The Clarksdale Housing Complex was a housing project located in Louisville, Kentucky , directly east of downtown in the Phoenix Hill neighborhood.
80-399: The Clarksdale Housing Complex was a public housing project built in 1939. Clarksdale was occupied from 1939 to late 2004. It was the first public housing complex built in the city, and up until its demolition, completed in 2005, it was the largest public housing project in the state of Kentucky . It consisted of 58 two- and three-story buildings. Like most public housing complexes, Clarksdale
160-415: A Barriada or a Caserío (and more recently a Residencial Publico ), where all exterior grounds are shared areas. Increasingly, however, public housing developments are being built that consist of other than the traditional multi-family dwellings with all exterior grounds consisting of shared outside area, for example, public housing may consist of single family garden apartments units. Finally,
240-534: A combination thereof. The details, terminology, definitions of poverty , and other criteria for allocation may vary within different contexts, but the right to rent such a home is generally rationed through some form of means-testing or through administrative measures of housing needs. One can regard social housing as a potential remedy for housing inequality . Within the OECD , social housing represents an average of 7% of national housing stock (2020), ranging from ~34% in
320-618: A complex for the elderly and is still standing today. St. Boniface Catholic Church, which also still stands today, was positioned within the boundaries of the complex on East Liberty Street. Both Clarksdale and Dosker Manor's locations also mark the eastern boundary line of downtown into what is known as the Phoenix Hill neighborhood of Louisville. The northern end of Phoenix Hill, especially along East Market and Jefferson Streets has been funded and developed by private business owners into what developers call "NuLu" (short for New Louisville), although
400-561: A condominium is a housing unit located in a high-rise building. It is popularly called an apartamento (English: 'apartment'), whether or not its resident owns the unit or lives in it as a renter.) Public housing, on the other hand, are housing units built with government funding, primarily through programs of the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the US Department of Agriculture (USDA). These have traditionally been multi-family dwellings in housing complexes called
480-467: A home that is located in neither an urbanizacion nor of a public housing development is said to be located in (and to be a part of) a barrio . In Puerto Rico, a barrio also has a second and very different meaning official meaning: the geographical area into which a municipios is divided for official administrative purposes. In this sense, urbanizaciones as well as public housing developments (as well as one or several barrios in
560-520: A move toward the integration of public housing with market housing and other uses. Revitalization plans for properties such as in the notorious Downtown Eastside of Vancouver , Regent Park , in Toronto, and Rochester Heights in Ottawa , aim to provide better accommodations for low-income residents, and connect them to the greater community. The aim of the reconstruction plans are often to better integrate it into
640-623: A new impetus, when the poor physical health and condition of many urban recruits to the British Army was noted with alarm. In 1916, 41% of conscripts were unfit to serve. This led to a campaign known as Homes fit for heroes and in 1919 the Government first compelled councils to provide housing, helping them to do so through the provision of subsidies , under the Housing Act 1919 . Public housing projects were tried out in some European countries and
720-620: A system that has fallen into disfavour in both the United States and the United Kingdom. However, many public housing corporations still offer a variety of buildings and communities ranging from individual houses to townhouse communities and mid-rise and high-rise apartments in both working-class and middle-class neighborhoods that house a significant number of low-income Canadians. Following the decentralisation of public housing to local municipalities, Social Housing Services Corporation (SHSC)
800-500: A very low price. The size and the type of room the households received were dependent on their job title or administrative level. The central government found it difficult to upkeep the public housing due to the low rent it received; the distribution policy that was intended to be " equalitarianism " was actually corrupt. The Chinese government commercialized the housing market after the economic reform started in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping . The public houses that were constructed before that
880-492: A voucher, accepted by some landlords. This policy option represented a turn away from the public-sector policy of public housing, instead turning towards the private market to address housing needs. The program, in conjunction with HOPE VI, was intended to create income-integrated communities, by giving residents the choice of where to move . However, the housing voucher program has historically had long wait times and limited choice on where one can actually move . Additionally, it
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#1732855205616960-612: Is a neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky just east of Downtown . Its boundaries are Market Street to the North, Preston Street to the West, Broadway to the South, and Baxter Avenue to the East. The Phoenix Hill neighborhood, settled before 1850 by German immigrants, is now a rich tapestry of people and a diverse mix of business, industry and residences. It is a neighborhood of mixed but compatible uses. Much of
1040-888: Is one of the major housing policies of the government. Nearly half of Hong Kong's 7.5 million population lives in public housing. The two main public housing providers are the Housing Authority and the Housing Society . The most common types of public housing in Hong Kong are public rental housing (PRH) and subsidised sale flats produced under the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS). In 2016, approximately 31 per cent of Hong Kong households lived in PRH flats while 15 per cent resided in subsidised sale flats (of all types). The origin of large-scale public housing in Hong Kong can be traced to
1120-795: Is the 16th-century Fuggerei in Augsburg , Bavaria . The origins of modern municipal housing lie in the dramatic urban population increase caused by the Industrial Revolution of the 19th century. In the large cities of the period, many social commentators, such as Octavia Hill and Charles Booth reported on the squalor, sickness and immorality that arose. Henry Mayhew , visiting Bethnal Green , wrote in The Morning Chronicle : ... roads were unmade, often mere alleys, houses small and without foundations, subdivided and often around unpaved courts. An almost total lack of drainage and sewerage
1200-644: The Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar ) Presidente Alemán (1947–50) in the Colonia del Valle and the Centro Urbano (or Multifamiliar ) Benito Juárez (1951–52) in the Colonia Roma , introduced formal ideas from Le Corbusier 's Ville Radieuse into the urban fabric. His later project, the Conjunto Urbano Tlatelolco Nonoalco built in 1960–65, was meant to develop one of
1280-603: The Federal Highway Program , demolished the older, substandard housing of communities of color across the United States. However, the advent of makeshift tent communities during the Great Depression caused concern in the Administration. The Federal public housing program was created by the 1937 Act, in which operations were "sustained primarily by tenant rents." As a result, public housing in its earliest decades
1360-748: The Multifamiliar Benito Juárez has been demolished. Mexico has had experience with housing projects since Porfirio Díaz 's regime (1877–1880, 1884–1911). One of those still remains and is the Barrio of Loreto in San Ángel , Álvaro Obregón in Mexico City, that was a project for a paper factory workers. Another notable public housing project is the Conjunto Habitacional Independencia, located near Tizapán neighborhood, on most of
1440-457: The University of Louisville downtown Health Sciences Campus is located in Phoenix Hill, and there are plans that could lead to clinical, educational and research space on the campus, more than doubling in size over the next 20 years. Phoenix Hill is home to a wide variation of industries from the non-profits like New Direction Housing Corporation to the social safety net providing outreach by
1520-644: The resettlement programme launched by the Hong Kong government in the 1950s in response to the increasing prevalence of squatter settlements, which emerged as a result of a great influx of refugees following the Communist revolution in China . The squatter villages were considered unsafe as they were susceptible to disastrous fires, including a 1953 blaze in Shek Kip Mei that rendered over 50,000 people homeless overnight. Large-scale resettlement estates were built throughout
1600-617: The 'one-for-one' rule would make building new housing extremely difficult . The long-term effect of this was that more housing was demolished than built, and many people were displaced without being guaranteed a spot in the new housing that would get built. This led to the widespread displacement and reshuffling of public house residents: namely, low-income, Black, single-parent families . Narratives that public housing projects were full of crime, drugs, and poverty were used to further justify demolition and destruction of public housing. Such associations between crime, surveillance and policing, and
1680-489: The 1950s and 1960s. In 1973, the government of Sir Murray MacLehose launched the Ten-Year Housing Programme, which aimed to provide the entire population with "satisfactory housing" within a decade. The government also launched the Home Ownership Scheme (HOS) in 1976 to enable lower-income households to purchase flats. Many public housing estates were built as part of new town development programmes . During
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#17328552056161760-560: The 1980s, most of the earliest resettlement estates (from the 1950s and early 1960s) were also rebuilt to modern standards. Public housing remains a key concern of the Hong Kong Government, which plans to construct some 330,000 units between 2022 and 2032. 86.6% of the Indian population lives in own houses . There are various public housing projects by both state and central governments in small scale. Phoenix Hill Phoenix Hill
1840-463: The 1993 HOPE VI project's response was demolition . The federal Housing and Urban Development (HUD) department's 1993 HOPE VI program addressed concerns of distressed properties and blighted superblocks with revitalization and funding projects for the renewal of public housing to decrease its density and allow for tenants with mixed income levels. The project paired together the demolition of public housing stock and private development, leading to
1920-497: The Brooke Amendment. Rents now became set at 25% of a tenant's income with the result that the program began serving the "poorest tenants." Other attempts to solve these problems include the 1974 Section 8 Housing Program, which encourages the private sector to construct affordable homes, and subsidized public housing. This assistance can be "project-based", subsidizing properties, or "tenant-based", which provides tenants with
2000-582: The Clinton era established, through HUD, the Public Housing Drug Elimination Program, which led to the cracking down of public housing, leading to more policing and surveillance for low-income people of color . In the 60s and 70s, the popularization of neoliberalism caused a turn away from public sector solutions towards private or public-private solutions. This, in conjunction with the narrative of public housing being obsolete, led to both
2080-520: The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to rent units to families with low incomes. Affordable housing goals can also be achieved through subsidies. Subsidized housing is owned and operated by private owners who receive subsidies in exchange for providing affordable housing. Owners may be individual landlords or for-profit or nonprofit corporations. Social housing had existed sporadically prior to modern developments. The oldest still in use
2160-565: The Netherlands to less than 1% in Colombia. In the United States, public housing developments are classified as housing projects that are owned by a housing authority or a low-income (project-based voucher) property. PBV are a component of a public housing agency. PBVs, administered by state and local housing agencies, are distinct from Section 8 Project-Based Rental Assistance (PBRA), a program through which property owners' contract directly with
2240-642: The St. Johns Day Center for Homeless Men. Lucille Grant Park is a 1-acre privately owned public park located adjacent to the New Directions Housing Corporation that they dedicated in July 1997 and named for a prominent gardener in the neighborhood. A playground and picnic area are available for use from dawn until dusk. Rubel Park is 1.5 acres of green space tucked away in an elevated, triangular area bordered by East Broadway and Barret and Rubel avenues. It has
2320-738: The United States in the 1930s, but only became widespread globally after the Second World War . South African apartheid featured high poverty rates in Black South Africans due to racial segregation and discrimination, so the post-apartheid government has sought to build social housing for poor black households, in urban areas with economic opportunity. The Reconstruction and Development and Breaking New Ground programs have provided over 3.5 million houses from 1995 to 2020, but they did not fully meet demand, and were built away from inner urban areas, exacerbating racial divides. The housing shortage
2400-555: The auspices of the Mutual Ownership Defense Housing Division of the Federal Works Agency under the direction of Colonel Lawrence Westbrook . These eight projects were purchased by the residents after the Second World War and as of 2009 seven of the projects continue to operate as mutual housing corporations owned by their residents. These projects are among the very few definitive success stories in
2480-754: The city, particularly the West End, which were very high already. Crime has also risen in areas of the city where crime was almost nonexistent before, particularly certain areas of the Highlands, the South End, and smaller areas within the East End. Today, a local TV repair shop and family-owned business, Clarksdale TV, located nearby on South Shelby Street and Broadway, along with a one-block alley between South Campbell and South Wenzel Streets near East Madison in Phoenix Hill , are
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2560-431: The displacement of many residents. One of the biggest components of this was the repealing of the "one-for-one" replacement rule, which said that for every unit of housing destroyed a new one must be built . HOPE VI's reasoning for repealing this policy was that it was hindering the construction of new, mixed-income units: since the public housing buildings were so massive, those behind HOPE VI believed that trying to match
2640-481: The district also exhibits an eco-friendly approach to development. The Phoenix Hill Nulu Farmer's Market, initiated by the Phoenix Hill Neighborhood Association in an effort to curb the food desert plaguing inner-city areas, is located at Fresh Start Growers' Supply. Residents can buy vegetables, fruits, baked goods, and meats that are all-natural and locally grown or crafted. As of 2000,
2720-610: The economic reforms were categorized as "Old Public Houses" ( Chinese : 老公房 ). "Old Public Houses" were, in principle, not supposed to be privately sold, but the household could sell it after purchasing the ownership of the building (not the property), and such transactions were subject to be review by local housing authorities and the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission . However, an informal filing system and unclear policies resulted in problems of corruption and family dispute. The concept of
2800-524: The end of the Second World War, enriched by US investments and an oil boom , Mexico had its first demographic boom, in which the primary destination for rural immigrants was Mexico City . Mario Pani Darqui , a famous architect at time, was charged to build its first large-scale public housing project. Built for the Dirección de Pensiones Civiles y Retiro (the National Pensions office, today ISSSTE),
2880-541: The following amenities: ball field, basketball (half), grills, picnic shelter, picnic tables, and a playground. It is a part of the Louisville Metro Parks system. The East Market District (also known as NuLu), the home to Kentucky's first green building aptly named The Green Building , has developed within the borders of Phoenix Hill in recent years. A hip new local destination that is an eclectic mix of high-end locavore restaurants, retail stores, and galleries,
2960-470: The historical name for the area geographically is Phoenix Hill and East Market District. As with most housing projects throughout the country, Clarksdale's age and maintenance were insufficient for such a large complex designed for single-family and low-income households. Clarksdale, in its prime, was one of the most notorious and crime-ridden housing projects within the city, with high drug activity, murder, and gang activity prevalent. The 65-year-old complex
3040-572: The history of the US public housing effort. Public housing was only built with the blessing of the local government, and projects were almost never built on suburban greenfields , but through regeneration of older neighborhoods. The destruction of tenements and eviction of their low-income residents consistently created problems in nearby neighborhoods with "soft" real estate markets. Initiatives in housing policy were implemented in ways that perpetuated stigma against African Americans. Initially, public housing
3120-571: The houses and apartments were sold to the residents. Neighbourhoods in Puerto Rico are often divided into three types: barrio , urbanización (urbanisation) and residencial público (public housing). An urbanización is a type of housing where land is developed into lots, often by a private developer, and where single-family homes are built. More recently, non-single-family units, such as condominiums and townhouses are being built which also fall into this category. (In Puerto Rico,
3200-483: The housing deficit, Minha Casa Minha Vida sought to stimulate the economy by generating employment in the construction sector. According to the Brazilian Chamber of Construction Industry (CBIC), the program created millions of jobs, directly and indirectly, contributing to the country's economic growth during its initial phases. However, critics argue that the program's focus on mass production sometimes overlooked
3280-401: The immediate area would cause concerns with property and retail value for such attractions, therefore raising questions about the safety of patrons, tourists, and citizens as a whole. Ironically, since the demise of Clarksdale and other housing projects in the city from these redevelopment plans, Louisville's crime and murder rate have now risen to an all-time high as a whole and in other parts of
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3360-583: The importance of integrating new housing developments with adequate infrastructure, such as schools , healthcare facilities , and transportation networks , which are essential for fostering sustainable urban development. In Canada, public housing is usually a block of purpose-built subsidized housing operated by a government agency, often simply referred to as community housing, with easier-to-manage townhouses. Many cities in Canada still maintain large high-rise clustered developments in working-class neighborhoods,
3440-528: The land that once was the Matsumoto Hacienda. The project was developed during Adolfo López Mateos presidential period, started in 1959 and completed in 1960. The development included an integral design considering landscaping, and premises that could provide basic services to the residents: a clinic, a sports complex, theater, movie theater, a supermarket, a kindergarten, three elementary schools, among others. It functioned as public housing until 1982, when
3520-516: The long list of applicants . The public-owned housing system was established when the Chinese Communist Party started a planned economy in the 1950s as part of its Great Leap Forward . The system was funded by the central government's budget and were administered and distributed by state-owned enterprises . The occupants of the public housing were usually the employees of the enterprises and their family, who were subject to pay rent at
3600-518: The low-cost rental housing can be traced to a 1998 policy statement, but did not truly take off until 2006 due to limited funding and administrative problems. The provision of more affordable housing is one of the key components of China's Twelfth Five-year Plan , which targets the construction of 36 million homes by 2015. That program's costs will be split between the private and public sector and are estimated at five trillion yuan by China International Capital Corporation . In Hong Kong, public housing
3680-462: The majority of elderly tenants and being Louisville's only high-rise housing complex, Dosker Manor. The 65-year-old complex was completely demolished in 2004, as part of the city's plan to redevelop housing in the downtown area. The Dosker Manor high-rise still remains. The Phoenix Hill neighborhood is currently experiencing a revitalization with Liberty Green , a 29-acre, $ 233 million project, stretching 6 city blocks, and bounded by Jefferson Street on
3760-512: The middle of the complex West to East. The name Liberty Green also stems from the area in the late 19th century, which was rich with green fields. Liberty Green is nearing completion. However, building has halted on the eastern edge of the complex, and only vacant lots sit east of Clay Street to Shelby, with the exception of one row of housing facing Muhammad Ali Boulevard. Prior to the demolition, many tenants argued that due to Clarksdale's close proximity to Downtown Louisville , that location became
3840-483: The narrative that people living in public housing were " Welfare Queens ", or otherwise living in a state of abject poverty and terrible conditions . These demographic changes also decreased support for housing, leading to the government cutting funding for the program . Because of funding cuts and mismanagement by public housing authorities, public housing started to reflect modern associated characteristics of "soul-crushing" buildings or "humanitarian disasters"—to which
3920-480: The north, Muhammad Ali Boulevard on the south, Shelby Street on the east and Jackson Street on the west. It is now a composed Mixed-income housing development with many of the residents being former occupants of Clarksdale. The Edge, at Liberty Green, which is expected to include a 28-unit apartment complex, will be marketed to students in the University of Louisville's medical and dental programs. A large segment of
4000-486: The only remnants bearing the Clarksdale name within the city of Louisville. 38°15′03″N 85°44′29″W / 38.25083°N 85.74139°W / 38.25083; -85.74139 Housing project Public housing , also known as social housing , refers to affordable housing provided in buildings that are usually owned and managed by local government , central government , nonprofit organizations or
4080-496: The poorest parts of the city, Santiago Tlatelolco , which was becoming a slum. Unfortunately, after a while, instead of giving the residences to the previous residents of Tlatelolco , corruption took place and most of the dwellings were handed to state employees. During the earthquake of 1985 , both the Benito Juárez and Nonoalco-Tlaltelolco complexes suffered major damage, with some buildings collapsing. Today most of
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#17328552056164160-431: The popular sense) may be located in one of these 901 official geographic areas. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, government involvement in housing for the poor was chiefly in the introduction of building standards . Atlanta, Georgia 's Techwood Homes , dedicated in 1935, was the nation's first public housing project. Most housing communities were developed from the 1930s onward and initial public housing
4240-547: The population. The project has been criticized for its placement and quality of the houses. Houses are built far from the city centre to reduce housing costs which consequently reduces access to the labor market ; a study of randomly selected houses of the MCMV project in Rio de Janeiro showed a reduced likelihood of being formally employed in job-seekers but income was not affected in those who were already employed. In addition to addressing
4320-419: The prime factor of the revitalization more so than crime, which was proposed as one of the main purposes for the demolition. Many tenants who opposed the demolition have argued that with the growth, expansion, and development of downtown attractions such as Fourth Street Live! , an abundance of newly developed high-end apartments and condos, KFC Yum! Center , and Louisville Waterfront Park , having Clarksdale in
4400-608: The program, included within the government Growth Acceleration Program (PAC, Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento ) was announced in March 2010. This stage foresaw the construction of a further two million homes. All funds for Minha Casa Minha Vida properties were provided by the Brazilian public bank, Caixa Econômica Federal . The bank financed development and provided mortgages for qualifying families. As of September 2018 , 4.5 million homes were built and distributed to
4480-461: The projects increased in 1996. Projects continue to have a reputation for violence, drug use, and prostitution, especially in New Orleans , Washington, D.C. Chicago and Detroit , leading to the passage of a 1996 federal " one strike you're out " law, enabling the eviction of tenants convicted of crimes, especially drug-related, or merely as a result of being tried for some crimes. Specifically,
4560-508: The residential part of the neighborhood is included in the National Historic District. The neighborhood includes: a large medical district, a thriving arts district , a thriving entertainment district, social service agencies and agencies that serve the homeless, small family businesses and larger industry, single-family homes, market-rate apartment complexes and subsidized housing complexes, and new and historic churches. The area
4640-416: The suburbs. The houses were left to deteriorate until revitalization efforts began in 1977, when Mayor Harvey Sloane along with the Phoenix Hill Neighborhood Association obtained federal funds for rebuilding. New homes and housing developments were built over the next two decades, refreshing the single-family-housing stock with modernized shotgun houses. The Clarksdale Housing Complex was built in 1939 and
4720-508: The traditional grid of streets, improve leisure and cultural amenities. However, the residents of these communities often have had little effective input in the plans and have had mixed reactions to the construction. In 2014, Vancouver , long considered one of the least affordable cities in the world, changed the definition of social housing to mean rental housing in which a minimum of 30 percent of dwelling units are occupied by households that cannot pay market rents, due to lack of income. At
4800-400: The turn away from public housing and towards subsidized housing solutions. Houses, apartments or other residential units are usually subsidized on a rent-geared-to-income (RGI) basis. Some communities have now embraced a mixed income, with both assisted and market rents, when allocating homes as they become available. A significant change in the program took place in 1969, with the passage of
4880-423: Was an epicenter for crime and a very high risk to public safety. Tenants from Clarksdale were forced to relocate to other areas and other housing projects throughout the city, which often brought tension and issues with original residents from those particular areas. The newly redeveloped area, which is the prior site of Clarksdale, is now known as Liberty Green, named after Liberty Street, which ran directly through
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#17328552056164960-563: Was begun in 1890 by the Metropolitan Board of Works and completed by the then-recently formed London County Council in 1900. The success of this project spurred many local councils to embark on similar construction schemes in the early 20th century. The Arts and Crafts movement and Ebenezer Howard 's garden city ideas led to the leafy London County Council cottage estates such as firstly Totterdown Fields and later Wormholt and Old Oak . The First World War indirectly provided
5040-604: Was built in London to replace one of the capital's most notorious slums – the Old Nichol . Nearly 6,000 individuals were crammed into the packed streets, where one child in four died before his or her first birthday. Arthur Morrison wrote the influential A Child of the Jago , an account of the life of a child in the slum, which sparked a public outcry. Construction of the Boundary Estate
5120-518: Was completely demolished in 2005 as part of the city's plan to redevelop housing in the downtown area due to Louisville's rapid economic growth within the downtown business district. The Clarksdale complex was the second public housing site in Louisville to undergo this process, after the Cotter/Lang Homes revitalization into what is now known as The Villages of Park Duvalle . This redevelopment plan
5200-458: Was created in the Province of Ontario in 2002 to provide group services for social housing providers (public housing, non-profit housing and co-operative housing ). It is a non-profit corporation which provides Ontario housing providers and service managers with bulk purchasing, insurance, investment and information services that add significant value to their operations. Recently, there has been
5280-535: Was estimated to be 3.7 million units in 2021. The Department of Human Settlements, which facilitates national housing development, has sought to transition from a housing-focused development model to a holistic view, including services. Minha Casa Minha Vida ("My House, My Life"), the Brazilian federal government's social housing program, was launched in March 2009 with a budget of R$ 36 billion (US$ 18 billion) to build one million homes. The second stage of
5360-404: Was found that many people of color did not want to move away from their families, communities, and systems of support, as well as experiencing stigma and difficulties with landlords, safety, or expenses . This leads to the program doing little to actually create a more racially-integrated city demographics, mostly reproducing inequality while simultaneously not having enough valid housing units for
5440-655: Was in 1885, after the report from a royal commission in England, that the state first took an interest. This led to the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1885 , which empowered Local Government Boards to shut down unhealthy properties and encouraged them to improve the housing in their areas. The City of London Corporation built tenements in the Farringdon Road in 1865. The world's first large-scale housing project
5520-413: Was initially built to support veterans and their families after World War II . Clarksdale was originally built for and occupied by white tenants, while Beecher Terrace, built several years later, was designed for blacks. However, entering the mid-1960s, Clarksdale's population slowly became predominantly black around the same time white flight began in the West End of Louisville. Until its demise, Clarksdale
5600-465: Was integral in the development of two major housing complexes (Phoenix Hill Townhouses and Phoenix Place Apartments) and was responsible for the development of the first Affordable Housing Homearama – showing that a market did exist for new single-family homes in the neighborhood. The neighborhood's housing stock was heavily composed of shotgun houses , and the residents were predominantly German in heritage, until after World War II , when many left for
5680-618: Was intended to be built widespread, and as such be mixed-income, but lobbyists who did not want to see public housing decrease their housing values blocked such housing from going up . These early NIMBY movements limited where public housing was concentrated: predominantly in low-income neighborhoods. With the introduction of suburbs and expansion of choices for the white working class, the demographics of public housing changed from more class and racially integrated to predominantly impoverished, single-parent, welfare, and people of color . This led to stigmatization of public housing, through pushing
5760-405: Was largely slum clearance, with the requirement insisted upon by private builders that for every unit of public housing constructed, a unit of private housing would be demolished. This also eased concerns of the establishment by eliminating or altering neighborhoods commonly considered a source of disease, and reflected progressive-era sanitation initiatives. Moreover, public housing, along with
5840-460: Was made worse by the ponds formed by the excavation of brickearth. Pigs and cows in back yards, noxious trades like boiling tripe, melting tallow, or preparing cat's meat, and slaughter houses, dustheaps, and "lakes of putrefying night soil " added to the filth. Some philanthropists began to provide housing in tenement blocks , and some factory owners built entire villages for their workers, such as Saltaire in 1853 and Port Sunlight in 1888. It
5920-604: Was not developed at all before the Civil War. Though a park was built in 1865, most of the land was not developed until the 1890s. An important local business still continuing in 2006, in one way or another, was the Phoenix Hill Brewery, established in 1865, which also established the nearby park. Orators including William Jennings Bryan and Teddy Roosevelt spoke there before it was closed (partially because of Prohibition ) in 1919. The Phoenix Hill Neighborhood Association
6000-486: Was one of many developments overseen by the Louisville Metro Housing Authority , which primarily served as housing for single-family units with low income. Clarksdale's location was bounded by Jefferson Street to the North, Jackson Street to the West, Muhammad Ali Boulevard to the South, and Shelby Street to the East. It was located adjacent to its sister complex, Dosker Manor, which initially served as
6080-453: Was organized in 1975 by local business and community representatives and later restructured to include all segments of the community – as a collateral neighborhood organization dedicated to the revitalization of the Phoenix Hill area of downtown Louisville, Kentucky. The Phoenix Hill Neighborhood Association, Inc. is considered a Charitable, 501-C3, Non-Profit Organization by the IRS. The Association
6160-513: Was originally known as Preston's Enlargement, part of the land granted to Colonel William Preston in 1774. The area was annexed by Louisville in 1827, known at the time as Uptown, and was densely populated by the time of the Civil War . Some of the Bloody Monday riots occurred in Phoenix Hill near the St. Martin of Tours church. A triangular portion of the neighborhood bounded by Beargrass Creek
6240-478: Was part of the Hope VI program responsible for the same revitalization of Chicago's Plan for Transformation as the demolition of housing projects in other major cities throughout the United States. East Louisville Park and two local liquor and grocery stores were also absolved of the process per eminent domain laws and the approval of the council. People came to realize that the area surrounding this publicly owned property
6320-510: Was the largest public housing project and first housing project built in the state of Kentucky. It consisted of 58, two and three-story buildings. Clarksdale was one of many developments ran by the Housing Authority of Louisville. Clarksdale's location was bounded by Jefferson Street on the north, Jackson Street on the west, Muhammad Ali Blvd. on the south, and Shelby Street on the east. It was located adjacent to its sister complex, occupied by
6400-408: Was usually much more working-class and middle-class and white than it was by the 1970s. Many Americans associate large, multi-story towers with public housing, but early projects were actually low-rise, though Le Corbusier superblocks caught on before World War II. A unique US public housing initiative was the development of subsidized middle-class housing during the late New Deal (1940–42) under
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