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132-751: In 1989, Citrix was founded in Richardson, Texas , by Ed Iacobucci , who served as chairman until his departure in 2000. The company began by developing remote access products for Microsoft operating systems and licensing source code from Microsoft . Citrix has been partnered with Microsoft throughout its history. By the 1990s, Citrix had become an industry leader in thin client technology, enabling purpose-built devices to access remote servers and resources. The company launched its first initial public offering in 1995 and, with few competitors, experienced significant revenue increases between 1995 and 1999. Citrix acquired Sequoia Software Corp. in 2001 and ExpertCity ,

264-535: A Broward County, Florida , area with Agogo, Ghana , through donated technology and training. Furthermore, the company's Raleigh office began a program called "Project Code" in 2014, which leads Boys & Girls Clubs through coding exercises and teaches them about computer science . In addition to its philanthropic activities, Citrix has donated some of its open-source technology to non-profit software organizations in order to continue its development and gain more contributors. For example, Citrix gave Cloudstack to

396-428: A system call to perform a block I/O write operation, then the system call might execute the following instructions: While the writing takes place, the operating system will context switch to other processes as normal. When the device finishes writing, the device will interrupt the currently running process by asserting an interrupt request . The device will also place an integer onto the data bus. Upon accepting

528-886: A $ 1.8 billion deal with LogMeIn , Citrix spun off the GoTo product line into a new business entity called GetGo. In 2017, Citrix completed the merger of GetGo with LogMeIn's products. Citrix is headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida , with subsidiary operations in California and Massachusetts and additional development centers in Canada, Denmark, Germany, India, and the United Kingdom. In 2021, Citrix generated $ 3.2 billion in revenue and had 9,700 employees. After being acquired by Vista Equity Partners and Evergreen Coast Capital Corp on September 30, 2022, Citrix merged with TIBCO Software under

660-431: A 2-acre public pedestrian plaza, a luxury hotel, and mixed-use development. Richardson was a "dry city" with no alcohol sales until November 2006, when the local option election passed to allow the sale of beer and wine in grocery and convenience stores. In the fall of 2008 Peter Perfect, a Style Network television show, came to Richardson. The business-makeover show remodeled SpiritWear, an apparel and embroidery store in

792-645: A computer even if they are not compatible with the base operating system. A library operating system (libOS) is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with a single application and configuration code to construct a unikernel : a specialized (only the absolute necessary pieces of code are extracted from libraries and bound together ), single address space , machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments. The operating system code and application code are not executed in separated protection domains (there

924-571: A development of MULTICS for a single user. Because UNIX's source code was available, it became the basis of other, incompatible operating systems, of which the most successful were AT&T 's System V and the University of California 's Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). To increase compatibility, the IEEE released the POSIX standard for operating system application programming interfaces (APIs), which

1056-484: A large legal settlement was paid. In the twenty-first century, Windows continues to be popular on personal computers but has less market share of servers. UNIX operating systems, especially Linux, are the most popular on enterprise systems and servers but are also used on mobile devices and many other computer systems. On mobile devices, Symbian OS was dominant at first, being usurped by BlackBerry OS (introduced 2002) and iOS for iPhones (from 2007). Later on,

1188-442: A library with no protection between applications, such as eCos . A hypervisor is an operating system that runs a virtual machine . The virtual machine is unaware that it is an application and operates as if it had its own hardware. Virtual machines can be paused, saved, and resumed, making them useful for operating systems research, development, and debugging. They also enhance portability by enabling applications to be run on

1320-627: A library. In addition, the City provides planning for future land use, traffic control, building inspection, and community services and operates two 18-hole golf courses. The City also operates the Charles W. Eisemann Center for Performing Arts and Corporate Presentations , which is a multi-venue performing arts and presentation center. The City of Richardson is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) association,

1452-447: A malformed machine instruction . However, the most common error conditions are division by zero and accessing an invalid memory address . Users can send messages to the kernel to modify the behavior of a currently running process. For example, in the command-line environment , pressing the interrupt character (usually Control-C ) might terminate the currently running process. To generate software interrupts for x86 CPUs,

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1584-477: A median income of $ 60,709 versus $ 50,404 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 29,551. About 5.7% of families and 10.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.7% of those under age 18 and 4.3% of those age 65 or over. According to a 2015 estimate, the median income for a family in Richardson was $ 72,427 and a median home price of $ 198,900. By 1990, 10% of the Richardson population

1716-400: A net income of $ 251.7 million in 2014, down from $ 339.5 million in 2013. In July 2015, the company announced several changes to its board of directors, including making Robert Calderoni executive chairman and adding Jesse Cohn, a senior partner of activist hedge fund Elliott Management . That same month, the company announced that president and CEO Mark Templeton would retire after a replacement

1848-408: A new platform using MetaFrame technology. MetaFrame XP was later rebranded to Presentation Server, in 2005. On July 9, 2002, Citrix announced a 10% job cut. At the time, the company employed about 1,900 workers. After the announcement, the stock hit a five-year low. In December 2003, Citrix acquired ExpertCity, a provider of remote desktop products, for $ 225 million in cash and stock. The acquisition

1980-455: A particular application's memory is stored, or even whether or not it has been allocated yet. In modern operating systems, memory which is accessed less frequently can be temporarily stored on a disk or other media to make that space available for use by other programs. This is called swapping , as an area of memory can be used by multiple programs, and what that memory area contains can be swapped or exchanged on demand. Virtual memory provides

2112-503: A program does not interfere with memory already in use by another program. Since programs time share, each program must have independent access to memory. Cooperative memory management, used by many early operating systems, assumes that all programs make voluntary use of the kernel 's memory manager, and do not exceed their allocated memory. This system of memory management is almost never seen any more, since programs often contain bugs which can cause them to exceed their allocated memory. If

2244-408: A program fails, it may cause memory used by one or more other programs to be affected or overwritten. Malicious programs or viruses may purposefully alter another program's memory, or may affect the operation of the operating system itself. With cooperative memory management, it takes only one misbehaved program to crash the system. Memory protection enables the kernel to limit a process' access to

2376-409: A program to recruit students of Chinese origin. Richardson's Asian Indian immigrant community has been primarily driven by the international telecommunications industry that is so prevalent in the community. The Indian Association of North Texas headquarters are in Richardson. Indo-Pak grocery store is located in an Indian-oriented strip shopping center east of Central Expressway . Of the suburbs in

2508-440: A program tries to access memory that is not accessible memory, but nonetheless has been allocated to it, the kernel is interrupted (see § Memory management ) . This kind of interrupt is typically a page fault . When the kernel detects a page fault it generally adjusts the virtual memory range of the program which triggered it, granting it access to the memory requested. This gives the kernel discretionary power over where

2640-465: A provider of remote desktop products, in 2003. This was followed by more than a dozen other acquisitions from 2005 to 2012, which allowed Citrix to expand into additional markets including server and desktop virtualization, cloud computing, infrastructure as a service , and software as a service . In 2014, Citrix acquired Framehawk and used its technology to improve the delivery of virtual desktops and applications over wireless networks. In 2016, as part of

2772-439: A server, even from computers that were not built to run OS/2. Three days before the product launched in 1991, Microsoft announced they would be switching from OS/2 to Windows . This change made Multiuser nearly unusable without significant changes to make it compatible with Windows or DOS . In 1991, the company discussed closing, but investments from Intel , Microsoft, and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers among others allowed

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2904-438: A service (SaaS) products are focused on collaboration and communications. The offerings include Podio , a cloud-based collaboration service, and OpenVoice, which provides audio conferencing. The company's philanthropic activities include corporate giving—such as corporate donations of in-kind gifts —and employee match programs. In addition, Citrix employees are allowed to take two paid volunteer days each year and participate in

3036-467: A significant amount of CPU time. Direct memory access (DMA) is an architecture feature to allow devices to bypass the CPU and access main memory directly. (Separate from the architecture, a device may perform direct memory access to and from main memory either directly or via a bus.) When a computer user types a key on the keyboard, typically the character appears immediately on the screen. Likewise, when

3168-462: A small settlement called Breckenridge, located near present-day Richland College , was established. In 1873, the Houston and Texas Central Railway built a depot northwest of Breckenridge. After the H.&T.C. purchased acreage for a townsite from two local land-owners, the site was surveyed and laid out in blocks and lots, which the railroad began selling in 1874. The town was named after the secretary of

3300-443: A software trend, and the company's customers increased to 15 million. Major clients included Sears , AT&T , and Chevron . In 2000, the burst of the dot-com bubble led to Iacobucci leaving the company and CEO Mark Templeton being demoted to the president and senior executive officer. Templeton was later reinstated in 2001. In 2001, Citrix acquired Sequoia Software Corp. for $ 185 million. That same year, it released MetaFrame XP,

3432-402: A specific moment in time. Hard real-time systems require exact timing and are common in manufacturing , avionics , military, and other similar uses. With soft real-time systems, the occasional missed event is acceptable; this category often includes audio or multimedia systems, as well as smartphones. In order for hard real-time systems be sufficiently exact in their timing, often they are just

3564-417: A user moves a mouse , the cursor immediately moves across the screen. Each keystroke and mouse movement generates an interrupt called Interrupt-driven I/O . An interrupt-driven I/O occurs when a process causes an interrupt for every character or word transmitted. Devices such as hard disk drives , solid-state drives , and magnetic tape drives can transfer data at a rate high enough that interrupting

3696-453: A variation of the classic reader/writer problem . The writer receives a pipe from the shell for its output to be sent to the reader's input stream. The command-line syntax is alpha | bravo . alpha will write to the pipe when its computation is ready and then sleep in the wait queue. bravo will then be moved to the ready queue and soon will read from its input stream. The kernel will generate software interrupts to coordinate

3828-469: A wholly owned subsidiary called GetGo. In February 2017, Citrix completed a merger through which GetGo became a subsidiary of LogMeIn. The transaction was valued at approximately $ 1.8 billion. In July 2017, David Henshall became the company's CEO. Also in 2017, Citrix expanded its partnership with Google. In May, Google announced that it would add support on its Chrome web browser , including graphics processing unit acceleration, to run Citrix XenApp. In July,

3960-562: Is remote direct memory access , which enables each CPU to access memory belonging to other CPUs. Multicomputer operating systems often support remote procedure calls where a CPU can call a procedure on another CPU, or distributed shared memory , in which the operating system uses virtualization to generate shared memory that does not physically exist. A distributed system is a group of distinct, networked computers—each of which might have their own operating system and file system. Unlike multicomputers, they may be dispersed anywhere in

4092-428: Is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources, and provides common services for computer programs . Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time , mass storage , peripherals, and other resources. For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation ,

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4224-484: Is a change away from the currently running process. Similarly, both hardware and software interrupts execute an interrupt service routine . Software interrupts may be normally occurring events. It is expected that a time slice will occur, so the kernel will have to perform a context switch . A computer program may set a timer to go off after a few seconds in case too much data causes an algorithm to take too long. Software interrupts may be error conditions, such as

4356-422: Is a platform for building and delivering desktops and applications from the cloud . ShareFile allows companies and organizations to sync and share files. XenMobile offers mobile app and device management. Citrix Receiver is a client software that allows universal access to virtual applications and desktops. AppDNA offers software that provides application migration and management. Citrix users interact with

4488-830: Is also in Richardson. Lake Highlands High School is part of the Richardson Independent School District but is located in Lake Highlands , an area in Dallas just south of Richardson. Sections of Richardson in the Plano Independent School District are served by several schools. Aldridge, Haggar, Miller, Schell, and Stinson elementary schools are within Richardson and serve Collin County portions of Richardson. A section of Collin County Richardson

4620-835: Is bounded by President George Bush Turnpike on the north, Wyndham Lane on the east, Renner Road on the south, and the DART light rail line on the west. TIF District #3, established in November 2011, is bounded by President George Bush Turnpike on the north, the DART light rail line on the east, Renner Road on the South and has its western boundary between Alma Road and U.S. 75. Dallas County participates financially in TIF District #1 and Collin County participates financially in TIF District #2 and TIF District #3. The southern Central Trail extension opened in June 2014 and

4752-522: Is deep and extends beyond its telecommunication roots to include other sectors including insurance, health care, technology and finance. The tax base is diverse with the 10 leading taxpayers accounting for 16.17% of total assessed value. On March 1, 2014, the Richardson Fire Department officially received its Class 1 ISO rating. The Insurance Services Office (ISO) is "a leading supplier of statistical, underwriting and actuarial information for

4884-422: Is difficult to define, but has been called "the layer of software that manages a computer's resources for its users and their applications ". Operating systems include the software that is always running, called a kernel —but can include other software as well. The two other types of programs that can run on a computer are system programs —which are associated with the operating system, but may not be part of

5016-594: Is governed by a ten-member board of directors. The company has headquarters in Fort Lauderdale, Florida , with two more U.S. based offices in California and North Carolina . Citrix has research and development centers located in the U.S., Australia , India , Japan , Greece , and the United Kingdom . Citrix licenses its services and products directly to clients, which include IT professionals and SMEs, and through value-added resellers . Before going private, Citrix

5148-644: Is in the D-FW Chinatown. It includes English as a second language (ESL) classes and 20,000 books written in Simplified Chinese ; the center imported some books from People's Republic of Mainland China. As of 2011 the Chinese restaurants catering to ethnic Chinese in DFW are mainly in Richardson and Plano . The University of Texas at Dallas in Richardson, as of 2012, has almost 1,000 Chinese students. The university has

5280-667: Is located in Richardson, in part because of the large Asian population. Esther Wu, a former editor of the Dallas Morning News , stated that Chinese immigration began in Richardson in 1975. Since then the Chinese community has expanded to the north. In the mid-1980s the majority of ethnic Chinese K–12 students in the DFW area resided in Richardson. As of 2012 North Texas has over 60 Chinese cultural organizations and most of them are headquartered in Richardson and Plano. The Dallas Chinese Community Center (DCCC; Chinese : 达拉斯华人活动中心 ; pinyin : Dálāsī Huárén Huódòngzhōngxīn )

5412-443: Is only a single application running, at least conceptually, so there is no need to prevent interference between applications) and OS services are accessed via simple library calls (potentially inlining them based on compiler thresholds), without the usual overhead of context switches , in a way similarly to embedded and real-time OSes. Note that this overhead is not negligible: to the direct cost of mode switching it's necessary to add

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5544-450: Is provided by the insurance industry, with Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas 's headquarters, a regional hub for the insurance company GEICO , regional offices for United Healthcare , and one of State Farm Insurance 's three national regional hubs located in the community. Emigrants from Kentucky and Tennessee settled near present-day Richardson in the 1840s. Before the Civil War ,

5676-499: Is supported by most UNIX systems. MINIX was a stripped-down version of UNIX, developed in 1987 for educational uses, that inspired the commercially available, free software Linux . Since 2008, MINIX is used in controllers of most Intel microchips , while Linux is widespread in data centers and Android smartphones. The invention of large scale integration enabled the production of personal computers (initially called microcomputers ) from around 1980. For around five years,

5808-473: Is that they do not load user-installed software. Consequently, they do not need protection between different applications, enabling simpler designs. Very small operating systems might run in less than 10 kilobytes , and the smallest are for smart cards . Examples include Embedded Linux , QNX , VxWorks , and the extra-small systems RIOT and TinyOS . A real-time operating system is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by or at

5940-764: Is the first academic structure in Texas to be rated a LEED Platinum facility by the United States Green Building Council . During 2016, construction was completed on the Student Services Building addition. New projects include an Alumni Center, a Brain Performance Institute and an engineering building as well as additional housing options. These enhancements are part of a campus renovation that has included hundreds of millions of dollars of investment in new and upgraded buildings since 2009. For

6072-435: Is the part of the operating system that provides protection between different applications and users. This protection is key to improving reliability by keeping errors isolated to one program, as well as security by limiting the power of malicious software and protecting private data, and ensuring that one program cannot monopolize the computer's resources. Most operating systems have two modes of operation: in user mode ,

6204-916: Is used in Citrix's XenClient Enterprise edition. Citrix entered the mobile video and telecom markets in June 2012 when the company acquired ByteMobile. Also in 2012, the company acquired Zenprise . Zenprise's Mobile application management (MAM) technology was released as XenMobile in February 2013. In January 2014, Citrix acquired Framehawk to improve the delivery of virtual desktops and applications over wireless networks, including cellular , where speed and quality may be poor. In May 2014, Citrix acquired Scalextreme to bolster its cloud capabilities, such as auto scaling, patching, and automation of complex cloud deployments, for its core business units XenDesktop and Xenapp. On January 29, 2015, Citrix announced that 700 full-time and 200 contractor positions would be eliminated. This

6336-679: Is water. Approximately two-thirds of the city is in Dallas County , with the northern third of the city in Collin County . Of the 28.6 square miles (74.2 km ) contained within the borders of the city of Richardson, 18.2 square miles (47 km ) lie in Dallas County; the other 9.2 square miles (24 km ) are in Collin County. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to

6468-504: Is within the Richardson city limits at 800 West Campbell Road. The campus is sited with Campbell Road on the south, Floyd Road on the east, Waterview on the west, and Synergy Park Boulevard on the north. The university owns an additional 265 acres (1.07 km ) in Richardson, adjacent to the campus, between Synergy Park Boulevard and the President George Bush Turnpike . The UTD Student Services building, completed in 2010,

6600-721: Is zoned to Mendenhall Elementary School in Plano. Otto, Frankford and Wilson middle schools in Plano and Murphy Middle School in Murphy serve separate sections of Collin County Richardson. Vines High School and T.H. Williams High School, 9–10 schools in Plano, serve separate sections of Collin County Richardson, along with McMillen High School in Murphy. Plano Senior High School and Plano East Senior High School also serve separate sections of Collin County Richardson. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas operates two K–8 schools, St. Joseph School and St. Paul

6732-574: The Apache Foundation in 2012 and Xen hypervisor to the Linux Foundation in 2013. Richardson, Texas Richardson is a city in Dallas and Collin counties in the U.S. state of Texas . As of the 2020 United States census , the city had a total population of 119,469. Richardson is an inner suburb of the city of Dallas . It is home to the University of Texas at Dallas and

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6864-535: The CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was the most popular operating system for microcomputers. Later, IBM bought the DOS (Disk Operating System) from Microsoft . After modifications requested by IBM, the resulting system was called MS-DOS (MicroSoft Disk Operating System) and was widely used on IBM microcomputers. Later versions increased their sophistication, in part by borrowing features from UNIX. Apple 's Macintosh

6996-1200: The HDX protocol on top of the RDS. This protocol acts as a buffer between the users and the server and compresses data in the meantime. Citrix technology enables service providers to provide Desktop as a Service (DaaS) offerings, including business apps and desktops, to their customers,. These products include Worx Mobile Apps for secure email , browser , and document sharing, and Citrix Workspace Suite for mobile workspaces. Citrix products related to cloud computing and networking include Citrix XenServer for server virtualization and its NetScaler brand of network appliances , including WAN optimization devices, Software-Defined WAN delivery equipment, Application Delivery Controllers (ADC), Gateways, and AppFirewall web application firewalls. All of these are managed by Citrix's cloud management software, Citrix Cloud . The company also has ByteMobile Adaptive Traffic Management, which aims to optimize mobile video services through traffic management, policy control, and caching . ByteMobile Insight provides mobile data and subscriber analytics. Citrix software as

7128-496: The INT assembly language instruction is available. The syntax is INT X , where X is the offset number (in hexadecimal format) to the interrupt vector table . To generate software interrupts in Unix-like operating systems, the kill(pid,signum) system call will send a signal to another process. pid is the process identifier of the receiving process. signum is

7260-482: The Köppen Climate Classification system, Richardson has a humid subtropical climate , abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. As of the 2020 United States census , there were 119,469 people, 44,136 households, and 29,113 families residing in the city. As of the 2015 American Community Survey, there were 106,123 people, 40,020 households, and 27,327 families residing in the city. The population density

7392-651: The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award . Residents within Collin County are in the zone of Collin College . The city is served by the Richardson Independent School District (RISD) within the Dallas County portion of the city, and the Plano Independent School District (PISD) within the Collin County portion of the city. Despite that name, however, most of the Richardson Independent School District lies outside of

7524-479: The Telecom Corridor , with a high concentration of telecommunications companies. More than 5,000 businesses have operations within Richardson's 28 square miles (73 km ), including many of the world's largest telecommunications and networking companies, such as AT&T , Verizon , Cisco Systems , Samsung , ZTE , MetroPCS , Texas Instruments , Qorvo , and Fujitsu . Richardson's largest employment base

7656-796: The Winfree Academy Charter School (Richardson) (9–12). The Richardson Public Library is located at 900 Civic Center Drive at the southwest corner of U.S. Route 75 (North Central Expressway) and Arapaho Road. The roots of the Richardson Public Library date back to 1947 when a branch of the Dallas County Library was established in a section of the Cash Dry Goods store on East Main Street in downtown Richardson. The fledgling library collection numbered about 400 volumes and

7788-498: The personal computer market, as of September 2024 , Microsoft Windows holds a dominant market share of around 73%. macOS by Apple Inc. is in second place (15%), Linux is in third place (5%), and ChromeOS is in fourth place (2%). In the mobile sector (including smartphones and tablets ), as of September 2023 , Android's share is 68.92%, followed by Apple's iOS and iPadOS with 30.42%, and other operating systems with .66%. Linux distributions are dominant in

7920-582: The server and desktop virtualization market with the purchase of XenSource in August 2007. Citrix expanded its cloud and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings in August 2010, with the acquisition of VMLogix. In February 2011, Citrix entered the European Software as a Service (SaaS) market with the acquisition of Netviewer . In 2007, the company opened a headquarters in Silicon Valley . In 2008,

8052-420: The transistor in the mid-1950s, mainframes began to be built. These still needed professional operators who manually do what a modern operating system would do, such as scheduling programs to run, but mainframes still had rudimentary operating systems such as Fortran Monitor System (FMS) and IBSYS . In the 1960s, IBM introduced the first series of intercompatible computers ( System/360 ). All of them ran

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8184-584: The "NetScaler" brand name was replaced with "Citrix ADC" for Application Delivery Controller. Henshall stepped down in October 2021, and Calderoni was again named interim CEO. On January 31, 2022, it was announced that Citrix had been acquired in a $ 16.5 billion deal by affiliates of Vista Equity Partners and Evergreen Coast Capital. Citrix would merge with TIBCO , a Vista portfolio company to form Cloud Software Group (CSG). In July 2022, Citrix announced that Tom Krause would succeed Robert Calderoni as CEO following

8316-610: The 2017 Citrix Synergy conference in Orlando, Florida , in May 2017. The software detects and responds to security threats using artificial intelligence . Citrix then unveiled Citrix Analytics for Performance at the 2019 Citrix Summit conference in Orlando, Florida, in May 2019. The software quantifies user experience for Virtual applications and desktop users and also leverages machine learning to troubleshoot performance issues. In 2018, Citrix changed

8448-612: The Apostle School in Richardson. Other private schools include Canyon Creek Christian Academy (K–12), North Dallas Adventist Academy (K–12), IANT Quranic Academy (K–12), The Alexander School (8–12), Dallas North Montessori School (ages 3–9), and Salam Academy (K–12). Four charter schools operate within the City of Richardson. These include the Evolution Academy Charter School (9–12), Premier High School of Richardson (6–12), Vista Academy of Richardson (K–12), and

8580-472: The Asia-Pacific region. Other major acquisitions include ExpertCity in 2004, NetScaler in 2005, XenSource in 2007, and ShareFile in 2011. As of 2015, Citrix has acquired nearly 50 companies. In November 2018, Citrix paid $ 200 million to acquire Sapho , a software startup that develops micro apps for workers. In January 2021, Citrix announced its intention to acquire Wrike for $ 2.25 billion. The acquisition

8712-410: The CPU for every byte or word transferred, and having the CPU transfer the byte or word between the device and memory, would require too much CPU time. Data is, instead, transferred between the device and memory independently of the CPU by hardware such as a channel or a direct memory access controller; an interrupt is delivered only when all the data is transferred. If a computer program executes

8844-474: The CPU to re-enter supervisor mode , placing the kernel in charge. This is called a segmentation violation or Seg-V for short, and since it is both difficult to assign a meaningful result to such an operation, and because it is usually a sign of a misbehaving program, the kernel generally resorts to terminating the offending program, and reports the error. Windows versions 3.1 through ME had some level of memory protection, but programs could easily circumvent

8976-520: The DFW Airport. In order to take full advantage of these transportation assets for development and redevelopment purposes, the City has implemented three Tax Increment Financing (TIF) Districts. TIF District #1 was established in November 2006, encompassing both sides of the U.S. 75 corridor from Campbell Road south to Spring Valley Road, and then extending west from U.S. 75 along Spring Valley Road to Coit Road. TIF District #2, established in November 2011,

9108-956: The DFW area, Richardson had one of the earliest Indian settlements. Richardson is home to a large community of Vietnamese Americans and even has a significant amount of Vietnamese-catering retail stores, malls, markets, and plazas, especially near U.S. 75 , such as the Hong Kong Market, the Cali Saigon Shopping Mall, etc. Despite declining economies in other parts of the United States , from 2005 to 2009 Richardson had substantial increases in its economy. The city's total assessed property value went up from $ 8.3 billion in 2005 to $ 14 billion in 2017. Sales tax collection went up from $ 21 million in 2005 to an estimated $ 32.9 million in 2017. Since 2008, both Standard & Poor's and Moody's have upgraded Richardson's credit rating to "AAA" from

9240-569: The Houston & Texas Central Railroad, Alfred S. Richardson. In 1908, the Texas Electric Railway , an electric railway known as the Interurban, connected Richardson to Denison , Waco , Corsicana and Dallas . In 1910 the population was approximately 600. A red brick schoolhouse was built in 1914 and is now the administrative office for the Richardson Independent School District. In 1924

9372-492: The Red Brick Road, the present-day Greenville Avenue , was completed. The completion of the road brought increased traffic, population and property values. The town incorporated and elected a mayor in 1925. In 1940 the population was approximately 740. After World War II the city experienced major increases in population, which stood at approximately 1,300 by 1950. Throughout the 1950s the city continued to see growth including

9504-648: The Richardson Economic Development Partnership's listing on Major Employers (last updated May 2018), the top employers in the city were: The Charles W. Eisemann Center for Performing Arts is located in Richardson. It serves as the primary venue for the Richardson Symphony Orchestra and the Plano Symphony Orchestra . Richardson was originally incorporated in 1925, with the first Charter being adopted in 1956 and

9636-532: The Richardson Library established a "makerspace" that initially included a 3-D printer, designated computers with creative applications and software, and kits for the early exploration of electronics. The Texas Municipal League recognized the library with its "Achievement of Excellence in Libraries" award every year from 2004 to 2017. Richardson and the region benefit from the location of two major highways in

9768-533: The Youth Services department was expanded. In 2008 the library set a new record for the number of items circulated in a fiscal year when the 1 millionth item was checked out in the fall of 2008. The building has undergone building renovations and technological improvements in recent years that have enhanced the library experience for patrons. Since 2014, the digital library has expanded to include movies, music and magazines as well as books and audiobooks . In 2015,

9900-534: The application program, which then interacts with the user and with hardware devices. However, in some systems an application can request that the operating system execute another application within the same process, either as a subroutine or in a separate thread, e.g., the LINK and ATTACH facilities of OS/360 and successors . An interrupt (also known as an abort , exception , fault , signal , or trap ) provides an efficient way for most operating systems to react to

10032-418: The city's historic downtown area. The episode first aired on January 22, 2009. It was the first episode of the series to be filmed outside of California . The cities of Dallas , Plano and Garland constitute almost all of the Richardson border apart from the municipality's extreme northeastern "panhandle." Richardson borders the Lake Highlands area of northeast Dallas to the south, North Dallas to

10164-464: The city. All Council members and the mayor are elected at large, with four Council members representing each of the city's four districts. The City Council is elected for two-year terms on a nonpartisan basis. The Charter requires that the City Council appoint a city manager to act as the chief administrative and executive officer. The city manager is not appointed for a fixed time and may be removed at

10296-604: The city. In October 2016, DART approved the future construction of the Silver Line commuter rail with the adoption of its 20-Year Financial Plan. Service on the Cotton Belt is projected to commence in 2025. The Cotton Belt line will run from DFW Airport to the eastern side of Plano, with Richardson stations located at The University of Texas at Dallas and CityLine. The Cotton Belt rail line will also connect to Trinity Metro 's TEXRail line , which connects downtown Fort Worth to

10428-613: The city. The President George Bush Turnpike , running east–west along the northern border of the city, provides a convenient connection to the Dallas Fort Worth International Airport , as well as links to IH 35E , IH 30 , IH20 , SH 114 , and SH 183 west of the city as well as a second link to IH30 east of the city. Richardson also benefits from the Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) Light Rail line which parallels U.S. 75 and has four stations in

10560-464: The city. The city of Buckingham , after being completely surrounded by Richardson, was annexed into the city in 1996. Richardson had a population of 91,802 as of the 2000 census. By 2002 Richardson had four Dallas Area Rapid Transit (DART) light rail stations and had built the Eisemann Center for Performing Arts and Corporate Presentations and the adjacent Galatyn Park urban center, which has

10692-572: The companies announced that they were working to allow Citrix Cloud to deploy virtualized apps and desktops on Google Cloud. In October 2017, Citrix told regulators of plans to lay off staff "across most functions" and consolidate offices in the fall of 2017 into 2018. The company carried out layoffs in Raleigh, North Carolina , and office closures in Santa Barbara, California , and Tempe, Arizona . Citrix unveiled its Citrix Analytics security software at

10824-456: The company became an IaaS leader after acquiring Cloud.com , a cloud infrastructure provider. Citrix began offering VDI -in-a-box to small and medium businesses with the acquisition of Kaviza in May 2011. The company acquired cloud-based file sharing and storage technology through its purchase of ShareFile in October 2011. In May 2012, Citrix acquired Virtual Computer, a maker of intelligent desktop virtualization. This virtualization technology

10956-551: The company opened a new headquarters in Fort Lauderdale, Florida . It also opened offices in Sydney , London , and Paris that same year. In 1998, Mark Templeton became the CEO of Citrix after serving as vice president of marketing. That year, Citrix also licensed its ICA protocol to IBM and Key Tronics. In 1999, Citrix licensed its ICA protocol to Motorola for use in digital wireless handsets. During 1999, Citrix's thin-client model became

11088-511: The company rebranded its Presentation Server product line to XenApp. Also in 2008, Citrix announced an expanded alliance with Microsoft on desktop virtualization. On January 29, 2009, Citrix announced that 460 employee positions would be cut, comprising 10% of its workforce. In August 2010, Citrix announced a partnership with Google to bring the company's products to ChromeOS devices. On July 14, 2015, Citrix added full support for Windows 10 to its desktop virtualization products. In July 2011,

11220-499: The company to work on a new version of Multiuser. Multi-Win version 2.0 was released in 1992. It was compatible with DOS applications and allowed up to five users. In 1993, Citrix released a new remote applications server, WinView, which could run DOS and Windows applications. By 1994, the company's yearly revenue equaled $ 10 million. In 1995, the company then launched WinFrame, a multi-user operating system based on Microsoft's Windows NT . This new product allowed up to 15 users and

11352-400: The company's annual "Global Day of Impact", an event that encourages Citrix employees to volunteer in their local communities. Citrix has provided business training to non-profit teams near its Fort Lauderdale headquarters. In particular, the company helped a local non-profit organization launch a computer on wheels to offer training to low-income neighborhoods. In 2007, the company connected

11484-674: The company, and Roger Roberts became the CEO of Citrix in 1990. Citrix was originally named Citrus but changed its name after an existing company claimed trademark rights. The name Citrix is a portmanteau of Citrus and UNIX . The company's first product was Citrix Multiuser, an extension of OS/2 developed over two years. Citrix licensed the OS/2 source code from Microsoft and developed its own Independent Computing Architecture (ICA) protocol for Citrix Multiuser. Multiuser allowed multiple users working on separate computers to remotely access software on

11616-453: The computer's memory. Various methods of memory protection exist, including memory segmentation and paging . All methods require some level of hardware support (such as the 80286 MMU), which does not exist in all computers. In both segmentation and paging, certain protected mode registers specify to the CPU what memory address it should allow a running program to access. Attempts to access other addresses trigger an interrupt, which causes

11748-418: The creation of the University of Texas at Dallas within the city limits. By 1972 the population was approximately 56,000. Residential growth continued through the 1970s and slowed in the 1980s. Commercial development increased throughout the 1980s. Richardson had a population of 74,840 according to the 1990 census. Population increases throughout the 1990s were primarily from development of the northeast part of

11880-471: The details of how interrupt service routines behave vary from operating system to operating system. However, several interrupt functions are common. The architecture and operating system must: A software interrupt is a message to a process that an event has occurred. This contrasts with a hardware interrupt — which is a message to the central processing unit (CPU) that an event has occurred. Software interrupts are similar to hardware interrupts — there

12012-422: The environment. Interrupts cause the central processing unit (CPU) to have a control flow change away from the currently running program to an interrupt handler , also known as an interrupt service routine (ISR). An interrupt service routine may cause the central processing unit (CPU) to have a context switch . The details of how a computer processes an interrupt vary from architecture to architecture, and

12144-448: The fall 2016 semester, UT Dallas had a total of 26,793 enrolled students. Dallas College (formerly Dallas County Community College District or DCCCD) serves areas in Dallas County. Richland College of Dallas College is in Dallas on the Richardson border. It is the largest school in the DCCCD, featuring nearly 20,000 students. In 2005, Richland became the first community college to receive

12276-410: The hardware checks that the software is only executing legal instructions, whereas the kernel has unrestricted powers and is not subject to these checks. The kernel also manages memory for other processes and controls access to input/output devices. The operating system provides an interface between an application program and the computer hardware, so that an application program can interact with

12408-493: The hardware only by obeying rules and procedures programmed into the operating system. The operating system is also a set of services which simplify development and execution of application programs. Executing an application program typically involves the creation of a process by the operating system kernel , which assigns memory space and other resources, establishes a priority for the process in multi-tasking systems, loads program binary code into memory, and initiates execution of

12540-418: The indirect pollution of important processor structures (like CPU caches , the instruction pipeline , and so on) which affects both user-mode and kernel-mode performance. The first computers in the late 1940s and 1950s were directly programmed either with plugboards or with machine code inputted on media such as punch cards , without programming languages or operating systems. After the introduction of

12672-404: The interrupt request, the operating system will: When the writing process has its time slice expired, the operating system will: With the program counter now reset, the interrupted process will resume its time slice. Among other things, a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by the programs. This ensures that

12804-431: The kernel—and applications—all other software. There are three main purposes that an operating system fulfills: With multiprocessors multiple CPUs share memory. A multicomputer or cluster computer has multiple CPUs, each of which has its own memory . Multicomputers were developed because large multiprocessors are difficult to engineer and prohibitively expensive; they are universal in cloud computing because of

12936-446: The latest revision made in November 2015. The community is a home rule city and has operated under the council–manager form of government since 1956. Richardson voters simultaneously elect six Council members and a mayor to represent them every two years. The Council members representing the four districts (1 to 4) must live in each district respectively; however, the mayor and the remaining two districts (5 and 6) can live in any part of

13068-540: The marketplace and be NT 4.0 compatible. Citrix also earned $ 75 million and a royalty arrangement valued at approximately $ 100 million. Citrix released MetaFrame 1.0 in conjunction with Terminal Server Edition. Due to weaknesses in Microsoft's Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), Terminal Server Edition worked best with Citrix's ICA protocol which MetaFrame used. This meant that Citrix technology was purchased and installed on most machines that ran Terminal Server Edition. In 1997,

13200-400: The memory allocated to a different one. Around the same time, teleprinters began to be used as terminals so multiple users could access the computer simultaneously. The operating system MULTICS was intended to allow hundreds of users to access a large computer. Despite its limited adoption, it can be considered the precursor to cloud computing . The UNIX operating system originated as

13332-530: The merger. It was also reported that Citrix would go private as part of the deal. As part of the merger, in September 2022, Citrix announced a $ 4.55 billion-equivalent cross-border term loan to back its $ 16.5 billion buyout by Vista Equity and Evergreen Coast Capital. Following the merger, the Citrix Hypervisor product-line was spun-off into a standalone business unit under CSG and rebranded as XenServer. Citrix

13464-607: The municipal boundaries of Richardson: 60 percent of RISD is in Dallas, with 35 percent in Richardson and 5 percent in Garland. The RISD and PISD have many Blue Ribbon Schools. The Blue Ribbon Schools Program is a United States government program created to honor schools. The Blue Ribbon award is considered to be the highest honor that an American school can achieve. Zoned RISD high schools in Richardson include Richardson High School , Lloyd V. Berkner High School , and J.J. Pearce High School . The Christa McAuliffe Learning Center

13596-631: The names of some of its products to represent its shift to a cloud operating model. The company stated that it made the name changes to present a unified product line so that end users can create, manage, and deploy workspaces with apps and data from a single console. The company dropped its Xen and NetScaler brand names: XenApp and XenDesktop became Citrix Virtual Apps and Desktops; XenMobile became Citrix Endpoint Management; ShareFile integration became Citrix Content Collaboration; XenServer became Citrix Hypervisor; Cedexis became Citrix Intelligent Traffic Management; and NetScaler products kept their identities, but

13728-408: The need to use it. A general protection fault would be produced, indicating a segmentation violation had occurred; however, the system would often crash anyway. The use of virtual memory addressing (such as paging or segmentation) means that the kernel can choose what memory each program may use at any given time, allowing the operating system to use the same memory locations for multiple tasks. If

13860-600: The newly formed Cloud Software Group. Citrix spun off the re-branded Citrix ADC back into a standalone entity called NetScaler under the same parent. In 1989, Citrix was founded in Richardson, Texas , by former IBM developer Ed Iacobucci with $ 3 million in funding. Following the company's initial setup and development, Iacobucci moved the company to his former home in Coral Springs, Florida . The company's first employees were five other engineers from IBM who Iacobucci convinced to join his team. Iacobucci served as chairman of

13992-656: The northern extension opened in 2015. The new hike and bike trail segments mean that the central spine to Richardson's trail network will run from city limit to city limit, eventually connecting to trails throughout the region. In July 2015, Richardson was named a Bronze Bicycle Friendly Community by the League of American Bicyclists. Richardson has a long-range plan to provide bicycle facilities and to designate preferred bicycle routes on lower-volume, lower-speed roadways. There are now more than 15 miles of bike lanes in Richardson. Operating system An operating system ( OS )

14124-408: The open-source Android operating system (introduced 2008), with a Linux kernel and a C library ( Bionic ) partially based on BSD code, became most popular. The components of an operating system are designed to ensure that various parts of a computer function cohesively. With the de facto obsoletion of DOS , all user software must interact with the operating system to access hardware. The kernel

14256-478: The opening of the Collins Radio Richardson office, Central Expressway , a police department, shopping centers, and many homes. Texas Instruments opened its offices in Dallas on the southern border of Richardson in 1956. This was followed by significant gains in land values, population, and economic status. In the 1960s Richardson experienced additional growth including several new parks, facilities, and

14388-420: The operating system acts as an intermediary between programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers . In

14520-421: The piping. Signals may be classified into 7 categories. The categories are: Input/output (I/O) devices are slower than the CPU. Therefore, it would slow down the computer if the CPU had to wait for each I/O to finish. Instead, a computer may implement interrupts for I/O completion, avoiding the need for polling or busy waiting. Some computers require an interrupt for each character or word, costing

14652-531: The previous rating of "AA+". At the time, Richardson was one of only four cities in the state of Texas and one of 88 cities in the nation with an "AAA" rating from Standard & Poor's. In 2015, the North Central Texas Council of Governments (NCTCOG) determined Richardson's daytime population to be 156,065 based on American Community Survey information. The economy remains rooted in the telecommunication industry. However, Richardson's property tax base

14784-588: The property/casualty insurance industry", and its rating is used to measure the quality and effectiveness of fire protection in a community. At the time, Richardson was one of only 56 municipalities in the country to achieve this highest rating, which tends to reduce property/casualty insurance premiums. Metro by T-Mobile , Fossil Group , Lennox International , Vent-A-Hood, id Software , VCE , BlueCross BlueShield of Texas , RealPage , Fujitsu Network Communications (U.S. Headquarters) and Samsung Mobile have their corporate headquarters in Richardson. According to

14916-478: The purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions. The University of Texas at Dallas , also referred to as UT Dallas or UTD, is a public research university in the University of Texas System . Despite its name the UT Dallas main campus, consisting of approximately 445 acres (1.80 km ),

15048-418: The same operating system— OS/360 —which consisted of millions of lines of assembly language that had thousands of bugs . The OS/360 also was the first popular operating system to support multiprogramming , such that the CPU could be put to use on one job while another was waiting on input/output (I/O). Holding multiple jobs in memory necessitated memory partitioning and safeguards against one job accessing

15180-619: The server and supercomputing sectors. Other specialized classes of operating systems (special-purpose operating systems), such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. Security-focused operating systems also exist. Some operating systems have low system requirements (e.g. light-weight Linux distribution ). Others may have higher system requirements. Some operating systems require installation or may come pre-installed with purchased computers ( OEM -installation), whereas others may run directly from media (i.e. live CD ) or flash memory (i.e. USB stick). An operating system

15312-400: The signal number (in mnemonic format) to be sent. (The abrasive name of kill was chosen because early implementations only terminated the process.) In Unix-like operating systems, signals inform processes of the occurrence of asynchronous events. To communicate asynchronously, interrupts are required. One reason a process needs to asynchronously communicate to another process solves

15444-400: The size of the machine needed. The different CPUs often need to send and receive messages to each other; to ensure good performance, the operating systems for these machines need to minimize this copying of packets . Newer systems are often multiqueue —separating groups of users into separate queues —to reduce the need for packet copying and support more concurrent users. Another technique

15576-475: The southwest, Far North Dallas to the west, West Plano to the northwest, East Plano to the north, the city of Murphy to the northeast, Sachse to the east, and Garland to the southeast. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 28.6 square miles (74.2 km ), of which 28.6 square miles (74.0 km ) is land and 0.08 square miles (0.2 km ), or 0.32%,

15708-491: The will and pleasure of the majority of the City Council. One of the responsibilities of the city manager is to appoint and remove department heads and conduct the general affairs of the municipal government in accordance with the policies of the City Council. The City provides to its citizens a full range of services including police and fire protection, emergency ambulance service, water and sewer service, solid waste disposal, park and recreational activities, cultural events, and

15840-473: The world. Middleware , an additional software layer between the operating system and applications, is often used to improve consistency. Although it functions similarly to an operating system, it is not a true operating system. Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems , whether they are internet of things objects or not connected to a network. Embedded systems include many household appliances. The distinguishing factor

15972-465: Was 3,213.9 people per square mile (1,241.1/km ). There were 36,530 housing units at an average density of 1,278.9 per square mile (493.8/km ). There were 40,020 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.8% had someone living alone who

16104-432: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.15. In the city the population was spread out, with 21.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 25.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. In the 2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates males had

16236-552: Was about 10% of its workforce. The cuts were expected to save between $ 90 and $ 100 million annually. Two hundred of the layoffs occurred in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where the company is headquartered. The company had 10,081 employees as of February 2015. In December 2015, Citrix employed approximately 9,500 people but noted that its November restructure was due to eliminating nearly 700 full-time jobs. As of December 31, 2021, Citrix had approximately 9,700 employees. Citrix reported

16368-864: Was completed in March 2021. Citrix creates software that allows employees to work and collaborate remotely regardless of device or network. The company's main products are in desktop software, Desktop as a Service (DaaS) systems, networking, cloud , and Software as a service (SaaS). Citrix offers several products related to desktop and application virtualization . These tools allow access to computers and applications independently of what device they are physically using, from any device. Citrix XenApp, now integrated as part of XenDesktop, provides application virtualization. Citrix XenDesktop , Citrix VDI-in-a-Box, and XenClient all provide desktop virtualization. The DesktopPlayer for Mac allows online and offline access to Windows virtual desktops from Macs. Citrix Workspace Cloud

16500-446: Was constructed at a cost of $ 2 million and opened December 1, 1970. The new 81,650-square-foot (7,586 m ), four-story building opened with the use of two floors and a small portion of a third. The basement was finished in 1980 for the reference collection and services. In 1995 the library underwent another expansion which finished the upper floor and renovated the three previously opened floors. Another renovation occurred in 2006 when

16632-545: Was found. On October 21, the company named its executive chairman, Robert Calderoni, as interim president and CEO. In January 2016, Kirill Tatarinov, a former Microsoft executive, was named the president and CEO of Citrix and joined the company's board; Calderoni remained executive chairman of the board. In July 2016, as part of a deal with Boston-based SaaS company LogMeIn , Citrix announced that it had spun off its GoTo product line, which included GoToMeeting , GoToWebinar, GoToWebcast, GoToTraining, GoToAssist and GoToMyPC, into

16764-474: Was managed by Jessie Durham the store's proprietor. The City Council established the library as a city department in 1958 and in 1959 the library moved into a newly constructed building at 310 Tyler Street. This new library was just under 6,000 square feet (560 m ) in size and was built at a cost of $ 100,000. Richardson was experiencing rapid growth in the 1960s and 1970s, and the library facility soon became inadequate for community needs. The current facility

16896-528: Was not born in the United States, which increased to 18.1% in 2000. According to the 2015 American Community Survey 5-year Estimates, this figure was 24.3%. As of 2015, of those not born in the United States, almost 50% had arrived in the United States after 2000. Dallas County has an estimated 275,000 Arab Americans, with many of them settling in Richardson. Many of them have come from Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Yemen, Morocco, etc. The DFW Chinatown

17028-532: Was publicly traded under the ticker symbol CTXS. In 2020, the company ranked 779 on the Fortune 1000 and 1,267 on the Forbes Global 2000 . In 2019, Citrix generated $ 3.01 billion in revenue. Citrix has expanded and added new products, technologies, and services through several acquisitions. Its first acquisition was DataPac in 1997, which Citrix purchased in order to utilize DataPac's technology and its position in

17160-526: Was the company's largest to date. Citrix gained ExpertCity's existing products GoToMyPC and GoToAssist , and ExpertCity became the Citrix Online division. In 2004, the company introduced Citrix GoToMeeting. Between 2005 and 2012, the company acquired over a dozen companies, allowing it to expand into new markets. Citrix acquired acceleration hardware maker NetScaler in 2005, which allowed the company to offer optimized application delivery. The company entered

17292-700: Was the first thin client for Windows. Citrix had its initial public offering in December 1995. On its first day of trading, the company's share price doubled from $ 15 to $ 30. During the mid-1990s, Citrix became the leader of its growing industry with very few competitors, and the company's revenues doubled year over year between 1995 and 1999. After weeks of discussion, Iacobucci persuaded Microsoft to license Citrix technology for Windows NT Server 4.0, resulting in Windows Terminal Server Edition in 1998. This agreement allowed Citrix to keep its position in

17424-406: Was the first popular computer to use a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI proved much more user friendly than the text-only command-line interface earlier operating systems had used. Following the success of Macintosh, MS-DOS was updated with a GUI overlay called Windows . Windows later was rewritten as a stand-alone operating system, borrowing so many features from another ( VAX VMS ) that

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