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64-539: The Christian Science Publishing Society was established in 1898 by Mary Baker Eddy and is the publishing arm of The First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston , Massachusetts. The Christian Science Publishing Society and the Board of Trustees that manage it were established by Mary Baker Eddy in a deed of trust on January 25, 1898, under the auspices of The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Although she had not wanted to create

128-647: A Spiritualist, and to have taken part in séances . She was occasionally entranced, and had received "spirit communications" from her deceased brother Albert. Her first advertisement as a healer appeared in 1868, in the Spiritualist paper The Banner of Light . During these years she carried about with her a copy of one of Quimby's manuscripts giving an abstract of his philosophy. This manuscript she permitted some of her pupils to copy. According to Peel, spiritualists were "eager to claim her as one of their own." After she became well known, reports surfaced that Eddy had been

192-463: A book called Prose Works . Eddy was born Mary Morse Baker on July 16, 1821, in a farmhouse in Bow, New Hampshire to farmer Mark Baker (d. 1865) and his wife Abigail Barnard Baker, née Ambrose (d. 1849). Eddy was the youngest of six children: boys Samuel Dow (1808), Albert (1810), and George Sullivan (1812), followed by girls Abigail Barnard (1816), Martha Smith (1819), and Mary Morse (1821). She

256-492: A genealogy tracing Eddy to King David. Eddy eventually requested Field-King cease work on the genealogy and transferred her to London to work on expanding the church there. Since her death, academics have debated the extent of Eddy's relationship with British Israelism with Christian Scientist historian Robert Peel arguing she was "intrigued by the theory for several years," while keeping "it resolutely out of her work and her writing on Christian Science." He acknowledges she uses

320-528: A legal resident of his hometown of Bow, New Hampshire. However, from 1905 to 1909, he was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives . Shortly before his death, he donated $ 10,000 ($ 315,724 in 2023) and a plot of land next to his property in Bow for the creation of the towns public library, which was named after him and still stands to this day. He died in Washington, D.C., on May 30, 1912, and

384-611: A medium years earlier in Boston and St. Louis. However, at the time when she was said to be a medium there, she lived some distance away in North Groton, where she was bedridden. According to Gill, Eddy knew spiritualists and took part in some of their activities, but was never a convinced believer. For example, she visited her friend Sarah Crosby in 1864, who believed in Spiritualism. According to Sibyl Wilbur , Eddy attempted to show Crosby

448-492: A separate trust to handle the church's publications, legal considerations made it necessary. Written in the deed is Eddy's express intent for the Publishing Society, that it is "for the purpose of more effectually promoting and extending the religion of Christian Science as taught by me." Always concerned about the purity of the teaching, she was reported by her student Septimus J. Hanna to have said just days before signing

512-454: A spiritualist medium and was convinced by the messages. According to Gardner, Eddy's mediumship converted Crosby to Spiritualism. In one of her spiritualist trances to Crosby, Eddy gave a message that was supportive of Phineas Parkhurst Quimby , stating "P. Quimby of Portland has the spiritual truth of diseases. You must imbibe it to be healed. Go to him again and lean on no material or spiritual medium." The paragraph that included this quote

576-488: A very critical condition. When Georgine Milmine interviewed Dr. Cushing forty years later, he stated that his records from the time documented that Eddy was in a "semi-hysterical" intense emotional state which subsided after she was given a small amount of morphine. On February 14, 1866, the day after Eddy finished her care with Dr. Cushing, Eddy wrote to Julius Dresser, another patient of Phineas Quimby, claiming that her injury and her subsequent medical care had undone all of

640-450: A volatile relationship. Ernest Sutherland Bates and John V. Dittemore wrote in 1932 that Baker sought to break Eddy's will with harsh punishment, although her mother often intervened; in contrast to the strict religiosity of her father, Eddy's mother was described as devout, quiet, light-hearted and nurturing, and a benevolent spiritual influence on Eddy in her formative years. Eddy experienced periods of sudden illness. Those who knew

704-494: A weapon. Animal magnetism became one of the most controversial aspects of Eddy's life. The McClure's biography spends a significant amount of time on malicious animal magnetism, which it uses to make the case that Eddy had paranoia. During the Next Friends lawsuit, it was used to charge Eddy with incompetence and "general insanity". According to Gillian Gill, Eddy's experience with Richard Kennedy, one of her early students,

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768-538: Is also an international weekly newspaper, The Christian Science Monitor , which has won several Pulitzer Prizes . The Monitor is a secular newspaper; however, there is one religious article in each issue. The Publishing Society is managed by a three-person Board of Trustees under the authority of the Christian Science Board of Directors. It is located, along with the Mary Baker Eddy Library, in

832-469: Is what Catherine Albanese called "a Calvinist devil lurking beneath the metaphysical surface". As there is no personal devil or evil in Christian Science, M.A.M. or mesmerism became the explanation for the problem of evil. Eddy was concerned that a new practitioner could inadvertently harm a patient through unenlightened use of their mental powers, and that less scrupulous individuals could use them as

896-590: The Christian Science Sentinel , a weekly religious periodical written for a more general audience, and the Herald of Christian Science , a religious magazine with editions in many languages. The opposite of Christian Science mental healing was the use of mental powers for destructive or selfish reasons – for which Eddy used terms such as animal magnetism , hypnotism, or mesmerism interchangeably. "Malicious animal magnetism", sometimes abbreviated as M.A.M.,

960-622: The National Guard of New Hampshire with the rank of brigadier general . Baker ran as the Republican candidate in the 9th District of the New Hampshire Senate during the 1890 United States elections , in which Republicans performed poorly nationwide, but won the election by three votes. The seat was traditionally a Democratic stronghold, and his win there in such an off-year for Republicans encouraged speculation that he would run for

1024-708: The New Hampshire Conference Seminary in 1859, Dartmouth College in 1863, and the law school of Columbian (now George Washington ) University, Washington, D.C. , in 1866. Baker is the cousin of Mary Baker Eddy , the founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist In 1866, Baker was admitted to the bar . From 1864 to 1874, he served as clerk in the War and Treasury Departments. After leaving government service, Baker stayed in Washington, D.C., to practice law. From 1886 to 1887, he served as Judge Advocate General of

1088-668: The United States Congress . From 1891 to 1892, Baker held the seat in the New Hampshire Senate until he was elected to be a Republican member of New Hampshire's delegation to the national House of Representatives representing New Hampshire's 2nd congressional district . He served in the Fifty-third and Fifty-fourth Congresses (March 3, 1893 – March 3, 1897). After retiring from his Congressional seat, he once again practiced law in Washington, D.C., although he remained

1152-451: The water cure at Dr. Vail's Hydropathic Institute, but her health deteriorated even further. A year later, in October 1862, Eddy first visited Quimby. She improved considerably, and publicly declared that she had been able to walk up 182 steps to the dome of city hall after a week of treatment. The cures were temporary, however, and Eddy suffered relapses. Despite the temporary nature of

1216-738: The "Quimby manuscripts" that were published later and attributed to him. Furthering the case that Eddy had likely written large portions of Quimby's manuscripts, Quimby was notably "illiterate" and would never have had the ability to write his ideas down himself. Despite Quimby not being especially religious, he embraced the religious connotations Eddy was bringing to his work since he knew his more religious patients would appreciate it. Phineas Quimby died on January 16, 1866, shortly after Eddy's father. J. Gordon Melton has argued "certainly Eddy shared some ideas with Quimby. She differed with him in some key areas, however, such as specific healing techniques. Moreover, she did not share Quimby's hostility toward

1280-537: The "cure", she attached religious significance to it, which Quimby did not. Eddy believed that it was the same type of healing performed by Christ Jesus, who, unlike Quimby, administered no medicine or material means in his healings. From 1862 to 1865, Quimby and Eddy engaged in lengthy discussions about healing methods like hydropathy practiced by Quimby and others. She took notes on her own views of healing, as well as writing dictations from him and "correcting" them with her own ideas, some of which possibly ended up in

1344-557: The 1875 book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures , selected as one of the "75 Books By Women Whose Words Have Changed The World" by the Women's National Book Association . She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1995. Other works Eddy authored include Manual of The Mother Church , and a collection of varied writings that were consolidated posthumously into

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1408-541: The Bible and Science and Health as the pastor. Eddy founded The Christian Science Publishing Society in 1898, which became the publishing home for numerous publications launched by her and her followers. In 1908, at the age of 87, she founded The Christian Science Monitor , a daily newspaper. She also founded the Christian Science Journal in 1883, a monthly magazine aimed at the church's members and, in 1898,

1472-564: The Bible and Christianity." Biographer Gillian Gill has disagreed with other scholars arguing they "have flouted the evidence and shown willful bias in accusing Mrs. Eddy of owing her theory of healing to Quimby and of plagiarizing his unpublished work." On February 1, 1866, while living in Lynn, Massachusetts, Eddy slipped and fell on a patch of ice. A contemporary account by the Lynn Reporter stated: Mrs. Mary Patterson of Swampscott fell upon

1536-511: The Christian Science movement and to handle animal magnetism which arose. Gill writes that Eddy got the term from the New Testament account of the garden of Gethsemane, where Jesus chastises his disciples for being unable to "watch" even for a short time; and that Eddy used it to refer to "a particularly vigilant and active form of prayer, a set period of time when specific people would put their thoughts toward God, review questions and problems of

1600-506: The Massachusetts Metaphysical College, where she taught approximately 800 students between the years 1882 and 1889, when she closed it. Eddy charged her students $ 300 each for tuition, a large sum for the time. In 1892, at Eddy's direction, the church reorganized as The First Church of Christ, Scientist. In 1894, an edifice for The First Church of Christ, Scientist was completed in Boston. Her students spread across

1664-469: The Publishing Society building at the Christian Science Center in Boston's Back Bay. It is the primary publisher of the writings of Mary Baker Eddy and other Christian Science literature. 42°20′42.4″N 71°5′9.3″W  /  42.345111°N 71.085917°W  / 42.345111; -71.085917 Mary Baker Eddy Mary Baker Eddy (nee Baker; July 16, 1821 – December 3, 1910)

1728-742: The age of eighty six, she read the ordinary magazine type without glasses. Towards the end of her life she was frequently attended by physicians. Henry Moore Baker Henry Moore Baker was born in Bow, New Hampshire , near the capital city of Concord , on January 11, 1841; the son of Aaron Whittemore Baker, a descendant of Aaron Whittemore, the first settled minister in Pembroke , and Nancy Dustin Baker. He had three siblings, Rufus, Francis M., and John B. Baker. Baker attended state common schools as well as Pembroke , Tilton , and Hopkinton Academies. He graduated from

1792-518: The country practicing healing, and instructing others. Eddy authorized these students to list themselves as Christian Science Practitioners in the church's The Christian Science Journal . She also founded the Christian Science Sentinel , a weekly magazine with articles about how to heal and testimonies of healing. When the church re-organized in 1892, Eddy was made the leader of the church as "Pastor Emeritus". In 1895, she ordained

1856-524: The day, and seek spiritual understanding." Critics such as Georgine Milmine in Mclure's , Edwin Dakin, and John Dittemore, all claimed this was evidence that Eddy had a great fear of malicious animal magnetism; although Gilbert Carpenter, one of Eddy's staff at the time, insisted she was not fearful of it, and that she was simply being vigilant. As time went on, Eddy tried to lessen the focus on animal magnetism within

1920-417: The deed, that she wanted "to protect and preserve the literature of [Christian Science] in its purity". She wanted to protect her teachings from "aggressive attempts" to adulterate them, which she felt would wreak havoc within the church and would cause misrepresentations of her teachings, both within and outside the church. In addition to Mary Baker Eddy’s works, they publish a number of periodicals, including

1984-569: The family described her as suddenly falling to the floor, writhing and screaming, or silent and apparently unconscious, sometimes for hours. Historian Robert Peel wrote that these fits would require the family to send Eddy to the village doctor. The cause for Eddy's illness was unclear, but biographer Caroline Fraser wrote she believed the cause was most likely psychogenic in nature. According to psychoanalyst Julius Silberger, Eddy may have been motivated to have these fits in an effort to control her father's attitude toward her. Fraser attributed

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2048-668: The family first moved there but was required instead to start at the district school (in the same building) with the youngest girls. She withdrew after a month because of poor health, then received private tuition from the Reverend Enoch Corser. She entered Sanbornton Academy in 1842. She was received into the Congregational church in Tilton on July 26, 1838, when she was 17, according to church records published by Cather and Milmine. Eddy had written in her autobiography in 1891 that she

2112-488: The farm when Joseph Jr. died in 1816. A staunch Calvinist , Mark Baker was an active member of the Tilton Congregationalist Church . McClure's reported he had a reputation for holding strong opinions and quarreling with those he disagreed with; one neighbor described him as "[a] tiger for a temper and always in a row." They also claimed he was an ardent supporter of slavery and a Copperhead who

2176-449: The folly of it by pretending to channel Eddy's dead brother Albert and writing letters which she attributed to him. In regard to the deception, biographer Hugh Evelyn Wortham stated "Mrs. Eddy's followers explain it all as a pleasantry on her part to cure Mrs. Crosby of her credulous belief in spiritualism." However, Martin Gardner has argued against this, stating that Eddy was working as

2240-547: The healing that Quimby had done before, and requested that he heal her. Dresser refused, stating that he was not enough to take on the burden of healing, and urged Eddy to instead spread Quimby's teachings further. Eddy would later credit her accident as her moment of spiritual revelation and the "falling apple" that led to her discovery of Christian Science . She claimed that after rejecting the medicines offered to her by her doctor, she opened her Bible three days after her fall and returned to full health after reading of Jesus healing

2304-507: The ice near the corner of Market and Oxford Streets on Thursday evening and was severely injured. She was taken up in an insensible condition and carried into the residence of S. M. Bubier, Esq., near by, where she was kindly cared for during the night. Dr. Cushing, who was called, found her injuries to be internal and of a severe nature, inducing spasms and internal suffering. She was removed to her home in Swampscott yesterday afternoon, though in

2368-421: The illness likely to a combination of hypochondria and histrionics as well. In 1836, when Eddy was about 14 to 15 years old, she moved with her family to the town of Sanbornton Bridge, New Hampshire , approximately twenty miles (32 km) north of Bow. Sanbornton Bridge was renamed in 1869 as Tilton, New Hampshire. Ernest Bates and John Dittemore write that Eddy was not able to attend Sanbornton Academy when

2432-598: The influence of Hinduism on Eddy and her work. The 1930 work Hinduism Invades America argues Eddy referenced the Bhagavad-Gita in the 33rd edition of Science and Health . Gillian Gill argued that that her editor, Reverend James Henry Wiggin , had introduced the references, and Eddy removed from the 1891 revision all the references to Eastern religions . Christian Scientist church member and historian Stephen Gottschalk argued that Eddy consciously distinguished Christian Science from Eastern religions starting in

2496-443: The law of the state, he should have her grandchildren vaccinated. She also paid for a mastectomy for her sister-in-law. Eddy used glasses for several years for very fine print, but later dispensed with them almost entirely, claiming she could read fine print with ease. In 1907, Arthur Brisbane interviewed Eddy. At one point he picked up a periodical, selected at random a paragraph, and asked Eddy to read it. According to Brisbane, at

2560-434: The main difference was that Eddy came to believe, after she founded Christian Science, that spirit manifestations had never really had bodies to begin with, because matter is unreal and that all that really exists is spirit, before and after death. In the fiftieth edition of her book, Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures , published in 1891, Eddy added the chapter, Christian Science and Spiritualism . This chapter

2624-413: The mid-1880s. Damodar Singhal noted that whether or not Eddy was directly influenced by Hindu philosophy, "the echoes of Vedanta in [her] literature are often striking." Eddy was introduced to British Israelism by Julia Field-King, who herself was introduced by the writings of C. A. L. Totten . Totten alleged to have traced Queen Victoria 's genealogy to King David and Field-King offered to create

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2688-594: The monthly The Christian Science Journal , the weekly Christian Science Sentinel , The Herald of Christian Science published in a number of languages; and the Christian Science Quarterly , also published in a number of languages. The Quarterly contains the Bible lessons used as sermons in Sunday services in all Christian Science churches around the world. They also publish biographies of Eddy and other books and study materials on Christian Science. There

2752-399: The movement, and she worked to clearly define it as unreality which only had power if one conceded to it. Though, it continued to play an important role in the teaching of Christian Science. The belief in malicious animal magnetism remains a part of Christian Science doctrine. Christian Scientists use it as a specific term for a hypnotic belief in a power apart from God. Scholars debate

2816-596: The new marital home. Eddy married Dr. Daniel Patterson, a dentist, in 1853. Mesmerism had become popular in New England; and on October 14, 1861, Patterson, wrote to mesmerist Phineas Parkhurst Quimby , who reportedly cured people without medicine, asking if he could cure his wife. Quimby replied that he had too much work in Portland, Maine and that he could not visit her, but if Patterson brought his wife to him he would treat her. Eddy did not immediately go, instead trying

2880-521: The rest of her life to the establishment of the church, writing its bylaws, The Manual of The Mother Church , and revising Science and Health . By the 1870s, she was telling her students, "Some day I will have a church of my own." In 1879, she and her students established the Church of Christ, Scientist, "to commemorate the word and works of our Master [Jesus], which should reinstate primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing." In 1881, she founded

2944-579: The science of "primitive Christianity" and the "lost art of healing" to at least 800 people. Many of her students became healers themselves. The last 100 pages of Science and Health (chapter entitled "Fruitage") contains testimonies of people who affirm to have been healed by reading her book. She made numerous revisions to her book from the time of its first publication until shortly before her death. In January 1877, Eddy spurned an approach from one of her students, Daniel Spofford. She then married another student of hers, Asa Gilbert Eddy. On January 1, 1877,

3008-493: The sick. Eddy separated from her second husband Daniel Patterson in 1866, after which she boarded for four years with several families in Lynn, Massachusetts and elsewhere. Frank Podmore wrote: But she was never able to stay long in one family. She quarrelled successively with all her hostesses, and her departure from the house was heralded on two or three occasions by a violent scene. Her friends during these years were generally Spiritualists; she seems to have professed herself

3072-605: The term "Anglo-Israel" in one poem, but argues the meaning is "metaphorical" instead of "ethnic or historical." Political Scientist Michael Barkun argued that "Eddy continued to maintain an interest in British-Israelism, although she kept it out of her doctrinal writings" and noted that a "schismatic offshoot" organized by Annie Cecelia Bill in England after Eddy's death centered on British-Israelism. Professor of religious studies John K. Simmons, citing Peel, argued that Eddy "gave

3136-481: The theory no real credence, at least in verifiable written form," but acknowledged British-Israelism "seemed to attract the turn-of-the-century metaphysical crowd." There is controversy about how much Eddy used morphine. Biographers Ernest Sutherland Bates and Edwin Franden Dakin described Eddy as a morphine addict. Miranda Rice, a friend and close student of Eddy, told a newspaper in 1906: "I know that Mrs. Eddy

3200-563: The two were wed, and she became Mary Baker Eddy in a small ceremony presided over by a Unitarian minister. In 1881, Mary Baker Eddy started the Massachusetts Metaphysical College with a charter from the state which allowed her to grant degrees. In Spring 1882, the Eddys moved to Boston to Massachusetts Metaphysical College. Gilbert Eddy's health began to decline around this time, and he died June 3 that year. Eddy devoted

3264-464: Was Abraham Lincoln . According to eyewitness reports cited by Cather and Milmine, Eddy was still attending séances as late as 1872. In these later séances, Eddy would attempt to convert her audience into accepting Christian Science. Eddy showed extensive familiarity with Spiritualist practice, but she denounced it in later Christian Science writings. Historian Ann Braude wrote that there were similarities between Spiritualism and Christian Science, but

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3328-939: Was 12 when this happened, and that she had discussed the idea of predestination with the pastor during the examination for her membership; this may have been an attempt to mirror the story of a 12-year-old Jesus in the Temple . Eddy was badly affected by four deaths in the 1840s. She regarded her brother Albert as a teacher and mentor, but he died in 1841. In 1844, her first husband George Washington Glover (a friend of her brother Samuel) died after six months of marriage. They had married in December 1843 and set up home in Charleston, South Carolina, where Glover had business, but he died of yellow fever in June 1844 while living in Wilmington, North Carolina. Eddy

3392-413: Was Eddy's insistence that Kennedy stop "rubbing" his patient's head and solar plexus, which she saw as harmful since, as Gill states, "traditionally in mesmerism or hypnosis the head and abdomen were manipulated so that the subject would be prepared to enter into trance." Kennedy clearly did believe in clairvoyance, mind reading, and absent mesmeric treatment; and after their split Eddy believed that Kennedy

3456-469: Was addicted to morphine in the seventies." A diary kept by Calvin Frye, Eddy's personal secretary, suggests that Eddy occasionally reverted to "the old morphine habit" when she was in pain. Gill writes that the prescription of morphine was normal medical practice at the time, and that "I remain convinced that Mary Baker Eddy was never addicted to morphine." Eddy recommended to her son that, rather than go against

3520-550: Was an American religious leader, Christian healer, and author, who in 1879 founded The Church of Christ, Scientist , the Mother Church of the Christian Science movement. She also founded The Christian Science Monitor in 1908, and three religious magazines: the Christian Science Sentinel , The Christian Science Journal , and The Herald of Christian Science . Eddy wrote numerous books and articles, most notably

3584-467: Was far superior to spirit teachings." Clark's son George tried to convince Eddy to take up Spiritualism, but he said that she abhorred the idea. According to Cather and Milmine, Richard Hazeltine attended seances at Clark's home, and Eddy had acted as a trance medium , claiming to channel the spirits of the Apostles . Mary Gould, a Spiritualist from Lynn, claimed that one of the spirits that Eddy channeled

3648-409: Was later omitted from an official sanctioned biography of Eddy. Between 1866 and 1870, Eddy boarded at the home of Brene Paine Clark who was interested in Spiritualism. Seances were often conducted there, but Eddy and Clark engaged in vigorous, good-natured arguments about them. Eddy's arguments against Spiritualism convinced at least one other who was there at the time—Hiram Crafts—that "her science

3712-553: Was nursed by a local woman while Eddy herself was cared for by a household servant. Eddy's mother died in November 1849. Her mother's death was then followed three weeks later by the death of Eddy's fiancé, lawyer John Bartlett. Eddy's father Mark Baker remarried in 1850; his second wife Elizabeth Patterson Duncan (d. June 6, 1875) had been widowed twice, and had some property and income from her second marriage. Baker apparently made clear to Eddy that her son would not be welcome in

3776-490: Was renamed in 1910 to Christian Science versus Spiritualism . Eddy divorced Daniel Patterson for adultery in 1873. She published her work in 1875 in a book entitled Science and Health (years later retitled Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures ) which she called the textbook of Christian Science, after several years of offering her healing method. The first publication run was 1,000 copies, which she self-published. During these years, she taught what she considered

3840-472: Was reportedly pleased to hear about Abraham Lincoln 's death . Despite trying to oust his Republican pastor during the war alongside a faction of his church, he refused to leave the church alongside other members of the faction when they failed. Instead, he continued to attend services, but would storm out at the mention of the American Civil War during a service. Eddy and her father reportedly had

3904-585: Was the cousin of U.S. Representative Henry M. Baker . She was the sixth generation of her family born in the United States. The farmhouse she was born in was built by her grandfather, Joseph Baker Jr., on a tract of land his maternal grandfather, Captain John Lovewell, had been given for service in the American Revolutionary War . Eddy's father Mark inherited, alongside his elder brother James,

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3968-475: Was using his mesmeric abilities to try to harm her and her movement. In 1882, Eddy publicly claimed that her last husband, Asa Gilbert Eddy, had died of "mental assassination". Daniel Spofford was another Christian Scientist expelled by Eddy after she accused him of practicing malicious animal magnetism. This gained notoriety in a case irreverently dubbed the " Second Salem Witch Trial ". Later, Eddy set up "watches" for her staff to pray about challenges facing

4032-425: Was what led her to began her examination of malicious animal magnetism. Eddy had agreed to form a partnership with Kennedy in 1870, in which she would teach him how to heal, and he would take patients. The partnership was rather successful at first, but by 1872 Kennedy had fallen out with his teacher and torn up their contract. Although there were multiple issues raised, the main reason for the break according to Gill

4096-428: Was with him in Wilmington, six months pregnant. She had to make her way back to New Hampshire, 1,400 miles (2,300 km) by train and steamboat, where her only child George Washington Glover II was born on September 12 in her father's home. Her husband's death, the journey back, and the birth left her physically and mentally exhausted, and she ended up bedridden for months. As Eddy was unable to care for him, her son

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