of Suffolk , and Baron Dutton , in the County of Chester , in the Peerage of Great Britain on 10 September 1711, but was wrongfully refused a summons to the Parliament of Great Britain under that title (although he continued to sit as a Scottish representative peer ). He
1197-730: The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne and Newcastle-under-Lyne , the Duke of Argyll and Greenwich , the Duke of Monmouth and Buccleuch and the two Dukes of Queensberry and Dover and some other mainly royal dukes. Gilbert de Hameldun is recorded as witnessing a charter confirming the gift of the church at Cragyn to the Abbey of Paisley in 1271. His ancestry is uncertain but he may have been the son of William de Hamilton (third son of Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester ) and Mary of Strathearn. Gilbert de Hameldun married Isabella Randolph, daughter of Thomas Randolph of Strathdon , Chamberlain of Scotland . His heir
1260-672: The House of Hamilton and the House of Douglas . The title, the town of Hamilton in Lanarkshire , and many places around the world are named after members of the Hamilton family . The ducal family's surname, originally " Hamilton ", is now " Douglas-Hamilton ". Since 1711, the dukedom has been held together with the Dukedom of Brandon in the Peerage of Great Britain , and the dukes since that time have been styled Duke of Hamilton and Brandon , along with several other subsidiary titles. The titles held by
1323-559: The Lothians and Cadzow (present day Hamilton in Lanarkshire ), including Cadzow Castle . The lands had previously belonged to John Comyn , who was murdered by Robert the Bruce. The 1st laird of Cadzow was succeeded as the 2nd laird by his son Sir David fitz Walter . He was a supporter of King David II and fought at the Battle of Neville's Cross (Battle of Durham) where he was captured along with
SECTION 20
#17328545698351386-415: The Peerage of France in 1548 for his part in arranging the marriage of Queen Mary to Francis, Dauphin of France . This French Dukedom was forfeited when he switched allegiances in 1559. Emperor Napoleon III "confirmed" this title for the 12th Duke of Hamilton in the 19th century, but although the 12th Duke was heir male of the 2nd Earl, the legal effect of this "confirmation" is doubtful. The 2nd Earl
1449-547: The Prudential Insurance Company of America and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company have demutualized , with shares of stock being distributed to their policyholders to represent the ownership interest they formerly had in the form of their interest as mutual policyholders. The Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company has also investigated demutualization, even though its form of ownership
1512-560: The Scottish Crown Jewels from the City of Edinburgh . He also regularly attends sittings in the Court of Lord Lyon as a hereditary assessor , sitting on the bench beside Lord Lyon . The courtesy titles used by heirs apparent are "Marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale" (the eldest son of the duke) and "Earl of Angus" (the eldest son of a marquess of Douglas and Clydesdale). No duke has had
1575-647: The Somers Isles Company , an offshoot of the Virginia Company , buying the shares of Lucy Russell, Countess of Bedford . The Parish of Hamilton in the Somers Isles (now Bermuda ) is named for him. Upon the death of his uncle in 1609 he succeeded as 4th Earl of Arran (of the 1503 creation) and 5th Lord Hamilton. He was also created Earl of Cambridge and Baron Innerdale in the Peerage of England on 16 June 1619. His son, James, 3rd Marquess of Hamilton ,
1638-692: The 1599 Earldom of Arran and the Lordships of Hamilton, Aven and Aberbrothwick in the Peerage of Scotland, and the Earldom of Cambridge and the Barony of Innerdale in the Peerage of England) became extinct. In 1656, the 3rd Duchess married William Douglas, 1st Earl of Selkirk , third son of William Douglas, 1st Marquess of Douglas . He had been created Earl of Selkirk and Lord Daer and Shortcleuch on 4 August 1646. He changed his surname to "Hamilton", and on 20 September 1660
1701-401: The 1st Duke's elder daughter. Upon his death in 1651, with no further heirs in the immediate male line, the Dukedom (and the titles created with it), as well as the Earldom of Lanark (and the title created with it), passed to that daughter, Anne, 3rd Duchess of Hamilton . The 1503 Earldom of Arran and the Lordship of Hamilton became dormant, and all the other titles (the Marquessate of Hamilton,
1764-581: The Co-operative Wholesale Societies seats on the Society’s board. The president had a vision that members would get a ‘total package’ with a mortgage through the Society and household fittings/ furniture through the Wholesale Societies. After the war, the Society supported ‘Self-Build’ groups, giving them the financial support, they needed to rebuild or build new homes. The Society’s ambitions for growth were thwarted at this time due to
1827-502: The Duke of Hamilton, though still using the surname "Hamilton", was patrilineally a "Douglas" (through the 3rd Duchess's husband), the 7th Duke became heir male of the House of Douglas and inherited the Duke of Douglas's subsidiary titles (although not the Dukedom), succeeding as 4th Marquess of Douglas, 14th and 4th Earl of Angus and 4th Lord Abernethy and Jedburgh Forest. He died without issue and
1890-466: The Dukedom of Douglas (and the titles created with it) became extinct, but the Marquessate of Douglas, both Earldoms of Angus and the Lordship of Abernethy and Jedburgh Forest passed to his second cousin twice removed and heir male, James Hamilton, 7th Duke of Hamilton . The arms of the current Duke of Hamilton and Brandon are: quarterly: 1st and 4th grand quarters: quarterly: 1st and 4th, Gules three Cinquefoils Ermine (for Hamilton); 2nd and 3rd, Argent
1953-433: The Dukedom of Hamilton contained a special remainder. It stipulated that the Dukedom should descend to: As the first Duke and his brother (the second Duke) both died without surviving sons, the succession has, since 1651, been governed by the third rule given, with the dukedom going to the grantee's daughter (the third Duchess) and her heirs male. George Douglas, an illegitimate son of William Douglas, 1st Earl of Douglas ,
Co-operative Permanent Building Society - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-581: The King. His son David Hamilton , the 3rd laird, was the first to establish Hamilton as the family name. David Hamilton's son Sir John Hamilton became the 4th laird and was, in turn, succeeded as the 5th laird by his son James Hamilton . The 5th laird was succeeded as 6th laird by his son, Sir James Hamilton , who was created a Lord of Parliament as Lord Hamilton on 3 July 1445. In early 1474, he married Princess Mary, Countess of Arran , daughter of King James II and widow of Thomas Boyd, 1st Earl of Arran . He
2079-525: The Society continued to prosper in this housing boom. In the year before the Second World War, the Co-operative Permanent had increased its assets to over £30m and its branch network to 32 branches. The Society prepared for the outbreak of war by purchasing Chiltern House, just outside High Wycombe in 1938 to move many head office functions out of London. (New Oxford House at that time supported
2142-459: The Society tried to influence the mortgage rate to ease the burden on homeowners, it cut its own rate by 0.5% to 5% in 1942 and cut again down to 4% in 1943. The Society also kept a keen eye on the building society sector, and realising that some smaller societies were struggling to stay afloat they began a campaign of contacting these societies with suggestions for amalgamation This was a controversial tactic and not universally welcomed, with some of
2205-487: The Society’s investors unhappy about the strategy. However, it did result in opportunities for growth and several smaller societies joined forces with the Society during these years - the peak came in 1944 when 10 societies transferred their engagements to the Co-operative Permanent. In 1944 the Society’s then president, Harry Score, wanted to bring the society closer to the Co-operative movement, by giving representatives of
2268-607: The United States, conversion may be full, to a public company , or in many states, partial, to a mutual holding company . Duke of Hamilton and Brandon Duke of Hamilton is a title in the Peerage of Scotland , created in April 1643. It is the senior dukedom in that peerage (except for the Dukedom of Rothesay held by the sovereign's eldest son), and as such its holder is the premier peer of Scotland, as well as being head of both
2331-483: The business, they would be responsible for half of the taxes paid by the industry. Many savings and loan associations were also mutual companies, owned by their depositors. As a form of corporate ownership the mutual has fallen out of favor in the U.S. since the 1980s. Savings and loan industry deregulation and the late 1980s savings and loan crisis led many to change to stock ownership, or in some cases into banks . Many large U.S.-based insurance companies, such as
2394-600: The current duke of Hamilton and Brandon are: The duke of Hamilton and Brandon is the hereditary keeper of the Palace of Holyroodhouse , the official royal residence in Scotland, where he maintains large private quarters. He is also, as Lord Abernethy and in this respect successor to the Gaelic earls of Fife , the hereditary bearer of the Crown of Scotland , a role which the 15th duke performed at
2457-513: The emphasis by the post-war government on public sector housing. In 1948 the Society introduced the first edition of their staff magazine, ‘The Pyramid’. The Society created this magazine due to their branch network expansion and the need to maintain close co-ordination between staff. In 1950 the Society reported great expansion with over 100 branches and double the amount of surplus profit compared to 1941 (1941 £1,360,253 – 1950 £2,934,748). The appointment of Herbert Ashworth as chief executive paved
2520-557: The first female saver, opened in March 1884 with 9 shillings. The account holder was Miss Catherine Webb, the daughter of Thomas Webb. By the end of the first year in business, there were 217 savings accounts, ranging from £150 to sixpence. In 1892 the Southern Co-operative Permanent Building Society enlisted Arthur Webb , son of Thomas Webb, as secretary to replace Charles Cooper. Arthur’s arrival proved to be
2583-601: The first garden city in Letchworth (Founded by Sir Ebenezer Howard and planned by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin ). Members of the board at the time also visited the site to inspect the work done, as they wanted to check on the quality of the housing being built. The Society also sponsored the ‘Cheap Cottage’ competition in 1905 to find the best quality cottage that could be built for £150 or less. The Society also acted to encourage savings amongst its members. In 1904 they introduced savings boxes that were available to members for
Co-operative Permanent Building Society - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-451: The form of dividends , and as such does not usually seek to maximize and make large profits or capital gains . Mutuals exist for the members to benefit from the services they provide and often do not pay income tax . Surplus revenue made will usually be re-invested in the mutual to sustain or grow the organization, though some mutuals operate a dividend scheme similar to a cooperative. The primary form of financial business set up as
2709-618: The inauguration of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, as did the 16th duke at the State Opening of Parliament, 30 June 2011. As Hereditary Bearer of the Crown of Scotland, the 16th Duke also placed the crown upon the coffin of Queen Elizabeth II during a service of remembrance in St Giles' Cathedral on 12 September 2022. Traditionally, the duke of Hamilton enjoys the exclusive right to remove
2772-466: The late 1960s, the Society began a process of computerisation of its branch accounting. A central accounting system established at Chesterfield House, enabled branches to use computer-style account numbers for all new business. In 1970 after a period of internal research and debate, the Society agreed to leave the Co-operative Union and change its name to Nationwide Building Society . This decision
2835-438: The marquesses of Hamilton) and later "Marquess of Clydesdale" (the former style then being adopted for a grandson in direct line). The heir apparent to the Earldom of Lanark (before that title merged with the dukedom) was styled "Lord Polmont". The duke of Hamilton and Brandon is one of only five British peers to hold more than one dukedom, the others being: Historically, several other peers have held multiple dukedoms, including
2898-503: The previous head office now being renamed Chesterfield House, it was opened by the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon . In 1965 the Society agreed not to continue the arrangements Harry Score had put in place with representatives from Co-operative societies being on their board. It was thought that such a close association with the Co-operative Movement might be hindering their growth and narrowing their appeal to potential members. In
2961-447: The same era. Cooperatives are very similar to mutual companies. They tend to deal in primarily tangible goods and services such as agricultural commodities or utilities rather than intangible products such as financial services . Nevertheless, banking institutions with close ties to the co-operative movement are usually known as credit unions or cooperative banks rather than mutuals. Various types of financial institutions around
3024-406: The subsequent history of those titles, which were eventually inherited by the 12th Duke of Hamilton, becoming separated again from the Dukedom on the death of the 13th Duke in 1940). On 9 July 1698, the 3rd Duchess resigned all her titles in favour of her eldest son, James, Earl of Arran , who thereby succeeded as 4th Duke in his mother's lifetime (his father had died in 1694). During the lead-up to
3087-507: The war effort as a clothing coupon centre) By early 1941, there were so many properties affected by bombing that the Society set up a War Damage Section to deal with all the administration and enquiries. The section dealt with the government on the members’ behalf to claim compensation for repairs. During the war the Society allowed members to reduce payments to interest only because of war damage and wherever possible survey fees for damaged properties were waived in hardship cases. From 1942 onwards
3150-495: The war, with the need for new developments and homes the Society increased its assets from under £500,000 to over £2m by 1924. The Society’s growth meant they needed to move out of 22 Red Lion Square. In 1925 the Society’s architect drew up plans for a new headquarters, New Oxford House, in London which opened in 1926. The growth of the economy improved throughout later 1930s, with an average of 350,000 new homes being built every year and
3213-459: The way for more growth with his fresh energy, enthusiasm and vision to grow the branch network. The Society also benefitted from a new government which was enthusiastic about encouraging home ownership and supported a large house building programme. 1962 saw the construction of a new head office in London – this time an 11-storey building in High Holborn. This was again called New Oxford House with
SECTION 50
#17328545698353276-419: The world are mutuals, and examples include: Some mutual financial institutions offer services very similar to (if not the same as) those of a commercial bank . In some markets, mutuals offer very competitive interest rates and fee tariffs on savings and deposit accounts , mortgages and loans . The members who save and borrow with the mutual ultimately own the business. Mutualization or mutualisation
3339-646: Was Walter fitz Gilbert . He was governor of Bothwell Castle for the English Crown during the First War of Scottish Independence . Following the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, he gave refuge to the Earl of Hertford and other escapees, only to deliver them and Bothwell up to Edward Bruce . He then became a Bruce partisan. Sometime between 1315 and 1329, Robert the Bruce knighted him and granted him lands in Renfrewshire and
3402-425: Was confirmed by a vote of members on 16 September 1970. Mutual organization A mutual exists with the purpose of raising funds from its membership or customers (collectively called its members ), which can then be used to provide common services to all members of the organization or society. A mutual is therefore owned by, and run for the benefit of, its members – it has no external shareholders to pay in
3465-554: Was created Duke of Hamilton , Marquess of Clydesdale , Earl of Arran and Cambridge and Lord Aven and Innerdale on 12 April 1643, with a special remainder allowing succession through the female line should his and his brother's heirs male fail. His son, Charles, Earl of Arran, died young and the 1st Duke's titles passed to his younger brother, William, 2nd Duke of Hamilton , who had already been created Earl of Lanark and Lord Machanshire and Polmont on 31 March 1639. A surrender and regrant in 1650 allowed these also to be inherited by
3528-401: Was created Duke of Hamilton , Marquess of Clydesdale , Earl of Arran, Lanark and Selkirk and Lord Aven, Machanshire, Polmont and Daer for life . In 1688, he resigned the Earldom of Selkirk and the Lordship of Daer and Shortcleuch, and those titles were regranted to his second son, with a special remainder designed to prevent them becoming merged with the Dukedom. (See Earl of Selkirk for
3591-490: Was created Earl of Angus on 9 April 1389. His descendant, William, 11th Earl of Angus , was created Marquess of Douglas , Earl of Angus and Lord Abernethy and Jedburgh Forest on 14 June 1633. His great-grandson, Archibald, 3rd Marquess of Douglas , was created Duke of Douglas , Marquess of Angus and Abernethy , Viscount of Jedburgh Forest and Lord Douglas of Bonkill, Prestoun and Robertoun on 10 April 1703. He died, married but childless, in 1761, at which point
3654-659: Was given to the Hampton Co-operative Society to buy land worth £100. Mortgage number 10, granted in April 1885, went to the Ardsley Co-operative Society to buy a shop and bake house for £350. The first domestic mortgage was to Alfred Idle for a house in Morrison Street, Battersea – the mortgage was for £120. Thomas Webb opened the first savings account for £10. Charles Copper opened the next savings account for £1. Savings account number 21 belonged to
3717-461: Was killed in a celebrated duel with Charles Mohun, 4th Baron Mohun (who also died) in Hyde Park in London on 15 November 1712. The 4th Duke's son James, 5th Duke of Hamilton was succeeded by his son James, 6th Duke of Hamilton and he by his son James, 7th Duke of Hamilton . In 1761, the 7th Duke's second cousin twice removed, Archibald Douglas, 1st Duke of Douglas , died without an heir. As
3780-411: Was styled Lord Hamilton as is traditional for the younger sons of Earls ) was appointed to administer his brother's estates. He was created Marquess of Hamilton , Earl of Arran and Lord Aven on 17 April 1599. His son, James, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (who had been created Lord Aberbrothwick (or Arbroath ) on 5 May 1608, before he succeeded) moved to England with King James VI , and invested into
3843-407: Was succeeded by his brother Douglas, 8th Duke of Hamilton . He left no sons and the title passed back to his uncle, the 6th Duke's brother, Archibald, 9th Duke of Hamilton . He was succeeded by his son Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton and then by his son William, 11th Duke of Hamilton . The 11th Duke's son William, 12th Duke of Hamilton (who changed his surname to "Hamilton Douglas") died without
SECTION 60
#17328545698353906-423: Was succeeded by his eldest son, James, 3rd Earl of Arran , who had been proposed as a husband to Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1561. In 1562 he was declared insane, and in 1581 he resigned the Earldom to James Stewart of Bothwellhaugh . However, in 1586 his resignation was ruled by the Court of Session to be the act of a madman and his honours were restored. The 3rd Earl's younger brother John Hamilton (who
3969-552: Was succeeded by his only legitimate son, James, 2nd Lord Hamilton . In 1490, then aged 15, he married the 13-year-old Elizabeth, Lady Hay, daughter of Alexander Home, 2nd Lord Home and widow of Sir Thomas Hay, Master of Yester, son and heir of John Hay, 1st Lord Hay of Yester . However, it was later discovered that Sir Thomas Hay was still alive and the marriage was annulled. The 2nd Lord married secondly Janet, Lady Livingstone, daughter of Sir David Beaton of Creich and widow of Sir Robert Livingstone of Easter Wemyss and Drumry. He became
#834165