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43-589: The first mention of settlements in the region dates back to the 10th century. The ancient city of Cükätaw is also mentioned as having been located there. The area is also known for hosting the Union of Soviet Writers after their evacuation during the Great Patriotic War . Such famous Soviet authors as Boris Pasternak , Leonid Leonov , Alexander Fadeev lived in Chistopol for several years. The Chistopolsky district

86-522: A county town was due to its geographical position on the Kama river. At the beginning of the 20th century the city had become a major center of grain trade . The Chistopol district was formed as an independent entity on August 10, 1930. At that time the district included 19 volosts. In 1942, Chistopol was subordinated to the Tatar A.S.S.R and the district became a site for the evacuation of large Moscow factories during

129-499: A further 61 settlements within them. The main administrative center of the district is the city of Chistopol. Chistopol is a monotown (company town). The main town-forming enterprise is the Vostok watch factory which remained in the city after its military evacuation from Moscow in the 1940s. In wartime, the plant carried out defense orders. After the end of the war it switched to consumer products which continue to be regularly supplied to

172-489: A no longer needed enterprise. Monotown residents proved to be hesitant to move away on their own and seek work elsewhere as well, mostly because the state housing distribution system was almost dead at the time, and the very low market value of their real estate didn't let them count on minimally comfortable apartments in any other developed town (the agricultural sector was and is even more economically depressed in most regions of Russia, making countryside largely unattractive for

215-440: A population of 700,000. It is home to the large AvtoVAZ factory, which in late 2008 employed 106,000 people. AvtoVAZ is Russia's largest carmaker, accounting for 1% of the country's GDP. As of 2014, AvtoVAZ is owned by Nissan-Renault, which uses even harsher workforce policies than the previous owner. However, the situation is somewhat helped by widespread small-scale car parts producers and other small car-oriented enterprises in

258-465: A total land area of 1823 km². The region possesses reserves of oil , coal and other mineral resources. The main colors making up the field of the coat of arms are blue and green with a narrow silver belt passing horizontally through its center. Superimposed on them is a gold grain measure with the Russian state eagle . The coat of arms symbolizes the economic, natural and historical characteristics of

301-527: Is 14 buildings. The Ak Bars Poultry Complex in the district raises various European hybrid breeds of broiler chickens, after which they are shipped to a second stage of production in Pestretsy . Companies such as "Krasny Vostok Argo", "Khuzangaevskoe" and "Volga-Select" grow crops commercially in the district. In 2020, the Chistopolskaya agricultural company harvested 39.1 thousand tons of grain helping to bring

344-505: Is dominated by a single industry or company . This means that most employment (except for service to residents like schools and shops) is by the main company. The term monotown is especially often used in Russia, where the Soviet planned economy created hundreds of monotowns in supposedly rational locations, often in geographically inhospitable areas. The situation in many of Russia's monotowns

387-433: Is highly problematic: they are entirely dependent on the competitiveness of a single company or factory, very inflexible and based on Soviet-era economics and technologies. Most monotowns were built essentially as residential extensions of particular enterprises (so called "city-forming enterprises"), their population being either engaged in the city-forming enterprise's manufacturing process or providing various services to

430-462: Is largely associated with the former Minister of Construction of the republic, Marat Khusnullin who controlled half of the city's largest enterprises. After Khusnullin moved to Moscow, most of these enterprises had fallen into bankruptcy. From 2000 to 2010, the Chistopol district was headed by Vyacheslav Kozlov who was later replaced by Ildus Akhmetzyanov. Since October 2015, the head of the municipal district has been Dmitry Alekseevich Ivanov. As of

473-529: Is not and cannot be a literature which is not class literature, not tendentious, allegedly non-political. After the end of the Soviet Union , the Union of Soviet Writers was divided into separate organizations for each of the post-Soviet states . The Russian section was transformed into the Union of Russian Writers . The post of chairman of the Union of Writers has been held by: From January 1946 to December 1990

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516-525: Is primarily an agricultural district. In 2017, the administrative center received its designation as one of the "Territories of advanced social and economic development" or TASED in the republic. The Chistopolsky district is located in the center of Tatarstan on the left bank of the Kama river. It borders the Alekseevsky district , Rybno-Slobodsky , Mamadyshsky , Nizhnekamsky , Novosheshminsky and Aksubaevsky districts of Tatarstan. The district encompasses

559-618: The Central Committee of the Communist Party (1932) after disbanding a number of other writers' organizations, including Proletkult and the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers . The aim of the Union was to achieve party and state control in the field of literature. For professional writers, membership of the Union became effectively obligatory, and non-members had much more limited opportunities for publication. The result

602-515: The Mongol invasion in the 13th century, Cükätaw became the capital of an independent principality. The local population of Cükätaw were mostly engaged in the pottery trade and blacksmithing. On the other side of the Kama were settlements of Novgorodians . The neighbors constantly engaged in skirmishes and in 1391 the Novgorodians plundered Cükätaw. In 1431, Prince Fyodor Motley inflicted a final blow upon

645-484: The battle of Moscow as well as allied and Soviet writers who were resettled here. Among the evacuated factories was the popular Vostok watch enterprise that would make Chistopol famous all over the world. On July 16, 1958, most of the abolished Kyzyl-Army region of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was incorporated into the region. The development of the district in the 2000s

688-533: The late-2000s recession , leading to mass unemployment in the cities. Having no other hope, people have only one option - to protest. In one high-profile incident, in 2009 some 300 residents of the north-western town of Pikalyovo blocked a major highway to protest against large delays in the payments of wages. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin traveled to the city and ordered the owner of the city's dominant company BasEl Cement Pikalyovo , Oleg Deripaska to pay over 41 million rubles ($ 1.3 million) of wage arrears to

731-522: The Chistopol Park. Jin Feng intended to establish production facilities on 6 hectares, having invested 80 million rubles into the project. In December 2017, Prime Minister of Russia Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree on the creation of a TASED in Chistopol. Investment projects of this program have been implemented since 2018. In two years, more than 500 jobs were created with the help of TASED residents. As for

774-455: The Development of Monotowns was established in 2014, to invest in infrastructure and promote economic diversification. The monotown list is divided into categories, depending on the socioeconomic situation. Monotowns are not necessarily economically stagnant: Norilsk has an above average employment rate, as well as relatively high salaries. Russia's largest monotown is Tolyatti , which has

817-747: The Kileva River (near the village of Krutaya Gora) after the firm was ordered to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the river. The region has 43 houses of culture, 40 libraries and three museums. In 1980 the museum of Boris Pasternak was opened in the apartment he resided in during the Great Patriotic War. The museum exhibition includes some of the poet's personal belongings and his work desk. During his time in Chistopol Pasternak started working on his famous novel Doctor Zhivago . Starting in 2013, local authorities began to seriously prioritize

860-506: The Samara region (the proceeds from this project remain in the local budget). Union of Soviet Writers The Union of Soviet Writers , USSR Union of Writers , or Soviet Union of Writers ( Russian : Союз писателей СССР , romanized :  Soyuz pisatelei SSSR ) was a creative union of professional writers in the Soviet Union . It was founded in 1934 on the initiative of

903-449: The Union published a journal titled Soviet Literature Monthly . The title was later shortened to Soviet Literature . The journal published translations of Soviet literature. It was issued in English, French, German, Spanish, Hungarian, Polish, Czech, and Slovak editions. Monotown A monotown (a calque from Russian моногород , monogorod ) is a city/town whose economy

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946-501: The city's residents. The sum was paid out and the situation in the city calmed down, but questions remained about the long-term viability of the Pikalyovo plants. As of 2018, the official list of Russian monotowns includes 319 populated places. Towns can be removed from the list, if the local economies are deemed to have become sufficiently diversified. In late 2017, 14 million Russians lived in officially designated monotowns. A Fund for

989-428: The district. The federal budget allocated 592 million rubles and 41.5 million rubles were contributed from the regional budget for the creation of the Chistopol industrial park. The residents of the park were exempted from land taxes and land leases for the periods of construction and reaching of design capacity (up to 7 years), while property tax was reduced to 0.1% (instead of 2.2%), and the income tax paid by residents

1032-514: The enterprise is about 600, a number which constitutes a full 1% of the population of Chistopol. Local farmers cultivate wheat, winter rye, barley, oats, and peas. The main livestock industries in the district are meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig and poultry farming, sheep breeding and fur farming. In 2020, the Ak Bars Holding bought out the Chistopol egg factory in order to re-equip it for meat production. The declared capacity of this facility

1075-488: The first quarter of 2020, the TASED in the district had 16 residents and attracted an annual volume of investment amounting to 650 million rubles. As of the beginning of 2020, the Chistopol region was serviced by 171.5 km of regional and intermunicipal highways. A section of the federal highway R-239 " Kazan - Orenburg " and a section of the highway " Europe - Western China " is under construction are planned to pass through

1118-501: The foreign market. In 2010, the plant went bankrupt, but in only three years its founders were able to successfully reorganize the company. The company currently employs about 450 workers and had a revenue of 756 million rubles in 2016. Another large regional enterprise is the Betar company, a manufacturer of energy metering devices. According to published data from 2016, Betar's revenue amounted to 2.2 billion rubles. The number of employees at

1161-490: The former group. The core workforce in monotowns was largely formed by the centralized workforce distribution system (people being assigned to an enterprise for a certain number of years after completing the education - which essentially replaced tuition payment, or transferred from other enterprises) rather than by spontaneous migration processes, as it was the case in less specialized towns. Combined, these factors led to narrow and inflexible economies and an immobile workforce, by

1204-479: The opening address to the first Soviet Writers' Congress in August 1934, stating the "tendentious" purpose of literature as forming Marxist ideology in the minds of Soviets and illustrating the centrality of ideologically-pure literature to the Soviet and Stalinist project: Our Soviet literature is not afraid of the charge of being "tendentious". Yes, Soviet literature is tendentious, for in an epoch of class struggle there

1247-438: The populations of monotowns, referring to such practice as being "economically inefficient" - however, the government's attempt to delegate the responsibility of providing social services from the companies to the newly created local municipalities was mostly a failure, as they lacked resources to complete the transformation. That led to a radical decrease in quality of life in monotowns, which enjoyed higher-than-average wealth for

1290-417: The preservation of cultural heritage sites and historical monuments. Particular attention in this regard has focused on the city center of Chistopol. The region is actively developing as a tourist destination. The administrative center is included on the itinerary of the program "One thousand and one pleasures for the weekend", developed as part of a joint project for the exchange of tourists from Tatarstan and

1333-488: The region into 13th place in the ranking of regions of the Republic of Tatarstan in terms of harvest yield. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic provides grants to small and medium-sized businesses in the agricultural sector, for example, for vegetable farming or the growing forage crops. In 2011, local authorities initiated the creation of the Chistopol industrial park which encompasses 292 hectares of land in

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1376-646: The region, which are providing many additional workplaces. Dalnegorsk , located in the Russian Far East , is a monotown with a population of nearly 40,000 people. The town's economy is completely dominated by two mining and metallurgy companies: JSC Bor and JSC Dalpolimetal , both subsidiaries of OOO UK Russian mining company (RGRK). They produce zinc and lead concentrates as well as boric acid colemanite. The Soviet planned economy aimed to establish industrial facilities in rational locations, based on military, political, bureaucratic and economic criteria. The goal

1419-470: The region. Green refers to spring, health, nature and fertility. Silver symbolizes small rivers that are prominent in the region. The Kama River is represented by the upper azure section of the flag and arms, symbolizing lofty aspirations, honor, glory, devotion and immortality. The region is famous for the old city of Cükätaw which existed in the 10th century during the time of the Volga Bulgaria . After

1462-412: The settlement and the entire population of the city gradually left for Kazan. The lands on the banks of the Kama remained empty until the 17th century. The village of Chistoe Pole was formed in the 17th century. Later Chistoe Pole formed the basis of current day Chistopol. According to one version, the name "Chistoe Pole" comes from the fact that the settlement was founded by fugitive peasants, but soon it

1505-409: The standards of the market economy newly introduced into the country in the late 1980s or early 1990s. By the time the city-forming enterprises were privatized and/or liquidated, the workforce management system had already ceased to exist, so the leftover workforce could not be transferred to other regions retaining the living conditions, as it was done during the Soviet era following the liquidation of

1548-460: The territory of the district. There are no railways in the district. Several tributaries of the Kama flow through the territory of Chistopol (the Rzhavets, Bernyazhka and Kilevka). The district regularly hosts volunteers to clean up garbage from its riverbanks. In 2019, action taken by the authorities against the local company Chistopol-Vodokanal was responsible for a change in the color of the water in

1591-501: The town-dwellers). According to a Russian government study conducted in 1999–2000, there were 467 cities and 332 smaller towns in Russia which could be classified as monotowns. The combined population of these towns was 25 million, or a sixth of the country's total population. The 900 monotown enterprises—most of them involved in heavy industries such as manufacturing, fuels, timber, pulp and metallurgy—accounted for more than 30% of industrial production. The monotowns suffered greatly in

1634-441: The year 2020, 75,675 people were registered in the district, 77.82% of which resided in urban settlements. The ethnic composition of the region according to the 2010 census is composed of Tatars and Russians who make up 40.1% and 55.4% of the population respectively, with the remaining 4.5% being made up by representatives of other nationalities. In the Chistopol municipal district there are 1 urban and 23 rural settlements comprising

1677-490: Was also reduced to 13.5% (from 20%). The first resident of the park was Delrus, a medical equipment manufacturing company. At the first stage of construction, about 60 million rubles were invested in the project. The total volume of investment, taking into account the opening of the second stage, amounted to about 700 million rubles. In 2018, the Chinese meat processing enterprise Jing Feng announced an international partnership with

1720-462: Was burned down. The revived village was named after the wasteland. By decree of Peter the Great , the territory around the village began to be actively built up. The villages of Buldyr, Sarsazy, Elantovo, Tolkish were built thanks to peasants from the inner provinces that were resettled there. In 1781, Chistye Pole was given the status of a uezd, as well as assuming its modern name. The choice of Chistopol as

1763-503: Was more profitable to sell the property of an enterprise than to keep it functioning) or due to uncompetitiveness, caused by the shrinkage of the home market outside the consumer goods sector, unrestricted import of low-cost industrial wares from China, Turkey or other countries and the lack of long-term investments by the private owners, who were for the most part interested in quick money rather than development or modernization. Private owners also mostly refused to provide social services to

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1806-410: Was that exclusion from the Union meant a virtual ban on publication. However, the history of the Union of Writers also saw cases of voluntary self-exclusion from its cadre. Thus, Vasily Aksyonov , Semyon Lipkin , and Inna Lisnyanskaya left the Union of Writers in a show of solidarity after the exclusion of Viktor Yerofeyev and Yevgeny Popov in punishment for self-publishing. Andrei Zhdanov gave

1849-408: Was to maximise regional specialisation. The dominant enterprise was responsible not only for production, but for providing social services to the population, such as housing, child care, etc. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , most of the monotowns' dominant enterprises were privatised, and consequently many of them had gone bankrupt by the end of the 1990s, either deliberately (usually it

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