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43-508: The Chuck Keiper (rhymes with "viper") Trail is named after a longtime Pennsylvania Game Commission wildlife conservation officer, and was built in the 1970s with the assistance of the Youth Conservation Corps to visit the most remote areas of Sproul State Forest . The main trailhead is found at the parking area for Fish Dam Vista off of Pennsylvania Route 144 in west-central Clinton County, about ten miles south of Renovo . There

86-530: A laissez-faire position, which argues that humans should not harm wild animals but that humans should not intervene to reduce natural harms that they experience. This subsection focuses on anthropogenic forms of wildlife destruction. The loss of animals from ecological communities is also known as defaunation . Exploitation of wild populations has been a characteristic of modern man since our exodus from Africa 130,000 – 70,000 years ago. The rate of extinctions of entire species of plants and animals across

129-581: A Deputy does not lead to promotion into a State Game Warden position. Deputies function in all phases of Game Commission activities and assume the powers as authorized by the Game and Wildlife Code, subject to limitations established by Commission regulations and operating procedures. Deputies are commonly involved in: law enforcement patrols and investigations, answering complaints and calls for service, nuisance wildlife control, hunter-trapper education classes, educational programs, and assisting other agencies. Since

172-445: A brief patch of high ground, the trail descends steeply into a vast system of hollows formed by Benjamin Run and its tributaries, with an equally difficult climb back to the top of the plateau. A very narrow ridgetop is reached at a crossing of Grugan Hollow Road (also known as Mill Run Road) at 35.8 miles. The Jack Paulhamus/Garby Trail departs to the east on that road, and eventually crosses

215-563: A common subject for educational television shows . National Geographic Society specials appeared on CBS since 1965, later moving to American Broadcasting Company and then Public Broadcasting Service . In 1963, NBC debuted Wild Kingdom , a popular program featuring zoologist Marlin Perkins as host. The BBC natural history unit in the United Kingdom was a similar pioneer, the first wildlife series LOOK presented by Sir Peter Scott ,

258-539: A dramatic and rapid growth in recent years worldwide and many elements are closely aligned to eco-tourism and sustainable tourism . Wild animal suffering is suffering experienced by non-human animals living in the wild, outside of direct human control, due to natural processes such as disease , injury , parasitism , starvation , malnutrition , dehydration , weather conditions , natural disasters , killings by other animals , and psychological stress . Some estimates indicate that these individual animals make up

301-498: A number of ways, including the legal, social and moral senses. Some animals, however, have adapted to suburban environments. This includes such animals as feral cats , dogs, mice, and rats. Some religions declare certain animals to be sacred, and in modern times, concern for the natural environment has provoked activists to protest against the exploitation of wildlife for human benefit or entertainment. Global wildlife populations have decreased significantly by 68% since 1970 as

344-434: A period of acclimation can increase in numbers significantly, having destructive effects on many elements of the native environment of which they have become part. This final group is one of secondary effects. All wild populations of living things have many complex intertwining links with other living things around them. Large herbivorous animals such as the hippopotamus have populations of insectivorous birds that feed off

387-612: A result of human activity, particularly overconsumption , population growth , and intensive farming , according to a 2020 World Wildlife Fund 's Living Planet Report and the Zoological Society of London 's Living Planet Index measure, which is further evidence that humans have unleashed a sixth mass extinction event. According to CITES , it has been estimated that annually the international wildlife trade amounts to billions of dollars and it affects hundreds of millions of animal and plant specimen. Wildlife trade refers to

430-550: A tributary of Hall Run and crosses PA Route 144 again at 42.1 miles. The trail then proceeds parallel to the highway on a sidehill segment, then turns south and climbs alongside a different tributary of Hall Run. At the top, the trail stays on high ground, with the main loop ending at 47.3 miles at the Fish Dam Vista trailhead. The East Branch Trail serves as the cross-connector in the Chuck Keiper Trail system, reaching from

473-724: Is 22.7 miles long. A "figure-8" hike, which requires completing the cross-connector trail twice, is 53.9 miles long. Pennsylvania Game Commission The Pennsylvania Game Commission ( PGC ) is the state agency responsible for wildlife conservation and management in Pennsylvania in the United States . It was originally founded 129 years ago and currently utilizes more than 700 full-time employees and thousands of part-time and volunteers in its official mission to "manage and protect wildlife and their habitats while promoting hunting and trapping for current and future generations." In

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516-403: Is another trailhead with organized parking along the western section of the loop, also just off of PA Route 144 in northern Centre County, about eight miles southwest of Fish Dam Vista. This description illustrates the main loop in the counter-clockwise direction. From the Fish Dam Vista trailhead, the main loop heads west through a high plateau area. (Fish Dam Vista is also at the northern end of

559-839: Is considered its preferred area or territory . Many processes associated with human habitation of an area cause loss of this area and decrease the carrying capacity of the land for that species. In many cases these changes in land use cause a patchy break-up of the wild landscape. Agricultural land frequently displays this type of extremely fragmented, or relictual habitat. Farms sprawl across the landscape with patches of uncleared woodland or forest dotted in-between occasional paddocks. Examples of habitat destruction include grazing of bushland by farmed animals, changes to natural fire regimes, forest clearing for timber production and wetland draining for city expansion. Mice, cats, rabbits, dandelions and poison ivy are all examples of species that have become invasive threats to wild species in various parts of

602-585: Is home to a vast array of amazing wildlife. However, illegal hunting and trade poses a threat to Malaysia's natural diversity. A November 2008 report from biologist and author Sally Kneidel, PhD, documented numerous wildlife species for sale in informal markets along the Amazon River , including wild-caught marmosets sold for as little as $ 1.60 (5 Peruvian soles). Many Amazon species, including peccaries , agoutis , turtles , turtle eggs, anacondas , armadillos are sold primarily as food. Wildlife has long been

645-418: Is widespread and constitutes one of the major illegal economic activities, comparable to the traffic of drugs and weapons . Stone Age people and hunter-gatherers relied on wildlife, both plants and animals, for their food. In fact, some species may have been hunted to extinction by early human hunters. Today, hunting, fishing, and gathering wildlife is still a significant food source in some parts of

688-470: Is within Burns Run Wild Area. Reach a hunting camp's yard at 9.5 miles and begin yet another rugged descent, this time into the vast system of hollows formed by Yost Run and its tributaries. The trail reaches the main stem of Yost Run at 11.0 miles and turns to the south, following the hollow upstream for the next few miles. Reach Yost Run Falls at 13.5 miles; at about 12 feet in height, this is one of

731-541: The West Branch Susquehanna River and connects with the Donut Hole Trail . The Chuck Keiper Trail begins another difficult descent into a system of hollows formed by several branches of Boggs Run, beginning a walk along that stream at 37.4 miles, followed by yet another steep climb back to the top of the plateau, now trending to the west. After another brief stretch of high ground, the trail descends along

774-528: The East Branch Trail, which serves as the system's cross-connector.) The main loop descends to a crossing of Fish Dam Run at 3.5 miles and then climbs vigorously back to the top of the plateau. This segment is within Russell P. Letterman Wild Area. After another rugged descent, reach Burns Run at 6.2 miles and walk along this stream and a tributary before climbing back to the top of the plateau again. This segment

817-564: The Pennsylvania Game Commission are Game Wardens , formerly known as Wildlife Conservation Officers (and originally Game Protectors). Game Wardens serve as sworn law enforcement officers for wildlife crimes, enforcing the hunting/trapping and conservation laws. They patrol the Pennsylvania State Game Lands and teach hunter-trapper education courses as well as providing many other educational opportunities for

860-807: The Pennsylvania public, including wildlife programs for schools and community organizations. Initial training for Game Wardens occurs at the Ross Leffler School of Conservation in Harrisburg. New recruiting classes are formed when positions open up, which is normally every 2nd or 3rd year. Classes are usually kept below 30 students. Training is an 11-month program in Law Enforcement, Natural Resource Management, Wildlife Management, and other subjects. Deputy Game Wardens are part-time, whereas State Game Wardens are full-time, career-oriented positions. Serving as

903-853: The US have dominated the market for shows about wildlife on cable television, while on Public Broadcasting Service the NATURE strand made by WNET-13 in New York and NOVA by WGBH in Boston are notable. Wildlife television is now a multimillion-dollar industry with specialist documentary film-makers in many countries including UK, US, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Germany, Japan, and Canada. There are many magazines and websites which cover wildlife including National Wildlife , Birds & Blooms , Birding , wildlife.net , and Ranger Rick for children. Many animal species have spiritual significance in different cultures around

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946-420: The beginning of the main loop (as described above) to the southern segment of the main loop at its 27.9 mile point. From the trailhead parking area at Fish Dam Vista off of PA Route 144, the East Branch Trail initially heads east, roughly parallel to the highway. It then turns to the southeast and enters East Branch Swamp Natural Area at 1.6 miles. The trail then descends gently alongside East Branch Run and reaches

989-568: The competition between members of a population. However, if this hunting continues at rate greater than the rate at which new members of the population can reach breeding age and produce more young, the population will begin to decrease in numbers . Populations that are confined to islands, whether literal islands or just areas of habitat that are effectively an "island" for the species concerned, have also been observed to be at greater risk of dramatic population rise of deaths declines following unsustainable hunting . The habitat of any given species

1032-472: The context of the philosophy of religion as an instance of the problem of evil . More recently, starting in the 19th century, a number of writers have considered the subject from a secular standpoint as a general moral issue, that humans might be able to help prevent. There is considerable disagreement around taking such action, as many believe that human interventions in nature should not take place because of practicality, valuing ecological preservation over

1075-518: The establishment of the Pennsylvania Game Commission, eleven Game Wardens have died while on duty. Wildlife Wildlife refers to undomesticated animal species , but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans . Wildlife was also synonymous to game : those birds and mammals that were hunted for sport . Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems . Deserts , plains , grasslands , woodlands , forests , and other areas including

1118-528: The late 1800s as a result of deforestation , pollution and unregulated hunting/trapping, wildlife decreased in population and diversity. The wildlife, then-commonly referred to as "game," was to be protected by establishing the Game Commission in 1895 by the state Legislature. It was—and still is—funded primarily through the sale of licenses, State Game Land natural resource revenue, and a federal excise tax on guns and ammunition. The main workforce of

1161-513: The many parasitic insects that grow on the hippo. Should the hippo die out, so too will these groups of birds, leading to further destruction as other species dependent on the birds are affected. Also referred to as a domino effect , this series of chain reactions is by far the most destructive process that can occur in any ecological community . Another example is the black drongos and the cattle egrets found in India. These birds feed on insects on

1204-553: The most developed urban areas , all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by human factors, most scientists agree that much wildlife is affected by human activities . Some wildlife threaten human safety, health, property and quality of life . However, many wild animals, even the dangerous ones, have value to human beings. This value might be economic, educational, or emotional in nature. Humans have historically tended to separate civilization from wildlife in

1247-518: The next several miles, trending to the north. Reach a junction with the East Branch Trail, the cross connector in the Chuck Keiper Trail system, at 27.9 miles; that trail heads northwest from this point. Soon turning to the north, the main loop continues across high ground until plunging into and climbing out of Clendenin Hollow and then Cranberry Hollow, reaching a junction with a trail that leads into Cranberry Swamp Natural Area at 32.3 miles. After crossing

1290-594: The planet has been so high in the last few hundred years that it is widely believed that a sixth great extinction event ("the Holocene Mass Extinction ") is currently ongoing. The 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services , published by the United Nations ' Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services , says that roughly one million species of plants and animals face extinction within decades as

1333-568: The products that are derived from non-domesticated animals or plants usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as skins, bones or meat, or other products. Legal wildlife trade is regulated by the United Nations ' Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which currently has 184 member countries called Parties . Illegal wildlife trade

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1376-435: The reproductive capacity of the population is being exploited. The effects of this are often noticed much more dramatically in slow-growing populations such as many larger species of fish. Initially when a portion of a wild population is hunted, an increased availability of resources (food, etc.) is experienced increasing growth and reproduction as density dependent inhibition is lowered. Hunting, fishing and so on, have lowered

1419-789: The result of human actions. Subsequent studies have discovered that the destruction of wildlife is "significantly more alarming" than previously believed, with some 48% of 70,000 monitored animal species experiencing population declines as the result of human industrialization. According to a 2023 study published in PNAS , "immediate political, economic, and social efforts of an unprecedented scale are essential if we are to prevent these extinctions and their societal impacts." The four most general reasons that lead to destruction of wildlife include overkill, habitat destruction and fragmentation , impact of introduced species and chains of extinction. Overkill happens whenever hunting occurs at rates greater than

1462-420: The southern segment of the main loop after 3.3 miles. The Chuck Keiper Trail system, thanks to the presence of the cross-connector trail, enables several loop options. As described above, a hike on the main loop on its own is 47.3 miles in length. A hike on the west side of the loop, utilizing the cross-connector trail, is 31.2 miles long. A hike on the east side of the loop, utilizing the cross-connector trail,

1505-540: The tallest waterfalls in central Pennsylvania. The trail then turns to the east and climbs back to the top of the plateau, this time via a hunting camp driveway, and reaches a trailhead parking lot just before crossing PA Route 144 at 14.8 miles. The trail descends again toward Eddy Lick Run, using an old forestry railroad grade and passing the remains of a late-1800s era splash dam at 17.7 miles. The trail rises moderately, crosses DeHaas Road at 19.9 miles, and traverses high areas interspersed with relatively shallow hollows for

1548-768: The three days of Eid. In Christianity the Bible has a variety of animal symbols, the Lamb is a famous title of Jesus. In the New Testament the Gospels Mark , Luke and John have animal symbols: "Mark is a lion, Luke is a bull and John is an eagle." Wildlife tourism is an element of many nations' travel industry centered around observation and interaction with local animal and plant life in their natural habitats. While it can include eco - and animal-friendly tourism, safari hunting and similar high-intervention activities also fall under

1591-487: The umbrella of wildlife tourism. Wildlife tourism , in its simplest sense, is interacting with wild animals in their natural habitat , either actively (e.g. hunting/collection) or passively (e.g. watching/photography). Wildlife tourism is an important part of the tourism industries in many countries including many African and South American countries, Australia , India , Canada , Indonesia , Bangladesh , Malaysia , Sri Lanka and Maldives among many. It has experienced

1634-509: The vast majority of animals in existence. An extensive amount of natural suffering has been described as an unavoidable consequence of Darwinian evolution , as well as the pervasiveness of reproductive strategies , which favor producing large numbers of offspring, with a low amount of parental care and of which only a small number survive to adulthood, the rest dying in painful ways, has led some to argue that suffering dominates happiness in nature. The topic has historically been discussed in

1677-481: The well-being and interests of individual animals, considering any obligation to reduce wild animal suffering implied by animal rights to be absurd, or viewing nature as an idyllic place where happiness is widespread. Some argue that such interventions would be an example of human hubris , or playing God , and use examples of how human interventions, for other reasons, have unintentionally caused harm. Others, including animal rights writers, have defended variants of

1720-513: The world, and they and their products may be used as sacred objects in religious rituals. For example, eagles, hawks and their feathers have great cultural and spiritual value to Native Americans as religious objects. In Hinduism the cow is regarded as sacred. Muslims conduct sacrifices on Eid al-Adha , to commemorate the sacrificial spirit of Ibrāhīm in Islam ( Arabic-Abraham ) in love of God . Camels, sheep, goats may be offered as sacrifice during

1763-490: The world. Frequently species that are uncommon in their home range become out-of-control invasions in distant but similar climates. The reasons for this have not always been clear and Charles Darwin felt it was unlikely that exotic species would ever be able to grow abundantly in a place in which they had not evolved. The reality is that the vast majority of species exposed to a new habitat do not reproduce successfully. Occasionally, however, some populations do take hold and after

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1806-471: The world. In other areas, hunting and non-commercial fishing are mainly seen as a sport or recreation. Meat sourced from wildlife that is not traditionally regarded as game is known as bushmeat . The increasing demand for wildlife as a source of traditional food in East Asia is decimating populations of sharks, primates, pangolins and other animals, which they believe have aphrodisiac properties. Malaysia

1849-614: Was a studio-based show, with filmed inserts. David Attenborough first made his appearance in this series, which was followed by the series Zoo Quest during which he and cameraman Charles Lagus went to many exotic places looking for and filming elusive wildlife—notably the Komodo dragon in Indonesia and lemurs in Madagascar. Since 1984, the Discovery Channel and its spinoff Animal Planet in

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