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58-559: An important inspiration for the CHU was Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876), who coined the terms 'anti-revolutionary' and 'Christian-historical'. In 1879, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) was founded as mass party for Protestants led by Abraham Kuyper . Unlike previous anti-revolutionary politicians such as Groen van Prinsterer, Kuyper was convinced God's will could be translated to politics. As part of Kuyper's antithesis ,

116-455: A corporatist economy, where employer's organisations , unions and state work together for the common good. The RKSP was in favour of social and labour legislation . During Great Depression , the call for a more active role of government was strengthened. Regarding foreign affairs, the RKSP was an advocate of Dutch neutrality, which was to be maintained by a strong army and navy. Furthermore,

174-539: A "radical alternative in politics, along anti-revolutionary, Christian-historical lines". The South African scholar Jan Adriaan Schlebusch describes the basic theme of Groen's anti-revolutionary theory as follows: "The dichotomy of revolution or rebellion against God on the one hand and faith in God on the other, was one that Groen believed to be ever-present throughout history. Groen therefore also understood this epistemic Revolution to be opposed to history, i.e.

232-519: A coalition cabinet of the same parties, now joined by the moderate Democratic Socialists '70 , which broke away from the PvdA. The cabinet fell after one year. In the 1972 election campaign , the CHU lost three seats, and was left with seven. Furthermore, CHU was blocked from the newly formed cabinet by the PvdA and its allies, which cooperated with the KVP and ARP. Meanwhile, a process of merger had started between

290-467: A minister. After the 1933 election , in which the party lost one seat, another coalition cabinet led by Colijn was formed, which was joined by members of the liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and the Liberal State Party . The CHU supplied only one minister and a further CHU member was appointed minister during the cabinet's term, who left after a cabinet crisis. During the 1930s, a group of

348-584: A pillar, the CHU appealed to unaffiliated conservative Protestants. The party did own its own newspaper, De Nederlander . The CHU had a separate party organisation for women, Centrale van Christelijk Historische Vrouwengroepen . The electorate of the CHU has seen three decisive shifts, especially in its relation with the ARP, the other Protestant party. Although dates are given here, the changes were gradual Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (21 August 1801, Voorburg – 19 May 1876),

406-496: A revised edition of 1868; there were subsequent editions as well. In time he founded an intellectual Christian political circle among the upper classes, through which Groen tried to teach the political responsibility of such people. In an effort to reach the Dutch intellectuals, he founded the daily newspaper De Nederlander from 1850 until 1855. Later on 1896, he published the weekly Nederlandsche Gedachten (Dutch Thoughts/Reflections). He

464-482: A revival, the future would belong to socialism and communism, which on this view were but the most consistent sects of the new secular religion. To Groen, therefore, the political spectrum that presented itself to his generation offered no meaningful choice. "In terms of his analysis, the 'radical left' was composed of fanatical believers in the godless ideology ; the 'liberal centre,' by comparison, by warm believers who warned against excesses and preached moderation; while

522-512: A writer of history in the correspondence published after his death. At the first reception, in 1858, of Motley at the royal palace at the Hague, the king presented him with a copy of Groen's Archives as a token of appreciation and admiration of the work done by of William I, prince of Orange. This copy, bearing the king's autograph inscription, afterwards came into the possession of Sir William Vernon Harcourt , Motley's son-in-law. The translator of

580-649: Is best known as the editor of the Archives et correspondence de la maison d'Orange (12 vols, 1835-1845), which procured for him the title of the Dutch Gachard . John L. Motley acknowledges his indebtedness to Groen's Archives in the preface to his Rise of the Dutch Republic , at a time when the American historian had not yet made the acquaintance of King William's archivist. It also bore testimony to Groen's influence as

638-505: The 1959 election (in which the party lost one seat), the De Quay cabinet is formed by KVP, ARP, CHU and VVD. The CHU still supplied two ministers. After the 1963 elections , in which the CHU gained one seat, the cabinet continued. In 1965 this cabinet fell, and a new cabinet was formed, without the CHU and the VVD, but with the PvdA. This cabinet fell after one year. In the 1967 election campaign ,

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696-661: The Christian Democratic faction . The party had weak ties to many Protestant organisations, such as the Dutch Reformed Church , the Protestant broadcaster NCRV , the employers' organisation NCW , the trade union CNV and the Christian Farmers' Organisation. Together these organisations formed the Protestant pillar , over which the Anti-Revolutionary Party had far more control than the CHU. Rather than use

754-588: The Ruijs de Beerenbrouck cabinet was composed of the ARP, the CHU and the General League fell over the Dutch representation at the Holy See . This issue continued to divide the RKSP and the CHU and the ARP, as did the prohibition of traditional marches by Catholic churches and the role of government in the economy. The second Colijn cabinet fell because the RKSP wanted a more interventionist economic policy, but that cabinet

812-483: The Second World War , prominent CHU politicians wanted to end the pillarisation of Dutch politics. Some wanted to unite the CHU with the ARP, others, like Piet Lieftinck , joined the new social democratic Labour Party (PvdA). Between 1945 and 1948, the CHU was marginalised politically as the re-founded Catholic People's Party (KVP) rejected cooperation with the confessional parties in favour of cooperation with

870-531: The divinely-ordained cosmic-historic telos of evangelistic progress and the glorification of the Lordship of Christ ... ‘Revolution’ for Groen was ultimately a denial of the sovereignty of God in favor of the sovereignty of mankind, with the ‘revolutionary’ ideas of the Enlightenment being the fruits of a rationalist religion wrongly elevating man-made abstractions as truths supreme over

928-484: The revelation of God. This epistemic perspective shaped his political theory and engagement. Groen argued that the Revolution, not only as a historical-political phenomenon, but as a historical-philosophical development, amounted to an anti-Christian infringement upon the natural rights, established socio-political relationships, and justice system rooted in a divinely-ordained social order. Therefore

986-626: The suffrage . While Kuyper supported this, conservative parliamentarians led by Alexander de Savornin Lohman opposed it. After the 1894 election , they formed their own parliamentary group, mostly comprising members with an aristocratic background and who had not followed Kuyper in the Dutch Reformed Church split. When reunification turned out to be impossible, they formed the Free Anti Revolutionary Party (VAR) in 1897. Around

1044-451: The 'conservative right' embraced all those who lacked either the insight, the prudence, or the will to break with the modern tenets yet who recoiled from the consequences whenever the ideology was practised and implemented in any consistent way. None of the shades or 'nuances of secular liberalism represented a valid option for Christian citizens." Groen called for a rejection of the entire available spectrum of political positions, calling for

1102-626: The ARP worked together with Roman Catholics as the coalition , with the goal of equal funding for religious schools (the School struggle ). After the 1888 election and 1888 formation , this tactic resulted in the Mackay cabinet , comprising Anti-revolutionaries and Catholics. This cabinet managed to partially fund religious schools. Meanwhile, divisions emerged within the ARP, becoming increasingly clear over time. Many anti-revolutionary parliamentarians valued their independence from their electorate, leading to

1160-405: The ARP, CHU and KVP declared that they would continue to govern together. The CHU lost one seat but still supplied two ministers in the new KVP-ARP-CHU-VVD coalition De Jong cabinet . During this period the differences between the ARP and CHU became more pronounced, with the ARP becoming more progressive and the CHU remaining more conservative. In the 1971 election the party lost 3 seats. It joined

1218-597: The ARP, CHU and the Catholic RKSP won fifty seats. The CHU started to cooperate fully in the confessional coalition. They formed a cabinet led by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck . The CHU provided only one minister (De Visser became minister of Education, Arts and Sciences ) and two non-partisan sympathisers of the CHU were appointed. During the cabinet's term one CHU member, Dirk Jan de Geer and another CHU sympathiser were appointed as ministers, while

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1276-462: The Catholic paper De Volkskrant were the voices of the RKSP. The Limburg-based priest Wiel Nolens led the party since its foundation until his death in 1931. The former professor and minister Piet Aalberse succeeded Nolens. Other prominent figures were Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck , Prime Minister between 1918 and 1925, and again from 1929 and 1933, and the young Carl Romme , who would lead

1334-724: The Christian Historical Party merged with the Frisian League to found the Christian Historical Union. The two merges resulted in a party manifesto , which was a combination of the constitutional views of the VAR and religious views of the other two, although it would emphasize the broader Protestant character the CHP advocated. Under influence of the Frisian League, it became more of a testimonial party . Later in 1912, members of

1392-602: The Dutch king began lecturing on the spiritual-political crisis of the Continent. Groen also was ready to publish. He had begun to do so with his Overview of 1831, his Essay on Truth of 1834, a manuscript harder to date precisely but entitled Studies on the revolution , his Prolegomena of 1847 (the following year Karl Marx issued the Communist Manifesto ). Groen's most influential work Lectures on Unbelief and Revolution appeared in an initial edition in 1847, and then

1450-481: The Dutch political thought and influence of Groen, Harry Van Dyke, has summarized Groen's mature view in this way: "We are living in a condition of permanent revolution... revolutions are here to stay and will grow much worse in scope and intensity unless men can be persuaded to return to Christianity, to practise its precepts and to obey the Gospel in its full implications for human life and civilized society. Barring such

1508-536: The General League called itself RKSP informally. Instead of the loose league of caucuses with little party discipline , as the General League was, the RKSP became a real party, with stronger party discipline and organisation. In 1922 another Catholic party, the Roman Catholic People's Party , was founded by former members of the General League. It was oriented towards Catholic workers. The General League received little competition from this party, but accelerated

1566-530: The Holy See , (a symbolic motion to show their opposition to the Pope) which was supported by the CHU. In 1925, the left-liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and socialist Social Democratic Workers' Party supported this motion because they saw it as an opportunity to bring about the downfall of the cabinet and form a progressive coalition after the election. After lengthy formation talks an extra-parliamentary cabinet

1624-549: The KVP, ARP and CHU, under pressure of poor election results. In 1974, they founded a federation called the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the 1977 election , they campaigned together under the name of the CDA. The power of the CHU current within the CDA is relatively small. Although there are some prominent CDA politicians with a background in the CHU, the better organised KVP and ARP are far stronger currents within

1682-670: The Netherlands as the Réveil , the European Continental counterpart to the Second Great Awakening . He studied at Leiden University , and graduated in 1823 both as doctor of literature and LLD . From 1829 to 1833 he was a secretary to William II of the Netherlands . During this time he attended Brussels Protestant Church under pastor Merle d'Aubigné . After that, he took a prominent part in Dutch home politics, and becoming

1740-400: The PvdA. Some prominent progressive CHU-members left the CHU to join this new PvdA. It was kept out of the progressive Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet . In the 1946 elections , it kept its eight seats, which it also had before the war. The CHU was also kept out of the first Beel cabinet which also just consisted of the KVP and PvdA. After the 1948 election (in which the party won one seat), it

1798-547: The RKSP's process of party-formation. During the 1920s and the 1930s, the RKSP was the biggest party in the Netherlands, receiving a steady 30% percent of the vote at each election. During this entire period the party was in government, in coalition with the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and the Christian Historical Union (CHU), two Protestant parties. This coalition was called the Coalition . Despite its success,

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1856-579: The SDAP and the three confessional parties. De Geer, as a reliable, respected administrator, led this cabinet. During World War II , De Geer's position became less tenable, as he attempted to negotiate a peace with the Germans against the will of the government. When the Dutch government went into exile he was replaced by ARP-member Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy and the CHU provided one minister in these cabinets in exile. After

1914-585: The Second World War and befriended with the queen , was considered reasonably progressive on social issues (decolonisation of the Dutch Indies, women emancipation, housing, prison reforms, welfare), as was her colleague, the unionist, Henk Kikkert (welfare, housing). The party had a federal organisation with strong local branches and an independent parliamentary party, without party discipline . It has been classified as an elite party . The party published

1972-405: The VVD was replaced by the ARP, while the CHU retained two ministers. In the 1956 election , the party retained the same percentage of vote, but due to the expansion of parliament it gets 13 seats (out of 150). A new cabinet was formed with the same composition and the CHU retained its two ministers. In 1959 the cabinet fell prematurely. A caretaker cabinet was formed by ARP, KVP and CHU. After

2030-579: The anti-revolutionary or Christian-historical position entailed opposing this epistemic Revolution as a path doomed to social disaster and political tyranny." [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Chisholm, Hugh , ed. (1911). " Groen van Prinsterer, Guillaume ". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 611. Roman Catholic State Party The Roman Catholic State Party ( Dutch : Roomsch-Katholieke Staatspartij , RKSP)

2088-559: The case of the CPN, and the decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies in the case of the ARP. The CHU endorsed both these policies, creating considerable conflict internally. The CHU parliamentary group in the Senate voted for the independence of Indonesia. The CHU provided one minister, which was expanded to two after a 1951 cabinet crisis. After the 1952 election , a new cabinet was formed and

2146-488: The counterpart of the ARP : Generally the political course of the party can be seen as (soft) conservative and Christian democratic . It saw the government as the servant of God and emphasised the special role of the Netherlands, with its history of Protestantism. The CHU had relatively constant positions on several issues: Although most CHU members of parliament were conservatives, some others were more moderate and belonged to

2204-518: The formation of two distinct factions within the parliamentary group. The 1886 Dutch Reformed Church split , instigated by Kuyper, resulted in the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1892. Some viewed the collaboration with the Catholics as a betrayal of the nation's Protestant identity. The direct cause of a break was a proposal in 1892 by liberal minister Johannes Tak van Poortvliet to expand

2262-560: The leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party , both in the Second Chamber of parliament, of which he was a member for many years, and as a political writer. The doctrines of Guizot and Stahl influenced Groen. They permeate his controversial and political writings and historical studies, of which his Handbook of Dutch History (in Dutch ) and Maurice et Barnevelt (in French, 1875, a criticism of Motley 's Life of Van Olden-Barnevelt ) are

2320-614: The magazine "C.H. Nederlander" ("Christian Historical Dutchman"). Its youth organisation was the Christelijk-Historische Jongeren Organisatie (English: Christian Historical Youth Organisation Anti-Revolutionary Youth Studyclubs). Its scientific institute was the De Savornin Lohman foundation. Internationally, the CHU was a relatively isolated party. In the European Parliament , its members sat in

2378-479: The most important. Groen was ardently opposed to Thorbecke , whose principles he denounced as ungodly and revolutionary. Although Groen lived to see these principles triumph in the constitutional reforms implemented by Thorbecke, he never ceased to oppose them until his death in 1876. By the time the revolutionary movement in Europe had begun to break out in various cities, the monarchist and restorationist secretary to

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2436-615: The party was blocked from many political offices. Positions like the Vice-President of the Council of State and the President of the Senate and House of Representatives of the States General were all occupied by Protestants. The RKSP also supplied only one Prime Minister, Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck , between 1929 and 1933. The cooperation with the ARP and CHU was problematic. In 1925

2494-784: The party was in favour of the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies . The KVP had close links to many other Catholic institutions such as the Catholic Church and together they formed the Catholic pillar . These organisations included the Catholic Labour Union, the Catholic Employers Organisation, the Catholic Farmers' Organisation, Catholic Hospitals united in the Yellow-White Cross and Catholic Schools. The Catholic Broadcasting Association KRO and

2552-399: The party's younger members, including Piet Lieftinck began to develop support for state intervention in the economy and form a Christian basis for this intervention on basis of the work of the theologian Karl Barth . In the 1937 election the party lost two additional seats, leaving eight. The party continued to govern in an ARP-RKSP-CHU coalition. In 1939, a national cabinet was formed with

2610-453: The party. The CHU derived its name "Christian Historical Union" from its combination of conservatism, the orientation to that which has historically grown with Protestant Christianity . The label conservative was already taken by a parliamentary group of monarchists and colonialists , who fell from favour during the late 19th century. In its early years, the terms anti-revolutionary and Christian-historical were used interchangeably. With

2668-676: The same time, two other Reformed parties had been founded. In 1896, the Christian Historical Voters' League (CHP) was founded and in 1898 the Frisian League . Both rejected the secular state , emphasizing respectively the Protestant character and Dutch Reformed character of the nation. In 1903, the VAR merged with the Christian Historical Voters' League to form the Christian Historical Party . In 1908,

2726-511: The small National Historical Party also joined the CHU. Between 1908 and 1913, the CHU supported a minority confessional cabinet of ARP and the Catholic General League . In the 1909 election the party won 10 seats, two more than the CHP and Frisian League had won in 1905. In the 1913 election the party stayed stable. Between 1913 and 1918 the country was governed by an extra parliamentary cabinet formed by liberals. Its main goal

2784-594: The social wing of the party. The more socially oriented MP's were: Johan Reinhardt Snoeck Henkemans (1862–1945), Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (1869–1941), Frida Katz (1885–1963), Jouke Bakker (1873–1956), Piet Lieftinck (1902–1989), Henk Kikkert (1912–1988), Cor van Mastrigt (1909–1997), jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen (1901–1986), Arnold Tilanus (1910–1996), Coos Huijsen (*1939), Ernst van Eeghen (1920–2007), Wim Deetman (*1945) and Nellien de Ruiter (1926–2000). The highly popular Jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen, long-time member of parliament after

2842-420: The split between the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the CHU the terms began to gain their own separate meanings. Furthermore, the party styled itself a loose union of individual MPs and municipal caucuses and therefore used the term Union instead of party. The CHU lacked a coherent political ideology as it was formed by politicians who emphasised their own independent position. Furthermore, many times it served as

2900-491: The two CHU-sympathisers stepped down. In the 1922 election , the party won four seats. The cabinet of Ruys de Beerenbrouck continued to govern; the CHU supplied two ministers and one non-partisan CHU-sympathiser is appointed. During the term one CHU minister, minister of finance De Geer, stepped down, after the budget of the ministry of the Navy had been rejected. In the 1925 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. A party which

2958-466: Was Rerum novarum of 1891. In this Pope Leo XIII called for stronger government interference in the economy, while denouncing socialism . The RKSP wanted strong government control over public morality: divorce should be limited, the Sunday's rest was to be kept, cinemas and theatres should be kept under tight government control, alcohol addiction should be combated. The party was a staunch proponent of

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3016-614: Was a Catholic Christian democratic political party in the Netherlands . The party was founded in 1926 as a continuation of the General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations . During its entire existence, the party was in government. In 1945 the party became the Catholic People's Party (KVP). The RKSP was founded 3 June 1926, as the continuation of the General League of Roman Catholic Electoral Associations . Since 1918,

3074-405: Was a Dutch politician and historian. Groen's father, Petrus Jacobus Groen van Prinsterer, was a physician, and at adult age operated in aristocratic circles . He was a member of the Dutch Reformed Church , the state church of the Netherlands and of its Royal Family , although he deemed it to be in a poor condition. He was influenced by a then leading evangelical renewal movement known in

3132-457: Was closely related to the CHU, the HGS , an orthodox version of the CHU, also won one seat. Another RKSP-ARP-CHU cabinet was formed, now led by Hendrikus Colijn ; the CHU supplied two ministers. In 1925, the cabinet fell prematurely because of a motion supported by the CHU parliamentary party. Each year the anti-Papist Reformed Political Party would propose a motion to remove the Dutch representative at

3190-425: Was formed, led by De Geer of the CHU, with one other CHU member appointed and one further CHU member joining during the cabinet's lifetime. De Geer was chosen because he was a reliable administrator and a less divisive figure. In the 1929 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. It cooperated in a new coalition cabinet led by Ruys de Beerenbrouck, supplying two ministers, with one CHU-sympathiser also serving as

3248-473: Was invited to join the cabinet again. It joined the broad basis cabinet Drees–Van Schaik cabinet which combined the KVP, PvdA, CHU and the conservative liberal VVD, that is every major party except for the Communist Party of the Netherlands and the Anti-Revolutionary Party . These parties were excluded because they opposed the major reforms the cabinets were implementing, including the welfare state , in

3306-420: Was restored. In 1939, however, the fourth Colijn cabinet fell again on economic policy. In 1939, a coalition of RKSP, CHU, Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB) and Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP) ended more than 20 years of Coalition government. After World War II , the RKSP was replaced by the Catholic People's Party . The RKSP based on biblical norms and Catholic dogma . An important encyclical

3364-399: Was to implement a constitutional reform combining both male universal suffrage and equal payment for religious schools. At the end of the cabinets term, two CHU ministers joined the cabinet, as they were relatively neutral politicians. In the 1918 elections , in which male universal suffrage and proportional representation were used for the first time, the party lost three seats. Together

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