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53-397: (Redirected from Classical School ) Classical school or Classical School may refer to: Academic schools of thought [ edit ] Classical school (chess) , a school of chess Classical school (criminology) , a school of thought in criminology Classical economics New classical macroeconomics , which emerged in the 1970s as

106-457: A rook and pawn versus rook endgame in what is known as the Philidor position . The Philidor Defense (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6) is named for him . Philidor's book was the very first to give detailed annotations on how to play the middlegame, present chess strategy as a whole, and present the concepts of the blockade, prophylaxis, positional sacrifice and mobility of the pawn formation. Early critics of

159-759: A former private girls' school in Pasadena, California, United States Ridgeview Classical Schools , a school in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States St Patrick's Classical School , a Roman Catholic secondary school in Navan, County Meath, Ireland Seventy-First Classical Middle School , a middle school in Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States Trinity Classical School , a Christian preparatory school in Houston, Texas, United States Woodrow Wilson Classical High School ,

212-630: A former school in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States Classical High School , a high school in Providence, Rhode Island, United States Classical School of the Medes , a private English-based network of schools operating in the secure Kurdish region of Northern Iraq Delaware Valley Classical School , a Christian K-12 school in New Castle, Delaware, United States Hellenic Classical Charter School ,

265-630: A great variety of players, had authorized him to look for neither superior nor equal; and when, in 1755, a match was arranged between the pupil and his master, who was still at the height of his strength, the result placed the crown firmly and indisputably upon the head of Philidor. In 1771 and 1773, Philidor briefly stayed in London to play at the Salopian coffee house, Charing Cross and at the St. James Chess Club. In 1774, Parloe's chess club, on St. James Street in London,

318-715: A high school in Long Beach, California, United States Worcester Classical High School , a former high school in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Classical school . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_school&oldid=1223642924 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

371-468: A high standard of excellence to which but few amateurs attained. One of the most interesting features of Atwood as a chess player is that he recorded and preserved some of his games, an unusual practice at that time. These records have survived, among them the last games that Philidor played, which were against Atwood at Parsloe's Club in London on 20 June 1795. In England, Philidor astounded his peers by playing three blindfold chess games simultaneously in

424-703: A performer, teacher and music copyist. He was the teacher of the Bohemian composer and pianist Ludwig Wenzel Lachnith . During this time he met Diderot , who called him 'Philidor le subtil' in Le neveu de Rameau . He spent much of the period 1745–1754 in London after a concert tour of the Netherlands collapsed, and moved in the same circles as Dr Johnson and Dr Burney . He returned to the French capital in 1754, resolving to devote himself seriously to musical composition, although his music

477-606: A response to the failure of Keynesian economics Artistic styles [ edit ] Classical architecture Classical painting Classical sculpture Educational institutions [ edit ] A school which provides a classical education Alexander Classical School , a former school in Alexander, New York, United States Basking Ridge Classical School , a former school in Bernards Township, New Jersey, United States Burnham Classical School for Girls ,

530-626: A school in New York City, United States Hopkins Classical School , a former secondary school in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States Lynn Classical High School , a high school in Lynn, Massachusetts, United States Massey Hill Classical High School , a high school in Fayetteville, North Carolina, United States Metro Academic and Classical High School , a high school in St. Louis, Missouri, United States Miss Orton's Classical School for Girls ,

583-403: A second edition in 1777 and a third in 1790. The book was such an advance in chess knowledge that, by 1871, it had gone through about 70 editions and had been translated into English, Spanish, German, Russian and Italian. In it, Philidor analyzed nine different types of game openings. Most of the openings of Philidor are designed to strengthen and establish a strong defensive center using pawns. He

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636-412: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Classical school (chess) In 1749, François-André Danican Philidor published Analyse du jeu des Échecs . This was the first book to discuss the strategy of chess in detail. It was also the first to discuss the interplay of pieces and pawns in the game. Philidor believed that maintaining

689-567: Is the first one to realize the new role of the pawn in the chess game, and his most famous advice was the saying "The pawns are the soul of chess." More precisely Philidor said: Mon but principal est de me rendre recommandable par une nouveauté dont personne ne s'est avisé, ou peut-être n'a été capable; c'est celle de bien jouer les pions; ils sont l'âme des Echecs : ce sont eux-mêmes qui forment uniquement l'attaque et la défense et de leur bon ou mauvais arrangement dépend entièrement le gain ou la perte de la partie. Translation: My main purpose

742-471: Is the following passage: "Atwood was a renowned amateur chess-player and among other opponents played games against the famous French player Philidor, who was regarded as the unofficial world champion." Henry Bird records: Of the players who encountered Philidor, Sir Abraham Janssens, who died in 1775, seems to have been the best. Atwood, one of Pitt's secretaries, came next; he was of a class which we should call third or two grades of odds below Philidor,

795-525: Is to gain recognition for myself by means of a new idea of which no one has conceived, or perhaps has been unable to practice; that is, good play of the pawns; they are the soul of chess: it is they alone that determine the attack and the defense, and the winning or losing of the game depends entirely on their good or bad arrangement. He also included analysis of certain positions of rook and bishop versus rook , such analysis being still current theory even today. He demonstrated an important drawing technique with

848-490: The mobility of pawns was the most important strategic factor of chess, and he discussed pawn structure , particularly isolated pawns , doubled pawns , and backward pawns . Philidor's writings were widely praised and misunderstood for 90 years. His ideas were taken up by the English school in the 1840s. In 1925, Aron Nimzowitsch recognized the importance of pawn mobility. Philidor has increasingly been recognized as

901-544: The Convention nationale . This was not probably due to his ideas (indeed it seems Philidor was rather reserved about his opinions apart from music and chess), but very likely in view of the traditional attachment of his family to the King's family service. Andrew Soltis writes that Philidor "was the best player in the world for 50 years. In fact, he was probably about 200 rating points better than anyone else yet alive—set apart by

954-649: The Analyse du jeu des Échecs include those of the Modenese School ( Ercole del Rio , Lolli or Ponziani ), who in contrast to the French, advocated a free piece play, gambit openings and tactical complications; they also found some of the variations reported in the Analyse to be unsound (in particular those related with ...f7–f5 push in the Philidor Defence: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 f5). Some of Philidor's disciples— Bernard , Carlier , Leger , and Verdoni , who met at

1007-608: The Café de la Régence under the name of the Société des Amateurs —also criticized his work. In their book, Traité des Amateurs , they expressed many criticisms and comments on his earlier printed book, arguing that the variations reported in Philidor's Analyse are more instructive than correct. Nevertheless, the games in the Traité can be regarded, together of those of Philidor, as typical examples of

1060-653: The Evans Gambit Accepted. Some of the major players of the Romantic era were Adolf Anderssen , Paul Morphy and Henry Blackburne . A famous game of this time is the Immortal Game between Anderssen and Lionel Kieseritzky , which embodies the Romantic style. The style was effectively ended on the highest level by Wilhelm Steinitz , who, with his more positional approach, defeated many of his contemporaries and ushered in

1113-452: The 1890s they were embraced by a new generation of young players such as Siegbert Tarrasch and Emanuel Lasker . These players also took Steinitz's ideas and improved and made them more rational and accessible. In 1894, the torch was effectively passed to Steinitz's pupils when he was defeated by Lasker for the world championship. As a result of the classical school, many of the chess openings which had been hallmarks of Romantic chess such as

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1166-526: The 1927 championship match brought about an increased acceptance of hypermodern openings, which began to become a staple of competitive chess during the 1930s. In addition, elite players began to explore the Slav Defense and other QGD variants. In the 1940s the Soviet Union began a long domination of chess. The Soviet school agreed with Tarrasch and emphasized mobility. A weakness that could not be attacked

1219-423: The 1950s. Bibliography Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9 Danican Philidor François-André Danican Philidor (7 September 1726 – 31 August 1795), often referred to as André Danican Philidor during his lifetime, was a French composer and chess player. He contributed to the early development of the opéra comique . He is widely regarded as the best chess player of his age; his book Analyse du jeu des Échecs

1272-481: The Cuban Jose Raul Capablanca . Emanuel Lasker held onto the world championship a record 27 years, although he did not play chess for long periods of time owing to his career as a mathematics professor. The hypermodern school was founded by Aron Nimzowitsch , Richard Réti , Savielly Tartakower , Gyula Breyer , and Ernst Grünfeld in the 1920s. The hypermodernists rejected the idea that occupation of

1325-531: The King's Gambit and Philidor's Defense fell out of use among elite players, while the Queen's Gambit, previously rare, became a staple of high-level chess. By the opening years of the 20th century, chess masters outside of Europe began to appear (previously, Paul Morphy had been the only notable non-European player). These included the Americans Harry Nelson Pillsbury and Frank Marshall , and later

1378-406: The King's Gambit were very popular. ... The best chess player of his day was Francois Andre Danican-Philidor. ... His published chess strategy stood for a hundred years without significant addition or modification. He preached the value of a strong pawn center, an understanding of the relative value of the pieces, and correct pawn formations. ... In the same article, Alterman also noticed, analyzing

1431-608: The Netherlands and England. He was now a much stronger player, having successfully played opponents of the calibre of Philip Stamma and Abraham Janssen, but, as G. Allen reports in The life of Philidor , it was not until his match with Legall (also known as de Legal) in 1755 that he can be considered the strongest player in the world. When Philidor left Paris, in 1745, although he had for some time been playing even games with M. de Legal ... he had not ceased to recognize his old master as still his master and superior. But nine years of practice, with

1484-468: The Orthodox Defense of the Queen's Gambit Declined, which was used in all but two games (the remaining two featured a French Defense and Queen's Indian Defense). Alekhine defeated Capablanca to become the fourth world chess champion, which he retained until his death in 1946 (aside from two years where he lost the title to Max Euwe ). The excessive use of the Queen's Gambit Declined Orthodox Defense in

1537-402: The center was important. Instead, the hypermodern school emphasizes control of the center by attacking it with pieces – especially from the periphery. The hypermodern school also denied the superiority of the two bishops in all types of positions and claimed that the bishop pair was only strong in open or semi-open positions. While e4 openings and tactical play were still common during

1590-598: The championship vacant. Botvinnik became world champion by winning a tournament of five top players, the World Chess Championship 1948 . After WWII, hypermodern openings such as the Indian Defenses became a staple of high-level chess and have remained so ever since. In addition, the period saw a meteoric rise of the Sicilian Defense, which had been written about since the 16th century, but was uncommon until

1643-574: The chess club of St. James Street on 9 May 1783. Philidor let all three opponents play white, and gave up a pawn to the third player. Some affidavits were signed, because those persons who were involved doubted that future generations would believe that such a feat was possible. Today, three simultaneous blindfold games would be fairly unremarkable among many chess masters . Even when he was 67 years old, he played and won two blindfold games simultaneously in London in 1793. Philidor, both in England and France,

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1696-465: The classical era, the post-WWI period saw a significant shift as e4 openings of any kind became unfashionable outside the amateur level. Richard Reti went so far as to pronounce e4 "a decisive mistake" and argued that d4 was the only rational way to open a game, while the Sicilian and French Defense were the only rational responses to 1. e4. Players such as Frank Marshall and Jose Raul Capablanca (who took

1749-411: The enemy king. Positional play was not a new idea and there are many examples of such games from the Romantic era, however it did not become popular or widely accepted until Steinitz won the 1873 Vienna Tournament with his ideas of defense-based chess. He is considered the first true chess world champion, and remained so for 21 years despite not playing actively for almost 15 of them. In addition, he became

1802-438: The first chess master to make a living exclusively from professional chess, while most players up to this time played the game merely as a hobby or way to earn extra money while having other professions as their main occupation. Steinitz's ideas were controversial and widely criticized—some older players such as Adolf Anderssen never fully accepted them. He wrote numerous articles in chess publications defending his ideas, and by

1855-573: The founder of modern chess strategy. The Modenese school is due to three 18th-century players known as the Modenese Masters : Domenico Lorenzo Ponziani , Giambattista Lolli , and Ercole del Rio . They recommended playing the Italian Game opening . In contrast to Philidor's idea of pawn structure and mobility, the Modenese school emphasized rapid development of the pieces for an attack on

1908-436: The game Count Brühl –Philidor, F, 0–1 , London 1783, that Philidor understood very well modern concepts like the power of passed pawns, bad and good pieces, space advantage, open files, pawn structure and the importance of center. Jacques François Mouret , one of the best French players of the early 19th century, was Philidor's great-nephew. In 1749, Philidor published his famous book Analyse du jeu des Échecs . He printed

1961-529: The king of an Italian virtuoso oboist named Filidori. Philidor joined the royal choir of Louis XV in 1732 at the age of 6, and made his first attempt at the composition of a song at the age of 11. It was said that Louis XV wanted to listen to the choir almost every day, and the singers, while waiting for the king to arrive, played chess to relieve their boredom; this may have sparked Philidor's interest in chess. Starting in about 1740, he lived and worked in Paris as

2014-472: The list. Philidor's name is used for three well-known chess topics: A one-act opéra-comique with music by Amédée Dutacq and libretto by Abraham Dreyfus entitled Battez Philidor ! ( Beat Philidor! ) was premiered on 13 November 1882 at the Opéra-Comique . Set in 1777, a poor musician is required to beat Philidor at chess before he can win the hand of his sweetheart. Although Philidor agrees to lose

2067-474: The modern age of chess. Around 1860, Louis Paulsen realized that many attacks on the king succeeded because of poor defense. Wilhelm Steinitz agreed with that and rejected the prevailing notion that attack was more honorable than defense. Steinitz, who had engaged in the mid-century Romantic style of play in his youth, began to change his focus to building a strong pawn structure and seeing small advantages to capitalize on rather than sweeping assaults against

2120-476: The mysteries of the game he had solved." Also interesting is GM Boris Alterman 's opinion on Philidor's play: Five hundred years ago, chess was different from today. Pawns didn't cost as much as they do today. The best players started games with the gambits. Pawns were only a small price to: Open a file or diagonal; Create an immediate attack on an opponent's king. It was the Italian style of chess. All positions of

2173-518: The opposing king from the get go, aiming for checkmate or a material advantage in the process, often at the expense of pawn efficiency or even whole pawns. This style of play was employed by Gioachino Greco , Alessandro Salvio , and other Italian players of the 16th century. The English school was founded by Howard Staunton in the 1840s. His followers included Bernhard Horwitz , Elijah Williams , Marmaduke Wyvill , and to some degree Adolf Anderssen and Daniel Harrwitz . In this style, there

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2226-593: The time, Legall de Kermeur , taught him. At first, Legall could give Philidor rook odds , a handicap in which the stronger player starts without one of his rooks, but in only three years, Philidor equaled and then surpassed him. Philidor visited England in 1747 and decisively beat the Syrian Philipp Stamma in a match, although Philidor let Stamma have the first move in every game and scored all draws as wins for Stamma. The same year, Philidor played many games with another strong player, Sir Abraham Janssen , who

2279-716: The understanding of chess during the Enlightenment , and the Société des Amateurs was much closer to Philidor than to the Modenese school. Philidor was stuck in England when the French Revolution occurred. Because of many of his social connections mentioned above, the Revolutionary Government put him on the banned list. He died on 31 August 1795 in London, and was buried in St James , Piccadilly . A few days later, his relatives succeeded in getting his name removed from

2332-459: The world championship from Lasker in 1921), formerly known as tactical players and users of e4 openings, began switching their repertoires to queen side pawn openings and a more positional style of play in the 1920s. In 1927, Alexander Alekhine challenged Capablanca for the world championship. The match, lasting 34 games, was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina and achieved infamy for its overuse of

2385-440: Was considered a standard chess manual for at least a century. A well-known chess opening , an endgame position , and a checkmate method are all named after him. François-André Danican Philidor came from the well-known musical Philidor family. The original name of his family was Danican, but François-André's grandfather, Jean Danican Philidor , was given the nickname of Philidor by Louis XIII because his oboe playing reminded

2438-446: Was created, and Philidor obtained remuneration as a chess master every year for a regular season from February to June. Philidor stayed faithful to this agreement until the end of his life, and he was replaced by Verdoni only after his death. Here, Philidor encountered George Atwood , a famous mathematician, physician and lecturer at Cambridge University. In an article by J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, devoted to George Atwood, there

2491-683: Was found by some to be too Italianate (as a result of his travels). However he scored several triumphs at the fair theatres, starting with Blaise le savetier in 1759. His three most successful works were Le sorcier (1764), Tom Jones (after Henry Fielding , 1765), and Ernelinde, princesse de Norvège (1767). For a time Philidor was among the leading opera composers in France, and during his musical career produced over 20 opéras comiques and two tragédies lyriques . He also wrote secular cantatas and motets. Philidor also wrote music for masonic rituals. The first performance of his Carmen Saeculare

2544-476: Was largely recognized in each of his fields and had a lot of admirers, protectors and friends, such as the French philosophers Voltaire , Rousseau and the famous English actor David Garrick (1717–1779). In December 1792, however, when he was 65, Philidor was forced to leave France for England. He fled the French Revolution (1789–1799) because his name was on the Revolutionary banishment list, established by

2597-425: Was no quick attack on the opposing king. Instead, the attacks were prepared, as strategic advantages – such as control over the center and key points – were first obtained. Pieces were developed behind pawns to support their advance. Staunton pioneered the use of flank openings and the fianchettoing of the bishop . After Staunton practically retired in 1853, these ideas were mostly neglected. Romantic chess

2650-513: Was not a real weakness. The Soviet school was based on the teachings of Mikhail Chigorin (1850–1908). Mikhail Botvinnik was the first truly dominant Soviet grandmaster, having been groomed for the role due to his youth and loyalty to communism. In 1937, he won the USSR Championship, but the world championship had to wait for over a decade until after WWII had ended. The current world champion, Alexander Alekhine , had died in 1946, leaving

2703-546: Was performed at Freemasons' Hall in London in 1779. He was a member of the renowned Parisian Lodge Les Neuf Soeurs . This Lodge had an allied society for musicians, called the Société Apollonienne . Philidor started playing regularly around 1740 at the chess Mecca of France, the Café de la Régence . It was also there that he famously played with a friend from New England , Benjamin Franklin . The best player in France at

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2756-464: Was the style of chess prevalent in the 19th century. It was characterized by brash sacrifices and open, tactical games. Winning was secondary to winning with style – so much, in fact, that it was considered unsportsmanly to decline a gambit (the sacrifice of a pawn or piece to obtain an attack). It is no coincidence that the most popular openings played by the Romantics were King's Gambit Accepted and

2809-422: Was then the best player in England, and with the exception of Legall, probably the best player Philidor ever encountered. He could win on an average one game in four from Philidor at even terms, and Philidor himself declared that he could only give to Janssen one-pawn odds in exchange for making the first move with the white pieces. In 1754, Philidor returned to France, after nine years of absence, spent mostly in

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