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68-600: The area that is now Chugach was settled by the Alutiiq thousands of years ago. It was first visited by Europeans in the mid-1700s and soon settled by Russian fur traders, who trapped the native sea otters . In 1867, the US purchased Alaska from Russia and gold was found in 1888. In 1907, the Chugach National Forest was created from a portion of forest reserve, which had been one of the first of its kind, designated in 1892. It

136-538: A Yupik peoples , one of eight groups of Alaska Natives that inhabit the southern-central coast of the region. Their traditional homelands date back to over 7,500 years ago, and include areas such as Prince William Sound and outer Kenai Peninsula ( Chugach Sugpiaq ), the Kodiak Archipelago and the Alaska Peninsula ( Koniag Alutiiq ). In the early 1800s there were more than 60 Alutiiq villages in

204-639: A brightening of 'ochraceous' tones – deep orange or brown – towards the Pacific coast ( C. l. ochropus , C. l. umpquensis ), a reduction in size in Aridoamerica ( C. l. microdon , C. l. mearnsi ) and a general trend towards dark reddish colors and short muzzles in Mexican and Central American populations. [REDACTED] Coyotes occasionally mate with domestic dogs , sometimes producing crosses colloquially known as " coydogs ". Such matings are rare in

272-527: A coastal lifestyle, subsisting primarily on ocean resources that were supplemented with rich land resources, such as berries and land mammals. The exact methods of subsistence would change throughout the seasons. Ugnerkaq , or spring, was often regarded as the most difficult season to survive in due to the winter's limiting of resources. During this time, the Alutiiq would turn to the shore, collecting shellfish , hunting octopuses , and pick greens during low tide. As

340-531: A coyote from Mexico represented the purest specimens. The coyotes from Alaska, California, Alabama, and Quebec show almost no wolf ancestry. Coyotes from Missouri, Illinois, and Florida exhibit 5–10% wolf ancestry. There was 40% wolf to 60% coyote ancestry in red wolves, 60% wolf to 40% coyote in Eastern timber wolves, and 75% wolf to 25% coyote in the Great Lakes wolves. There was 10% coyote ancestry in Mexican wolves and

408-514: A deep sea green colour small and piercing. Their [claws] are rather longer than those of the ordinary wolf or that common to the Atlantic states, none of which are to be found in this quarter, nor I believe above the river Plat. The coyote was first scientifically described by naturalist Thomas Say in September ;1819, on the site of Lewis and Clark's Council Bluffs, 24 km (15 mi) up

476-615: A formal system of writing. In 2010 the high school in Kodiak responded to requests from Alutiiq students and agreed to teach the Alutiiq language . It is one of the Eskaleut languages , belonging to the Yup'ik branch of these languages. The Kodiak dialect of the language was being spoken by only about 50 persons, all of them elderly, and the dialect was in danger of being lost entirely. Coyote The coyote ( Canis latrans ), also known as

544-597: A local priest, noted that the "wolves" encountered there were smaller and less daring than European wolves. Another account from the early 1800s in Edwards County mentioned wolves howling at night, though these were likely coyotes. This species was encountered several times during the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–1806), though it was already well known to European traders on the upper Missouri . Meriwether Lewis , writing on 5 May 1805, in northeastern Montana , described

612-422: A more slender skull and skeleton than the modern coyote. Ronald Nowak found that the early populations had small, delicate, narrowly proportioned skulls that resemble small coyotes and appear to be ancestral to C. latrans . C. lepophagus was similar in weight to modern coyotes, but had shorter limb bones that indicate a less cursorial lifestyle. The coyote represents a more primitive form of Canis than

680-458: A mutation that first arose in domestic dogs. A population of non-albino white coyotes in Newfoundland owe their coloration to a melanocortin 1 receptor mutation inherited from Golden Retrievers . Coyotes have hybridized with wolves to varying degrees, particularly in eastern North America . The so-called " eastern coyote " of northeastern North America probably originated in the aftermath of

748-433: A person approaches them they frequently bark, their note being precisely that of the small dog. They are of an intermediate size between that of the fox and dog, very active fleet and delicately formed; the ears large erect and pointed the head long and pointed more like that of the fox; tale long ... the hair and fur also resembles the fox, tho' is much coarser and inferior. They are of a pale reddish-brown colour. The eye of

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816-542: A reference to the many vocalizations they produce. ᒣᐢᒐᒑᑲᓂᐢ ( Mescacâkanis ) Perro de monte Isapaippü Itsappü Sedet Domestic dog [REDACTED] Gray wolf [REDACTED] Coyote [REDACTED] African wolf [REDACTED] Golden jackal [REDACTED] Ethiopian wolf [REDACTED] Dhole [REDACTED] African wild dog [REDACTED] Side-striped jackal [REDACTED] Black-backed jackal [REDACTED] Xiaoming Wang and Richard H. Tedford , one of

884-563: Is a howl made by solitary individuals. Humans are the coyote's greatest threat, followed by cougars and gray wolves. Despite predation by gray wolves, coyotes sometimes mate with them, and with eastern, or red wolves, producing " coywolf " hybrids. In the northeastern regions of North America, the eastern coyote (a larger subspecies, though still smaller than wolves) is the result of various historical and recent matings with various types of wolves. Genetic studies show that most North American wolves contain some level of coyote DNA. The coyote

952-565: Is a Spanish borrowing of its Nahuatl name coyōtl pronunciation ) comes from the historian Francisco Javier Clavijero 's Historia de México in 1780. The first time it was used in English occurred in William Bullock 's Six months' residence and travels in Mexico (1824), where it is variously transcribed as cayjotte and cocyotie . The word's spelling was standardized as "coyote" by

1020-579: Is a prominent character in Native American folklore, mainly in Aridoamerica , usually depicted as a trickster that alternately assumes the form of an actual coyote or a man. As with other trickster figures, the coyote uses deception and humor to rebel against social conventions. The animal was especially respected in Mesoamerican cosmology as a symbol of military might. After the European colonization of

1088-614: Is also in the Chugach. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Chugach National Forest has a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ). Cannery Creek is a weather station in the Chugach National Forest, located along the shore of the Unakwik Inlet. The Chugach is a temperate rain forest in the Pacific temperate rain forest region. Here the forest occupies only a very narrow strip between

1156-664: Is covered by ice. Portions of the Kenai Peninsula make up approximately 21 percent of the forest, and include the southern portion of the Iditarod National Historic Trail . Parts of Prince William Sound make up about 48 percent of the forest. This includes 3,500 mi (5,600 km) of shoreline, 22 tidewater glaciers , and the Nellie Juan-College Fiord Wilderness Study Area, which covers 2,200,000 acres (8,900 km). Portions of

1224-579: Is gray-brown, with reddish legs, ears, and flanks. No significant differences exist between eastern and western coyotes in aggression and fighting, though eastern coyotes tend to fight less, and are more playful. Unlike western coyote pups, in which fighting precedes play behavior, fighting among eastern coyote pups occurs after the onset of play. Eastern coyotes tend to reach sexual maturity at two years of age, much later than in western coyotes. Eastern and red wolves are also products of varying degrees of wolf-coyote hybridization. The eastern wolf probably

1292-529: Is located in the mountains surrounding Prince William Sound including the eastern Kenai Peninsula and the delta of the Copper River . It is the second-largest (third-largest if the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest is considered as one entity) forest in the U.S. national forest system, and is the northernmost and westernmost national forest. Approximately 30 percent of the area of the forest

1360-497: Is longer and denser than in southern forms, with the fur of some Mexican and Central American forms being almost hispid (bristly). Generally, adult coyotes (including coywolf hybrids) have a sable coat color, dark neonatal coat color, bushy tail with an active supracaudal gland , and a white facial mask. Albinism is extremely rare in coyotes. Out of a total of 750,000 coyotes killed by federal and cooperative hunters between March 1938 and June 1945, only two were albinos. The coyote

1428-514: Is typically smaller than the gray wolf, but has longer ears and a relatively larger braincase , as well as a thinner frame, face, and muzzle. The scent glands are smaller than the gray wolf's, but are the same color. Its fur color variation is much less varied than that of a wolf. The coyote also carries its tail downwards when running or walking, rather than horizontally as the wolf does. Coyote tracks can be distinguished from those of dogs by their more elongated, less rounded shape. Unlike dogs,

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1496-445: Is very little logging done in the Chugach, and less than 2 percent of the forest is considered suitable for commercial logging operations; this is unusual among national forests. Instead, the forest infuses money into local communities through tourism, recreation, mining and commercial fishing. There are over 7 million annual visitors to the Chugach National Forest, including kayakers, boaters, hikers, skiers, birders and anglers. None of

1564-514: The American jackal , prairie wolf , or brush wolf , is a species of canine native to North America . It is smaller than its close relative, the gray wolf , and slightly smaller than the closely related eastern wolf and red wolf . It fills much of the same ecological niche as the golden jackal does in Eurasia ; however, the coyote is generally larger. The coyote is listed as least concern by

1632-601: The International Union for Conservation of Nature , due to its wide distribution and abundance throughout North America. The species is versatile, able to adapt to and expand into environments modified by humans; urban coyotes are common in many cities. The coyote was sighted in eastern Panama (across the Panama Canal from their home range) for the first time in 2013. The coyote has 19 recognized subspecies . The average male weighs 8 to 20 kg (18 to 44 lb) and

1700-803: The Kenai National Wildlife Refuge Wilderness , and the department cited protecting the Russian River and upper Russian Lake Recreation Corridor as the reason for the change. Alutiiq The Alutiiq (pronounced / ə ˈ l uː t ɪ k / ə- LOO -tik in English; from Promyshlenniki Russian Алеутъ, " Aleut "; plural often "Alutiit"), also called by their ancestral name Sugpiaq ( / ˈ s ʊ ɡ ˌ b j ɑː k / SUUG -byahk or / ˈ s ʊ ɡ p i ˌ æ k / SUUG -pee- AK ; plural often "Sugpiat"), as well as Pacific Eskimo or Pacific Yupik , are

1768-524: The Quaternary extinction event . Compared to their modern Holocene counterparts, Pleistocene coyotes ( C.   l. orcutti ) were larger and more robust, likely in response to larger competitors and prey. Pleistocene coyotes were likely more specialized carnivores than their descendants, as their teeth were more adapted to shearing meat, showing fewer grinding surfaces suited for processing vegetation. Their reduction in size occurred within 1,000 years of

1836-603: The 1880s. The English pronunciation is heard both as a two-syllable word (with the final "e" silent) and as three-syllables (with the final "e" pronounced), with a tendency for the three-syllable pronunciation in eastern states and near the Mexican border, and outside the United States, with two syllables in western and central states. Alternative English names for the coyote include "prairie wolf", "brush wolf", "cased wolf", "little wolf" and "American jackal". Its binomial name Canis latrans translates to "barking dog",

1904-563: The Americas , it was seen in Anglo-American culture as a cowardly and untrustworthy animal. Unlike wolves, which have seen their public image improve, attitudes towards the coyote remain largely negative. Coyote males average 8 to 20 kg (18 to 44 lb) in weight, while females average 7 to 18 kg (15 to 40 lb), though size varies geographically. Northern subspecies, which average 18 kg (40 lb), tend to grow larger than

1972-635: The Atlantic Coast wolves, 5% in Pacific Coast and Yellowstone wolves, and less than 3% in Canadian archipelago wolves. If a third canid had been involved in the admixture of the North American wolf-like canids, then its genetic signature would have been found in coyotes and wolves, which it has not. In 2018, whole genome sequencing was used to compare members of the genus Canis . The study indicates that

2040-667: The Copper River Delta cover approximately 31 percent of the forest, and include the "largest contiguous wetlands complex on North America's Pacific coast". Despite its huge size, there are only 90 mi (140 km) of Forest Service roads, although there are also over 500 mi (800 km) of designated trails. The supervisor's office is located in Anchorage . There are local ranger district offices located in Cordova , Girdwood , and Seward . In descending order of land area within

2108-667: The Delta home. Mammals that inhabit this forest include coyote , timber wolf , moose , caribou , marten , Sitka black-tailed deer , mountain goat , black bears and grizzly bears . Dall sheep are also found; the Chugach is the only national forest where these animals can be seen. Humpback whales , sea lions and otters are found in the Chugach's waters. The waters around the forest also host all five species of Pacific salmon found in North America: chinook salmon , sockeye salmon , coho salmon , chum salmon and pink salmon . There

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2176-509: The Kodiak archipelago, with an estimated population of 13,000 people. Today more than 4,000 Alutiiq live in Alaska . At present, the most commonly used title is Alutiiq (singular), Alutiik (dual), Alutiit (plural). These terms derive from the names ( Алеутъ , Aleut ) that the promyshlenniki ( indigenous Siberian and Russian fur traders and settlers) gave to the native people in

2244-556: The Missouri River from the mouth of the Platte during a government-sponsored expedition with Major Stephen Long . He had the first edition of the Lewis and Clark journals in hand, which contained Biddle's edited version of Lewis's observations dated 5 May 1805. His account was published in 1823. Say was the first person to document the difference between a " prairie wolf " (coyote) and on

2312-469: The Quaternary extinction event, when their large prey died out. Furthermore, Pleistocene coyotes were unable to exploit the big-game hunting niche left vacant after the extinction of the dire wolf ( Aenocyon   dirus ), as it was rapidly filled by gray wolves, which likely actively killed off the large coyotes, with natural selection favoring the modern gracile morph. In 1993, a study proposed that

2380-412: The age of 35 days, with eastern coyote pups having longer legs than their western counterparts. Differences in dental development also occurs, with tooth eruption being later, and in a different order in the eastern coyote. Aside from its size, the eastern coyote is physically similar to the western coyote. The four color phases range from dark brown to blond or reddish blond, though the most common phase

2448-410: The anterior ones near the wrist; tail bushy, fusiform, straight, varied with gray and cinnamon, a spot near the base above, and tip black; the tip of the trunk of the tail, attains the tip of the os calcis , when the leg is extended; beneath white, immaculate, tail cinnamon towards the tip, tip black; posterior feet four toed, anterior five toed. The first published usage of the word "coyote" (which

2516-551: The area is designated as national wilderness , although much of it qualifies under federal law. Mining, including coal and hard rock operations, and oil and gas development are found in the forest. In 2003, the Department of the Interior announced that 3,000 acres (12 km) of forest was no longer open to mining, adding that area to almost 2,000 acres (8.1 km) that had been previously placed off limits. The affected land borders

2584-438: The assumptions made, that all of the North American wolves and coyotes diverged from a common ancestor about 51,000 years ago. However, the proposed timing of the wolf / coyote divergence conflicts with the discovery of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 Mya. The study also indicated that all North American wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that

2652-570: The average female 7 to 18 kg (15 to 40 lb). Their fur color is predominantly light gray and red or fulvous interspersed with black and white, though it varies somewhat with geography. It is highly flexible in social organization, living either in a family unit or in loosely knit packs of unrelated individuals. Primarily carnivorous , its diet consists mainly of deer , rabbits , hares , rodents , birds , reptiles , amphibians , fish , and invertebrates , though it may also eat fruits and vegetables on occasion. Its characteristic vocalization

2720-474: The common ancestor of the coyote and gray wolf has genetically admixed with a ghost population of an extinct, unidentified canid. The "ghost" canid was genetically close to the dhole , and had evolved after the divergence of the African wild dog from the other canid species. The basal position of the coyote compared to the wolf is proposed to be due to the coyote retaining more of the mitochondrial genome from

2788-506: The coyote in these terms: The small wolf or burrowing dog of the prairies are the inhabitants almost invariably of the open plains; they usually associate in bands of ten or twelve sometimes more and burrow near some pass or place much frequented by game; not being able alone to take deer or goat they are rarely ever found alone but hunt in bands; they frequently watch and seize their prey near their burrows; in these burrows, they raise their young and to them they also resort when pursued; when

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2856-401: The coyote's usual characteristics . F 1 hybrids tend to be intermediate in form between dogs and coyotes, while F 2 hybrids (second generation) are more varied. Both F 1 and F 2 hybrids resemble their coyote parents in terms of shyness and intrasexual aggression. Hybrids are fertile and can be successfully bred through four generations. Melanistic coyotes owe their black pelts to

2924-495: The entire contiguous United States. The Copper River Delta portion of the forest is the largest contiguous portion of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network and is "considered one of the most essential shorebird habitats in the world". The Delta provides habitat for over 20 million birds annually, and during the summer, one quarter of the world's trumpeter swans and dusky Canada geese call

2992-652: The extermination of gray and eastern wolves in the northeast, thus allowing coyotes to colonize former wolf ranges and mix with the remnant wolf populations. This hybrid is smaller than either the gray or eastern wolf, and holds smaller territories, but is in turn larger and holds more extensive home ranges than the typical western coyote. As of 2010 , the eastern coyote's genetic makeup is fairly uniform, with minimal influence from eastern wolves or western coyotes. Adult eastern coyotes are larger than western coyotes, with female eastern coyotes weighing 21% more than male western coyotes. Physical differences become more apparent by

3060-528: The foremost authorities on carnivore evolution, proposed that the genus Canis was the descendant of the coyote-like Eucyon davisi and its remains first appeared in the Miocene 6   million years ago (Mya) in the southwestern US and Mexico. By the Pliocene (5   Mya), the larger Canis lepophagus appeared in the same region and by the early Pleistocene (1   Mya) C.   latrans (the coyote)

3128-594: The forest, it is located in parts of the Valdez-Cordova Census Area , Kenai Peninsula Borough , Anchorage Municipality , Matanuska-Susitna Borough , Kodiak Island Borough , and Yakutat City and Borough . Green Island is within the Chugach National Forest north of Montague Island in Prince William Sound , Alaska . There are at least three islands named "Green Island" within Alaska. Gravina Island

3196-428: The genomic structure and admixture of North American wolves, wolf-like canids, and coyotes using specimens from across their entire range that mapped the largest dataset of nuclear genome sequences against the wolf reference genome. The study supports the findings of previous studies that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of complex gray wolf and coyote mixing. A polar wolf from Greenland and

3264-403: The gray wolf, as shown by its relatively small size and its comparatively narrow skull and jaws, which lack the grasping power necessary to hold the large prey in which wolves specialize. This is further corroborated by the coyote's sagittal crest , which is low or totally flattened, thus indicating a weaker bite than the wolves. The coyote is not a specialized carnivore as the wolf is, as shown by

3332-419: The harvest, and ancestors Before contact with Russian fur traders, they lived in semi-subterranean homes called ciqlluaq . Today, in the 21st century, the Alutiiq live in coastal fishing communities in more modern housing. They work in all aspects of the modern economy, while also maintaining the cultural value of subsistence. Traditional Alutiiq art are sources of pride for many as they typically highlight

3400-604: The importance of ancestors, the endurance and preservation of tradition, and the beauty of the natural world that sustain Alutiiq life. Physical medians of expression include pinguat –beads (made from shell, bone, ivory, amber, coal, shale, slate and fish vertebrae), woodcarvings in relation to Alutiiq religion , skin sown articles of clothing for celebratory and traditional use, and grass weaving of both artistic expression and functional application. During festivals, story telling, singing and dancing were all important means of passing down history through generations as Alutiiq lacked

3468-428: The lachrymal sac black-brown; rostrum cinnamon, tinctured with grayish on the nose; lips white, edged with black, three series of black seta; head between the ears intermixed with gray, and dull cinnamon, hairs dusky plumbeous at base; sides paler than the back, obsoletely fasciate with black above the legs; legs cinnamon on the outer side, more distinct on the posterior hair: a dilated black abbreviated line on

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3536-729: The larger chewing surfaces on the molars , reflecting the species' relative dependence on vegetable matter. In these respects, the coyote resembles the fox-like progenitors of the genus more so than the wolf. The oldest fossils that fall within the range of the modern coyote date to 0.74–0.85 Ma (million years) in Hamilton Cave, West Virginia; 0.73 Ma in Irvington, California; 0.35–0.48 Ma in Porcupine Cave, Colorado, and in Cumberland Cave, Pennsylvania. Modern coyotes arose 1,000 years after

3604-411: The natives of mainland Alaska for materials such as antler, ivory , caribou pelts, and glassy stone, not available on Kodiak. During Uksuaq , or fall, much of the work that was done was in preparation for winter. They pick berries sweetened by the first frosts; harvest large quantities of salmon spawning in local streams; hunt fat bears headed for hibernation, and shoot ducks migrating south for

3672-665: The next page of his journal a wolf which he named Canis nubilus ( Great Plains wolf ). Say described the coyote as: Canis latrans . Cinereous or gray, varied with black above, and dull fulvous, or cinnamon; hair at base dusky plumbeous, in the middle of its length dull cinnamon, and at tip gray or black, longer on the vertebral line; ears erect, rounded at tip, cinnamon behind, the hair dark plumbeous at base, inside lined with gray hair; eyelids edged with black, superior eyelashes black beneath, and at tip above; supplemental lid margined with black-brown before, and edged with black brown behind; iris yellow; pupil black-blue; spot upon

3740-401: The ocean and the icy alpine zone. The dominant trees are limited to Sitka spruce , western hemlock and mountain hemlock . This zone is known as the "sub-polar rainforest". The Kenai Peninsula section of the forest is home to over 200 colonies of seabirds , as well as between 3,000 and 5,000 bald eagles . Approximately the same number of eagles live in the Chugach National Forest as live in

3808-447: The red wolf and eastern wolf are highly admixed with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. Genetic studies relating to wolves or dogs have inferred phylogenetic relationships based on the only reference genome available, that of the Boxer dog. In 2017, the first reference genome of the wolf Canis lupus lupus was mapped to aid future research. In 2018, a study looked at

3876-518: The region have advocated use of the terms that the people themselves use to describe their people and language: Sugpiaq (singular), Sugpiak (dual), Sugpiat (plural) — to identify the people (meaning "the real people"), and Sugstun, Sugcestun, Sugt'stun , or Sugtestun to refer to the language. All three names (Alutiiq, Aleut, and Sugpiaq) are used now, according to personal preference. Over time, many other ethnonyms were used to refer to this people. The people traditionally lived

3944-512: The region. Russian occupation began in 1784, following the Awa'uq Massacre by Grigory Shelikhov , a fur trader , of hundreds of Sugpiat at Refuge Rock ( Awa'uq ) just off the coast of Sitkalidak Island near the present-day village of Old Harbor ( Nuniaq ). Given the violence underlying the colonial period, and confusion because the Sugpiaq term for Aleut is Alutiiq , some Alaska Natives from

4012-717: The season furthered, fish and sea mammals would gradually move closer to shore to feed. Alutiiq would then hook cod and halibut , collect herring eggs , and hunt for seals. As Kiak , or summer, approached, activity increased out on the open ocean. Fishing for halibut and cod would continue to remain prevalent, along with the hunting and harvest at seal and sea lion haulouts, and bird rookeries even common feeding grounds for humpback whales . Trees and shrubs such as cedar ( Qar’usiq ; Qasrulek , Thuja plicata , Callitropsis nootkatensis ), Kenai birch , Sitka spruce ( Napaq ), and other were harvested for their medical and nutritional value. During this time trade would emerge with

4080-522: The southern subspecies of Mexico, which average 11.5 kg (25 lb). Total length ranges on average from 1.0 to 1.35 m (3 ft 3 in to 4 ft 5 in); comprising a tail length of 40 cm (16 in), with females being shorter in both body length and height. The largest coyote on record was a male killed near Afton, Wyoming , on November   19, 1937, which measured 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) from nose to tail, and weighed 34 kg (75 lb). Scent glands are located at

4148-408: The unknown extinct canid. As of 2005 , 19 subspecies are recognized. Geographic variation in coyotes is not great, though taken as a whole, the eastern subspecies ( C. l. thamnos and C. l. frustor ) are large, dark-colored animals, with a gradual paling in color and reduction in size westward and northward ( C. l. texensis , C. l. latrans , C. l. lestes , and C. l. incolatus ),

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4216-512: The upper canines of coyotes extend past the mental foramina . At the time of the European colonization of the Americas, coyotes were largely confined to open plains and arid regions of the western half of the continent. In early post-Columbian historical records, determining whether the writer is describing coyotes or wolves is often difficult. One record from 1750 in Kaskaskia, Illinois , written by

4284-530: The upper side of the base of the tail and are a bluish-black color. The color and texture of the coyote's fur vary somewhat geographically. The hair's predominant color is light gray and red or fulvous , interspersed around the body with black and white. Coyotes living at high elevations tend to have more black and gray shades than their desert -dwelling counterparts, which are more fulvous or whitish-gray. The coyote's fur consists of short, soft underfur and long, coarse guard hairs. The fur of northern subspecies

4352-633: The wild, as the mating cycles of dogs and coyotes do not coincide, and coyotes are usually antagonistic towards dogs. Hybridization usually only occurs when coyotes are expanding into areas where conspecifics are few, and dogs are the only alternatives. Even then, pup survival rates are lower than normal, as dogs do not form pair bonds with coyotes, thus making the rearing of pups more difficult. In captivity, F 1 hybrids (first generation) tend to be more mischievous and less manageable as pups than dogs, and are less trustworthy on maturity than wolf-dog hybrids . Hybrids vary in appearance, but generally retain

4420-452: The winter. Much of their harvest would be preserved for winter. This was done a variety of ways: from drying, smoking, storing in oil, or freezing foods. During the harsh storms of Uksuq , or winter, most of the season would be spent insides, with occasional breaks in the storms allowing for the trapping of foxes and ermine, hunting ducks, or fishing through lake or river ice. While inside, celebrations and festivals would be held in honor of

4488-602: The wolves of North America display skull traits more similar to the coyote than wolves from Eurasia. In 2010, a study found that the coyote was a basal member of the clade that included the Tibetan wolf , the domestic dog , the Mongolian wolf and the Eurasian wolf , with the Tibetan wolf diverging early from wolves and domestic dogs. In 2016, a whole-genome DNA study proposed, based on

4556-484: Was a result of a wolf-coyote admixture, combined with extensive backcrossing with parent gray wolf populations. The red wolf may have originated during a time of declining wolf populations in the Southeastern Woodlands , forcing a wolf-coyote hybridization, as well as backcrossing with local parent coyote populations to the extent that about 75–80% of the modern red wolf's genome is of coyote derivation. Like

4624-650: Was in existence. They proposed that the progression from Eucyon davisi to C.   lepophagus to the coyote was linear evolution. C.   latrans and C.   aureus are closely related to C.   edwardii , a species that appeared earliest spanning the mid- Blancan ( late Pliocene ) to the close of the Irvingtonian (late Pleistocene), and coyote remains indistinguishable from C. latrans were contemporaneous with C.   edwardii in North America. Johnston describes C.   lepophagus as having

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