46-727: The Cleomaceae are a small family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales , comprising about 220 species in two genera, Cleome and Cleomella . These genera were previously included in the family Capparaceae , but were raised to a distinct family when DNA evidence suggested the genera included in it are more closely related to the Brassicaceae than they are to the Capparaceae. The APG II system allows for Cleomaceae to be included in Brassicaceae. Cleomaceae includes C 3 , C 3 –C 4 , and C 4 photosynthesis species. In 1994,
92-1834: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Cleome gynandra Cleome gynandra
138-442: A woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from the other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from
184-485: A character setting them apart from the related Capparaceae , and contain resins , and may have an aromatic or foetid smell. The alternately set leaves, have stalks and never form a sheath around the stem. The leaves are always palmately compound , mostly with three to seven leaflets, rarely with just one leaflet . At the base of the leafstalk sit scaly, leafy or spiny stipules , a difference with its sister group Brassicaceae that consistently lack stipules, although
230-796: A group of scientists including Walter Stephen Judd suggested to merge the Capparaceae (which at that time included the Cleomaceae) with the Brassicaceae. Early DNA-analysis showed that the Capparaceae - as defined at that moment - were paraphyletic , and others suggested to assign the genera closest to the Brassicaceae to the Cleomaceae. The Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae diverged approximately 41 million years ago. All three families have consistently been placed in one order (variably called Capparales or Brassicales ). The APG II system merged Cleomaceae and Brassicaceae. Other classifications have continued to recognise
276-510: A pair of glands can sometimes be present at the base of the leaf stalk. Hairs and papillae may be present. The flowers of Cleomaceae are somewhat to strongly bilateral symmetric . There are mostly four, sometimes two or six, free or merged sepals , that may be shed quickly or remain, are overlapping in the bud or are already separate. The corolla consists of mostly four, sometimes two or six petals that have distinctive claws and limbs , free or with merged limbs. The stamens may be placed on
322-543: A partition (or replum ). Between ten and fifty ovules (future seeds) are set along the margins of each of the carpels. As the fruit ripens, a stalk (or gynophore ) develops. The dry fruit opens with two valves. When the fruit has a replum, it has the same basic morphology as the Brassicaceae (called silicula or siliqua ), and this sets it apart from the Capparaceae, that have a capsule . Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form
368-500: A rough surface and measure 1.0-1.5 mm in diameter. Seeds of C. gynandra contain 17-19% oil . Cleome gynandra has a long tap root with root hairs and has few secondary roots. Typically, the leaves and shoots are eaten boiled or in stews. The leaves are often eaten in Sub-Saharan Africa, where they are often dried for storage, then cooked with milk or butter to reduce its bitter taste. In Kenya , Uganda and Tanzania,
414-462: A strong bitter, sometimes peppery flavor similar to mustard greens . The fruit is a dehiscent silique, a slender and spindle-shaped capsule , and measures 12 cm in length and 8–10 mm in width. During the ripening process, the color of the pods turns from green to yellow to brown when dry. In the dry state, they dehisce longitudinally and release their seeds. Each silique can contain as many as 100-150 seeds. The seeds are round, black and with
460-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),
506-421: Is self-pollinating , inbreeding and interspecific crossing with its relatives are possible. Studies on the potential number of plant chromosomes have been carried out, although the results are not yet clearly confirmed. Genetic variability is wide and so are the possibilities to increase the biomass of the plant through cross-breeding. In areas where consumption is high, farmers have easily been able to select
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#1732855583383552-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like
598-543: Is a lack of information, awareness, promotion and available technologies in its cultivation.Therefore, not many studies have been done on the plant yet. Research has tried to make this weed more resistant to dry weather, salt stress tolerance and the lengthening of its vegetative period, thus delaying flowering. Moreover, since the leaves have a particularly bitter taste caused by condensed tannins , breeding programmes have also tried to change this plant trait, in order to attract more potential consumers. Since C. gynandra
644-700: Is a species of Cleome that is used as a leaf vegetable . It is known by many common names including Shona cabbage , African cabbage , spiderwisp , cat's whiskers , and stinkweed . It is an annual wildflower native to Africa but has become widespread in many tropical and sub-tropical parts of the world. Cleome gynandra is an erect, branching plant generally between 25 cm and 60 cm tall. Depending on environmental conditions, it can reach up to 150 cm of height. Its sparse leaves are each made up of 3–7 oval-shaped leaflets. The flowers are white, sometimes changing to rose pink as they age. The leaves and flowers are both edible. The leaves have
690-590: Is also drought-tolerant . It does not tolerate cold temperatures well, and is frost-tender. optimal growth conditions include temperatures between 18 °C and 25 °C, with high light intensity. Cleome gynandra is considered an invasive weed in many places in the U.S. and elsewhere in the Pacific. Cleome gynandra uses NAD-malic enzyme type C 4 photosynthesis and has the characteristic traits associated with this, including changes in leaf biochemistry , cell biology and development . The family Cleomaceae
736-409: Is also eaten in the northern states of Malaysia, and is known as jeruk maman . The state of Negeri Sembilan specializes in rendang maman , where the leaves are braised in spiced coconut milk for a long period of time to achieve the desirable crisp and texture. The leaves also have antioxidative properties that can help with inflammatory diseases. Because of its anti-inflammatory properties, it
782-404: Is desirable and must be determined depending on soil water retention properties. Over-watering can lead to yield loss due to the scarce resistance to flooding. Harvesting can be done in two distinct ways. The first one consists in complete uprooting of the whole plant and successive separation of the leaves from the stem. Alternatively, multiple harvesting can be done by cutting the higher part of
828-410: Is done by seed sowing. Given the small seed size, the depth of sowing and the preparation of the seedbed are important factors. The seedbed requires shallow ploughing (around 15 cm deep), weed removal and harrowing to have a fine loose soil. Seeds can be dispersed unevenly by broadcasting or shallowly drilled in rows spaced around 30 cm apart and around 1 cm deep. Weeding is needed in
874-416: Is essential to support efforts through breeding, value chain development and the establishment of national frameworks. Additionally, enhancing the utilization and popularity of orphan crops like C. gynandra requires diversifying products, fostering innovation, and value addition. As example, the urban younger generation showed a positive response to canned vegetable products. The strategic assumption behind
920-408: Is normally not a cultivated crop. Leaves are in most cases harvested from the plant found as naturally growing weed. However, some studies on the most suitable cultivation techniques have been conducted. Cleome gynandra requires deep, well drained fertile soils. It grows well on loose soils, with high humus content and with pH ranging from 5.5 to 7. In cultivation, propagation of the plant
966-440: Is provided in its organic form, although also inorganic nitrogen fertilizers ensure an increase in yield. Recommended fertilizers application depend on soil properties but can reach up to 30 t/ha of farm yard of compost manure or up to 120 kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers. To result in a good yield, C. gynandra needs adequate soil water content throughout the whole vegetative growing period. Frequent and controlled irrigation
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#17328555833831012-463: Is sometimes used as a medicinal herb. The leaves and flowers of C. gynandra have been used in traditional medicine to treat conditions including food poisoning, rheumatism, inflammation, bacterial infections, and especially pain-related conditions such as headache toothache, headache, neuralgia, stomach pain, ear-ache, rheumatoid arthritis, skeletal fractures, colic pain and chest pain. In Saudi Arabia, C. gynandra extracts are used to treat
1058-449: Is that introducing new product varieties will not only improve the acceptance of AIV but also increase consumption and demand from citizens of both the rural and urban context. It is an annual wildflower native to Africa but has naturalized across tropic and sub-tropical regions across Africa, Asia and America. In those regions it grows at altitudes from 0 to 2400 m above sea level. It grows well in disturbed, well-drained soils, but
1104-485: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,
1150-580: The clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm' is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that the seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without
1196-444: The female parts in the centre of the flower. The filaments may be of equal length or strongly differ, and all may carry anthers, but infertile staminodes may also occur. The anther releases the pollen through slits stretching along its length. The ovary is positioned above the perianth and the androecium (a so-called superior ovary ), consists of two fully merged carpels , and contains one cavity that may be divided in two by
1242-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in
1288-883: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change
1334-406: The Capparaceae, but with a more restricted circumscription, either including Cleome and its relatives in the Brassicaceae or recognizing them in the segregate family Cleomaceae. The APG III system has recently adopted this last solution, but this may change as a consensus arises on this point. Current insights in the relationships of the Brassicaceae, based on a 2012 DNA-analysis, are summarized in
1380-547: The common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming the dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of
1426-437: The correct pesticides, such as Ambush, Ripcord and Rogor. Pest and diseases can also be controlled by breeding programmes. Thanks to this method, the use of fertilizers, which are expensive and cause damage to the environment, gets reduced. Weaver birds eating the seeds during the vegetative stage and mildew fungus can also cause problems during Cleome gynandra ’s growth. Despite the great potential of C. gynandra , there
Cleomaceae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1472-400: The early stages of development, when the canopy coverage by C. gynandra leaves is still reduced. It can be done by hands or with suitable machinery, ensuring shallow cultivation. Generous and frequent nitrogen based fertilizers can be applied to delay flowering, prolong vegetative growth and increase number and dimensions of the leaves. Yield increase is more significant when nitrogen
1518-635: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,
1564-444: The following pests were found on the weed: pentatomids ( Agonoselis nubilis ), locustus ( Schitocera gregaria ), flea beetles ( Phyllotreta mashonana ), cabbage sawfly ( Athalia spp.), bugs ( Nezara spp. and Bagrada spp.), cotton jassids ( Empoasca spp.), nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.). Pesticide attacks are generally stronger during dry periods than during the rainy season. These can, however, be controlled by firing
1610-641: The following tree. family Resedaceae family Gyrostemonaceae family Pentadiplandraceae family Tovariaceae family Capparaceae family Cleomaceae family Brassicaceae family Emblingiaceae Two genera are currently accepted, Cleome with 199 species, and Cleomella with 22 species. Plants of the World Online considers Oxystylis , Peritoma , and Wislizenia synonyms of Cleomella . Cleomaceae are mostly annual , sometimes perennial herbaceous plants , seldom shrubs or small trees, and some are lianas . Most of them have glands ,
1656-437: The leaves are cooked with groundnut paste. The plant is useful for intercropping due to its insect repellent and anti-tick properties. Leaves exhibit repellent, destructive and antifeedant properties to some ticks species in all their life stages ( larvae , nymphs, and adults). In Thailand and Malaysia , the leaves are a popular food item fermented with rice water as a pickle known as phak sian dong . The same pickle
1702-487: The level of insertion of the perianth or on a stalk, raising the bases of the stamens above the perianth. This occurs for instance in Gynandropsis gynandra . There are four simple stamens or branched in four groups of up to 12 stamens each that have a common base, and are free from the petals. When there are groups of stamens, the anthers mature from the middle outwards. The base of the stamens may or may not be fused with
1748-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for
1794-568: The methods of conducting and sharing research on C. gynandra and employing strategies like value chain development and technology transfer programs, the establishment of sustainable collaboration frameworks for industry stakeholders are fostered. This could allow innovations to spread quickly and gain popularity. Addressing the challenges and opportunities for this crop requires the active involvement of multiple sectors, including farmer organisations, researchers, seed companies, traders, policy makers and consumers. To support AIV in sub-Saharan Africa, it
1840-426: The most productive traits of the plant. Thus has confirmed good possibilities in its genetic improvement, especially within plants from different geographical origins. African Indigenous Vegetables (AIV) such as Cleome gynandra , which have no international trading record, play a crucial role in regional food security due to their suitability and adaptability to the local environment. In South Africa , C. gynandra
1886-470: The plant and collecting the upper leaves. This second strategy helps to increase lateral leaves growth and to delay flowering, extending the vegetative period. When fertilizers and water are supplied appropriately, it has been reported that cumulative foliar yield can reach up to 30 t/ha. Cleome gynandra has developed through natural selection and not man-made selection for the highest yield. This makes it particularly resistant against diseases. However,
Cleomaceae - Misplaced Pages Continue
1932-725: The severe pain and anti-inflammatory reactions caused by scorpion stings. Cleome gynandra is high in beta-carotene, folic acid, ascorbic acid and calcium. It also contains vitamin E, iron, and oxalic acid. Generally, the leaves are about 4.0% protein. 100 g of C. gynandra contain around 1.4 g crude fibre, 127–484 mg vitamin C and 0.76 mg zinc, 3.1-7.7 g crude protein. The contents of iron and calcium vary by zone from 1–11 mg, and 213–434 mg respectively. The seeds of C. gynandra contain fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid and essential amino acids including glutamic acid, arginine, leucine, valine, glycine, and proline. Cleome gynandra
1978-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in
2024-554: The world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of
2070-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats
2116-477: Was identified as the most income generating local vegetable, followed by crops like amaranth , black jack and wild jute. Producers with established recognition in Sub-Saharan African countries like Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe secure contracts with supermarkets, restaurants, lodges, and hotels, which highlights the economic potential of this crop in regional agriculture. By enhancing
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