1822–1824
79-488: Greek civil wars of 1824–1825 Egyptian intervention (1825–1826) Great powers intervention (1827–1829) The Chios massacre ( Greek : Η σφαγή της Χίου , pronounced [i sfaˈʝi tis ˈçi.u] ) was a catastrophe that resulted in the death, enslavement , and flight of about four-fifths of the total population of Greeks on the island of Chios by Ottoman troops during the Greek War of Independence in 1822. It
158-513: A background of smoke. Although the French government bought the painting, by 1832 officials deemed its glorification of liberty too inflammatory and removed it from public view. Nonetheless, Delacroix still received many government commissions for murals and ceiling paintings. Following the Revolution of 1848 that saw the end of the reign of King Louis Philippe, Delacroix' painting, Liberty Leading
237-762: A clause forbidding any representation of his features, "whether by a death-mask or by drawing or by photography. I forbid it, expressly." On 13 August, Delacroix died, with Jenny by his side. He was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. His house, formerly situated along the canal of the Marne , is now near the exit of the motorway leading from Paris to central Germany. At the sale of his work in 1864, 9140 works were attributed to Delacroix, including 853 paintings, 1525 pastels and water colours, 6629 drawings, 109 lithographs, and over 60 sketch books. The number and quality of
316-466: A diplomatic mission to Morocco shortly after the French conquered Algeria . He went not primarily to study art, but to escape from the civilization of Paris, in hopes of seeing a more "primitive" culture. He eventually produced over 100 paintings and drawings of scenes from or based on the life of the people of North Africa, and added a new and personal chapter to the interest in Orientalism . Delacroix
395-498: A monument to the people of Missolonghi and to the idea of freedom against tyrannical rule. This event interested Delacroix not only for his sympathies with the Greeks, but also because the poet Byron , whom Delacroix greatly admired, had died there. A trip to England in 1825 included visits to Thomas Lawrence and Richard Parkes Bonington , and the colour and handling of English painting provided impetus for his only full-length portrait,
474-574: A restraint of palette appropriate to the allegory, Greece Expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi displays a woman in Greek costume with her breast bared, arms half-raised in an imploring gesture before the horrible scene: the suicide of the Greeks, who chose to kill themselves and destroy their city rather than surrender to the Turks. A hand is seen at the bottom, the body having been crushed by rubble. The painting serves as
553-464: A retrospective exhibition of 248 paintings and lithographs by Delacroix—and ceased to mount any further exhibitions. The winter of 1862–63 was extremely rough for Delacroix; he was suffering from a bad throat infection that seemed to get worse over the course of the season. On a trip to Champrosay, he met a friend on the train and became exhausted after having a conversation. On 1 June he returned to Paris to see his doctor. Two weeks later, on 16 June, he
632-454: A second executive, supported by the islanders, the Roumeliotes, some Achaean notables— Andreas Zaimis and Andreas Londos were the most prominent—and others, such as Papaflessas, was formed at Kranidi with Kountouriotis as president. Actual fighting started in early March 1824, when the government asked Panos Kolokotronis to surrender Nafplion. Panos Kolokotronis refused and
711-520: A small cottage in Champrosay , where he found respite in the countryside. From 1834 until his death, he was faithfully cared for by his housekeeper, Jeanne-Marie le Guillou, who zealously guarded his privacy, and whose devotion prolonged his life and his ability to continue working in his later years. In 1862 Delacroix participated in the creation of the Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts . His friend,
790-655: A strong interest in Christianity. He had many commissions for religious paintings, including pieces for the Saints-Anges chapel of Saint-Sulpice in Paris. His religious paintings and style would shift drastically depending on the needs of the commission. Some of his religious works, such as Christ On the Sea of Galilee , had multiple painted versions. Delacroix's Pietà, a painting of the Virgin Mary mourning Christ after his death,
869-519: Is a familiar pose in Romantic imagery in this period in Europe. The painting, which was not exhibited again for many years afterward, has been regarded by some critics as a gruesome fantasy involving death and lust. Especially shocking is the struggle of a nude woman whose throat is about to be cut, a scene placed prominently in the foreground for maximum impact. However, the sensuous beauty and exotic colours of
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#1732845329558948-452: Is estimated that up to 100,000 people were killed or enslaved during the massacre, while up to 20,000 escaped as refugees. Greeks from neighboring islands had arrived on Chios and encouraged the Chiotes (the native inhabitants of the island) to join their revolt. In response, Ottoman troops landed on the island and killed thousands. The massacre of Christians provoked international outrage across
1027-521: Is only 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) from the Anatolian mainland. In March 1822, as the Greek revolt gathered strength on the mainland, several hundred armed Greeks from the neighbouring island of Samos landed in Chios. They attacked the Turks, who retreated to the citadel . Many islanders also decided to join the revolution. However, the vast majority of the population had by all accounts done nothing to provoke
1106-508: The Chian diaspora . Some young Greeks enslaved during the massacre were adopted by wealthy Ottomans and converted to Islam. Some rose to levels of prominence in the Ottoman Empire, such as Georgios Stravelakis (later renamed Mustapha Khaznadar ) and Ibrahim Edhem Pasha . There was outrage when the events were reported in Europe and French painter Eugène Delacroix created a painting depicting
1185-609: The Greek War of Independence . The conflict had both political and regional dimensions, as it pitted the Roumeliotes , who lived in mainland Greece, and shipowners from the Islands, primarily Hydra island, against the Peloponnesians or Moreotes . It divided the nation, and seriously weakened the military preparedness of the Greek forces in the face of the oncoming Egyptian intervention in
1264-572: The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 shows dying Greek civilians rounded up for enslavement by the Ottoman Empire . This is one of several paintings he made of contemporary events, expressing the official policy for the Greek cause in Greek War of Independence against the Turks, the English, the Russians, and the French governments. Delacroix was quickly recognized by the authorities as a leading painter in
1343-564: The Sunday of the Paralytic each year. After the Chios massacre, the Greek revolutionary government managed to gather a significant amount of money in order to outfit its ships and attack the Ottoman fleet. At the end of May, the Greek captains from Psara and Hydra decided to burn the Ottoman flagship , the 84-gun ship of the line Mansur al-liwa , by using fire ships . The operation took place on
1422-640: The Western world and led to increasing support for the Greek cause worldwide. For over 2,000 years, merchants and shipowners from Chios had been prominent in trade and diplomacy throughout the Black Sea , the Aegean , and the Mediterranean . The Ottoman Empire allowed Chios almost complete control over its own affairs as Chioten trade and the very highly valued mastic plant , harvested only on Chios, were of great value to
1501-563: The first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of no significance. Military leaders and representative of Filiki Eteria were marginalized, but gradually Kolokotronis' political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with
1580-464: The "pastoral" works of Beethoven, that Delacroix was able to draw the most emotion and inspiration. At one point during his life, Delacroix befriended and made portraits of the composer Chopin; in his journal, Delacroix praised him frequently. In 1838 Delacroix exhibited Medea about to Kill Her Children , which created a sensation at the Salon. His first large-scale treatment of a scene from Greek mythology,
1659-596: The Angel ", "Saint Michael Slaying the Dragon", and "The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple". These commissions offered him the opportunity to compose on a large scale in an architectural setting, much as had those masters he admired, Paolo Veronese , Tintoretto , and Rubens. The work was fatiguing, and during these years he suffered from an increasingly fragile constitution. In addition to his home in Paris, from 1844 he also lived at
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#17328453295581738-702: The French House of Commons. His legitimate father, Charles Delacroix, died in 1805, and his mother in 1814, leaving 16-year-old Eugène an orphan. His early education was at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand , and at the Lycée Pierre Corneille in Rouen where he steeped himself in the classics and won awards for drawing. In 1815 he began his training with Pierre-Narcisse Guérin in the neoclassical style of Jacques-Louis David . An early church commission, The Virgin of
1817-605: The Greek War of Independence the ship gave no assistance and proceeded on her way. Approximately four-fifths of the total population of 100,000 to 120,000 prior of the catastrophe, were killed, enslaved, or had to take refuge outside of Chios; it is estimated that up to 100,000 were killed or enslaved. At least 25,000 were killed, 45,000 enslaved, and 10,000 to 20,000 fled. Estimates of the number of those slaughtered ran upward of 50,000, with an equal number enslaved. Tens of thousands of survivors dispersed throughout Europe and became part of
1896-588: The Harvest (1819), displays a Raphael -esque influence, but another such commission, The Virgin of the Sacred Heart (1821), evidences a freer interpretation. It precedes the influence of the more colourful and rich style of the Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens , and fellow French artist Théodore Géricault , whose works marked an introduction to Romanticism in art. The impact of Géricault's The Raft of
1975-585: The Luxembourg, where it would have joined The Barque of Dante and Scenes from the Massacres of Chios . From 1833 on Delacroix received numerous commissions to decorate public buildings in Paris. In that year he began work for the Salon du Roi in the Chambre des Députés, Palais Bourbon , which was not completed until 1837, and began a lifelong friendship with the female artist Marie-Élisabeth Blavot-Boulanger . For
2054-789: The Medusa was profound, and stimulated Delacroix to produce his first major painting, The Barque of Dante , which was accepted by the Paris Salon in 1822. The work caused a sensation, and was largely derided by the public and officialdom, yet was purchased by the State for the Luxembourg Galleries ; the pattern of widespread opposition to his work, countered by a vigorous, enlightened support, would continue throughout his life. Two years later he again achieved popular success for his The Massacre at Chios . Delacroix's painting of Chios Massacre during
2133-643: The Ottomans. The cosmopolitan Chiotes were also very prominent in Constantinople . Following the massacre , however, the island never regained its commercial prominence. The island's ruling classes were reluctant to join the Greek revolt , fearing the loss of their security and prosperity. Furthermore, they were aware that they were situated far too close to the Turkish heartland in Anatolia to be safe. At some points, Chios
2212-622: The Palais de Justice in Rouen and Westminster Hall , the drama plays out in chiaroscuro, organized around a brilliantly lit stretch of tablecloth. In 1855, a critic described the painting's vibrant handling as "Less finished than a painting, more finished than a sketch, The Murder of the Bishop of Liège was left by the painter at that supreme moment when one more stroke of the brush would have ruined everything". Delacroix's most influential work came in 1830 with
2291-539: The Peloponnesians were undecided about their further moves, the government regrouped its armies, which now consisted mainly of Roumeliotes and Souliots , several of whom previously served the Peloponnesians. The plan of the government was implemented by Kolettis, who ordered two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliots to invade the Peloponnese. On 23 November, the first of these bodies under Gouras occupied Corinth and raided
2370-741: The People , was finally put on display by the newly elected president, Louis Napoleon ( Napoleon III ). It is exhibited in the Louvre museum in Paris; although from December 2012 until 2014 it was on exhibit at Louvre-Lens in Lens, Pas-de-Calais . The boy holding a pistol aloft on the right is sometimes thought to be an inspiration for the Gavroche character in Victor Hugo 's 1862 novel, Les Misérables . Delacroix painted hundreds of religious works in his lifetime and had
2449-704: The Senate. Partial victory of the military leaders [REDACTED] First Hellenic Republic The provisional government decided that the National Assembly would take place in Nafplio (taken meanwhile in the end of December 1822), and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused, and proposed that the Assembly take place in Nafplion, while the city remained under his control. His stance divided his supporters and weakened him politically. Most of
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2528-417: The artistry of Michelangelo. But, throughout his life, he felt a constant need for music, saying in 1855 that "nothing can be compared with the emotion caused by music; that it expresses incomparable shades of feeling." He also said, while working at Saint-Sulpice, that music put him in a state of "exaltation" that inspired his painting. It was often from music, whether the most melancholy renditions of Chopin or
2607-595: The captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate, which was not dissolved by the National Assembly. The Senate actually governed Peloponnese, while the central government was too weak to exercise its power. Seeing the impasse and the growing power of the Peloponnesian captains, Mavrokordatos and the Hydriots proposed the dissolution of the Senate and its incorporation into the National Assembly. Mavromichalis accepted
2686-458: The classical models of Greek and Roman art, but to travel in North Africa, in search of the exotic. Friend and spiritual heir to Théodore Géricault , Delacroix was also inspired by Lord Byron , with whom he shared a strong identification with the "forces of the sublime ", of nature in often violent action. However, Delacroix was given to neither sentimentality nor bombast, and his Romanticism
2765-585: The composition make the picture appear pleasing and shocking at the same time. A variety of Romantic interests were again synthesized in The Murder of the Bishop of Liège (1829). It also borrowed from a literary source, this time Scott, and depicts a scene from the Middle Ages , that of the murder of Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège amidst an orgy sponsored by his captor, William de la Marck . Set in an immense vaulted interior which Delacroix based on sketches of
2844-590: The conflict. By the end of March 1821, Peloponnese was in open revolt against the Ottoman Empire and by October 1821 the Greeks under Theodoros Kolokotronis had already captured Kalamata and Tripolitsa . After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks' local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras. With
2923-604: The creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an Areopagus in the east, and a Senate in the west. The three local statutes were recognized by the First National Assembly , but were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly . The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821, consisted almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly composed
3002-502: The death of the Assyrian king Sardanapalus shows an emotionally stirring scene alive with colours, exotic costumes and tragic events. The Death of Sardanapalus depicts the besieged king watching impassively as guards carry out his orders to kill his servants, concubines and animals. The literary source is a play by Byron, although the play does not specifically mention any massacre of concubines. Sardanapalus' attitude of calm detachment
3081-400: The drawings, whether done for constructive purposes or to capture a spontaneous movement, underscored his explanation, "Colour always occupies me, but drawing preoccupies me." Delacroix produced several fine self-portraits , and a number of memorable portraits which seem to have been done purely for pleasure, among which were the portrait of fellow artist Baron Schwiter, an inspired small oil of
3160-739: The elegant Portrait of Louis-Auguste Schwiter (1826–30). At roughly the same time, Delacroix was creating romantic works of numerous themes, many of which would continue to interest him for over thirty years. By 1825, he was producing lithographs illustrating Shakespeare, and soon thereafter lithographs and paintings from Goethe's Faust . Paintings such as The Combat of the Giaour and Hassan (1826), and Woman with Parrot (1827), introduced subjects of violence and sensuality which would prove to be recurrent. These various romantic strands came together in The Death of Sardanapalus (1827–28). Delacroix's painting of
3239-407: The end of his life. Animals—the embodiment of romantic passion—were incorporated into paintings such as Arab Horses Fighting in a Stable (1860), The Lion Hunt (of which there exist many versions, painted between 1856 and 1861), and Arab Saddling his Horse (1855). Delacroix drew inspiration from many sources over his career, such as the literary works of William Shakespeare and Lord Byron, and
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3318-490: The events that occurred; his painting was named Scenes from the Massacres of Chios . Thomas Barker of Bath painted a fresco of the massacre on the walls of Doric House, Bath, Somerset . A draft of this painting, created under the supervision of Delacroix in his lab by one of his students, is in display in the Athens War Museum . In 2009, a copy of the painting was displayed in the local Byzantine museum on Chios. It
3397-406: The executive body when they were excluded from most government posts after the elections of 3 October 1824. Prominent persons from both sides proposed negotiations and the convening of a new National Assembly, but most members of the executive (especially Papaflessas and Ioannis Kolettis ) wished the complete subjugation of the Peloponnesians. The military conflict resumed when Kolokotronis roused
3476-401: The government decided to besiege the city. On 22 March 1824, the forces of the new executive besieged Tripolitsa, and after two weeks of fighting an agreement was reached between Kolokotronis, from the one side, and Londos and Zaimis, from the other. The old executive was finally dissolved, and Kolokotronis fled the city. On 22 May the first phase of the civil war officially ended. Most members of
3555-567: The initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected on May 26 a Senate. Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes , the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece. The statutes provided for
3634-434: The intensification of the mistrust of the government towards the two Achaean notables, who were still allies of the central administration. Victory of the government During this period the two first instalments of the English loan had arrived, an event which strengthened the position of the government; but the infighting was not yet over. Zaimis and the other Peloponnesians who supported Kountouriotis came into conflict with
3713-591: The members of the Peloponnesian Senate obeyed the decisions of the government, and the captains were forced to negotiate their participation in the Assembly. Finally, the Second National Assembly was gathered in March 1823 in Astros . Central governance was strengthened at the expense of regional bodies, a new constitution was voted, and new members were elected for the executive and legislative bodies. Trying to coax
3792-406: The military leaders, the central administration proposed to Kolokotronis to participate in the executive body as vice-president. Kolokotronis accepted, but his actions caused a serious crisis when he prevented Mavrokordatos, who had been elected president of the legislative body, from assuming his position. His attitude towards Mavrokordatos caused the rage of the members of the legislative body, which
3871-604: The new Romantic style, and the picture was bought by the state. His depiction of suffering was controversial, however, as there was no glorious event taking place, no patriots raising their swords in valour as in David's Oath of the Horatii , only a disaster. Many critics deplored the painting's despairing tone; the artist Antoine-Jean Gros called it "a massacre of art". The pathos in the depiction of an infant clutching its dead mother had an especially powerful effect, although this detail
3950-410: The new executive however wanted a complete victory over their opponents, and were thus displeased by the moderate terms of the agreement that Londos and Zaimis brokered. Kolokotronis and Mavromichalis retreated, but they intended to regroup their forces and launch a new offensive. Additionally, Panos Kolokotronis agreed to surrender Nafplion only to Londos and Zaimis, an arrangement which again resulted in
4029-438: The next ten years he painted in both the Library at the Palais Bourbon and the Library at the Palais du Luxembourg. In 1843 he decorated the Church of St. Denis du Saint Sacrement with a large Pietà , and from 1848 to 1850 he painted the ceiling in the Galerie d'Apollon of the Louvre . From 1857 to 1861 he worked on frescoes for the Chapelle des Anges at the Church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris. They included " Jacob Wrestling with
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#17328453295584108-518: The night of 18 June [ O.S. 6 June] 1822 and was conducted by Konstantinos Kanaris and Andreas Pipinos . About two thousand Ottoman sailors were killed or drowned, including admiral Nasuhzade Ali Pasha , who had led the Chios massacre two months earlier. Greek civil wars of 1824%E2%80%931825 1822–1824 Greek civil wars of 1824–1825 Egyptian intervention (1825–1826) Great powers intervention (1827–1829) The Greek civil wars of 1823–1825 occurred alongside
4187-454: The optical effects of colour profoundly shaped the work of the Impressionists , while his passion for the exotic inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer , Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare , the Scottish author Walter Scott , and the German author Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Eugène Delacroix was born on 26 April 1798 at Charenton-Saint-Maurice in Île-de-France , near Paris. His mother
4266-410: The painting Liberty Leading the People , which for choice of subject and technique highlights the differences between the romantic approach and the neoclassical style. Less obviously, it also differs from the Romanticism of Géricault , as exemplified by The Raft of the Medusa . Delacroix felt his composition more vividly as a whole, thought of his figures and crowds as types, and dominated them by
4345-447: The painting Women of Algiers in their Apartment (1834), but generally he encountered difficulty in finding Muslim women to pose for him because of Muslim rules requiring that women be covered. Less problematic was the painting of Jewish women in North Africa, as subjects for the Jewish Wedding in Morocco (1837–1841). While in Tangier , Delacroix made many sketches of the people and the city, subjects to which he would return until
4424-422: The painting depicts Medea clutching her children, dagger drawn to slay them in vengeance for her abandonment by Jason . The three nude figures form an animated pyramid, bathed in a raking light that penetrates the grotto in which Medea has hidden. Though the painting was quickly purchased by the State, Delacroix was disappointed when it was sent to the Lille Musée des Beaux-Arts ; he had intended for it to hang at
4503-459: The poem "The Massacre at Scio" in 1824. During a session of the Permanent Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church of Greece in Athens on 14–15 July 2021, at the proposal of Metropolitan Markos of Chios, Psara and Oinousses , the Holy Synod glorified Metropolitan Plato of Chios, and 43 others, who were martyred by Ottoman troops in the Chios Massacre on Holy Friday in 1822. The list included priests, deacons, hieromonks and monks, to be commemorated on
4582-407: The pressure of the Egyptian intervention of Ibrahim Pasha , those imprisoned were released and granted amnesty. Eug%C3%A8ne Delacroix Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix ( / ˈ d ɛ l ə k r w ɑː , ˌ d ɛ l ə ˈ k r w ɑː / DEL -ə-krwah, - KRWAH ; French: [øʒɛn dəlakʁwa] ; 26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist who
4661-416: The proposal, but the military leaders rejected it. After the rejection of the proposal, the central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis. In November 1822, the central administration promulgated the law for the election of representative for the new National Assembly, but Kolokotronis defied the law, and declared that Peloponnese will organize its own assembly for the elections of the new members of
4740-425: The province. The second body under Georgios Karaiskakis , Kitsos Tzavelas and others, attacked in Achaea Londos and Zaimis, who retreated and then fled to Kalamos . In January 1825, a Roumeliote force, led by Kolettis himself, raided once again Peloponnese, and arrested Kolokotronis, Deligiannis' family and others. The next month Mavrokordatos assumed the position of the president of the executive. In May 1825, under
4819-454: The reprisals, and had not joined other Greeks in their revolt against the Ottoman Empire. Reinforcements in the form of a Turkish fleet under the Kapudan Pasha Nasuhzade Ali Pasha arrived on the island on 22 March. They quickly pillaged and looted the town. On 12 April [ O.S. 31 March], orders were given to burn down the town, and over the next four months, an estimated 30,000 Turkish troops arrived. In addition to setting fires,
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#17328453295584898-431: The residents of Tripolitsa against the local tax collectors of the government. Papaflessas and Yannis Makriyannis failed to suppress the rebellion, which spread throughout the Peloponnese, but neither Kolokotronis nor Londos or Zaimis attempted to occupy Tripolitsa. Kolokotronis remained inactive for some period because of an additional reason: he could not overcome the death of his son, Panos, killed by his opponents. While
4977-400: The spirit of liberty, he seems to be trying to convey the will and character of the people, rather than glorifying the actual event, the 1830 revolution against Charles X , which did little other than bring a different king, Louis Philippe I , to power. The warriors lying dead in the foreground offer poignant counterpoint to the symbolic female figure, who is illuminated triumphantly against
5056-414: The symbolic figure of Republican Liberty which is one of his finest plastic inventions... Probably Delacroix's best-known painting, Liberty Leading the People is an unforgettable image of Parisians, having taken up arms, marching forward under the banner of the tricolour representing liberty, equality, and fraternity. Although Delacroix was inspired by contemporary events to invoke this romantic image of
5135-575: The then Batavian Republic . Delacroix who at the time suffered from erectile dysfunction returned to Paris in early September 1797, only to find his wife pregnant. Talleyrand went on to assist Eugène in the form of numerous anonymous commissions. Throughout his career as a painter, he was protected by Talleyrand, who served successively the Restoration and king Louis-Philippe , and ultimately as ambassador of France in Great Britain, and later by Charles Auguste Louis Joseph, duc de Morny , half-brother of Napoleon III , Grandson of Talleyrand, and speaker of
5214-489: The troops were ordered to kill all infants under three years old, all males 12 years and older, and all females 40 and older, except those willing to convert to Islam . The British warship HMS Seringapatam was on duty in the Mediterranean under the command of Captain Samuel Warren. On 7 May she passed the island of Chios (then called Scio in English), saw it in flames, and received signals from Greek ships asking for help, but being under orders to observe strict neutrality in
5293-404: The violinist Niccolò Paganini , and Portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand , a double portrait of his friends, the composer Frédéric Chopin and writer George Sand ; the painting was cut after his death, but the individual portraits survive. On occasion Delacroix painted pure landscapes ( The Sea at Dieppe , 1852) and still lifes ( Still Life with Lobsters , 1826–27), both of which feature
5372-434: The virtuoso execution of his figure-based works. He is also well known for his Journal , in which he gave eloquent expression to his thoughts on art and contemporary life. A generation of impressionists was inspired by Delacroix's work. Renoir and Manet made copies of his paintings, and Degas purchased the portrait of Baron Schwiter for his private collection. His painting at the church of Saint-Sulpice has been called
5451-404: The writer Théophile Gautier , became chairman, with the painter Aimé Millet acting as deputy chairman. In addition to Delacroix, the committee was composed of the painters Carrier-Belleuse and Puvis de Chavannes . Among the exhibitors were Léon Bonnat, Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux , Charles-François Daubigny , Gustave Doré , and Édouard Manet . Just after his death in 1863, the society organized
5530-476: Was Victoire Oeben, the daughter of the cabinetmaker Jean-François Oeben . He had three much older siblings. Charles-Henri Delacroix (1779–1845) rose to the rank of General in Napoleon's army. Henriette (1780–1827) married the diplomat Raymond de Verninac Saint-Maur (1762–1822). Henri was born six years later. He was killed at the Battle of Friedland on 14 June 1807. There are medical reasons to believe that Eugène's legal father, Charles-François Delacroix ,
5609-445: Was condemned as unfit for art by Delacroix's critics. A viewing of the paintings of John Constable and the watercolour sketches and art of Richard Parkes Bonnington prompted Delacroix to make extensive, freely painted changes to the sky and distant landscape. Delacroix produced a second painting in support of the Greeks in their war for independence, this time referring to the capture of Missolonghi by Turkish forces in 1825. With
5688-550: Was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots . Both Kolokotronis and his president in the executive, Petros Mavromichalis , were harshly criticized by the members of the legislative body. The crisis culminated when the legislative overturned the executive and dismissed its members. Kolokotronis and most of the Peloponnesian notables and captains supported Mavromichalis, who remained president of his executive in Tripolitsa. However,
5767-625: Was entranced by the people and their clothes, and the trip would inform the subject matter of a great many of his future paintings. He believed that the North Africans, in their attire and their attitudes, provided a visual equivalent to the people of Classical Rome and Greece: The Greeks and Romans are here at my door, in the Arabs who wrap themselves in a white blanket and look like Cato or Brutus... He managed to sketch some women secretly in Algiers , as in
5846-437: Was eventually redone by Vincent Van Gogh . Delacroix reflected on religion through his paintings, and his religious works often show subtle details to Biblical texts. While considered an unbeliever or agnostic, his journal and paintings reveal an openness and receptiveness to spirituality through his art. In 1832, Delacroix traveled to Spain and North Africa in company with the diplomat Charles-Edgar de Mornay , as part of
5925-477: Was getting better and returned to his house in the country. But by 15 July he was sick enough to again see his doctor, who said he could do nothing more for him. By then, the only food he could eat was fruit. Delacroix realized the seriousness of his condition and wrote his will, leaving a gift for each of his friends. For his trusted housekeeper, Jenny Le Guillou, he left enough money for her to live on while ordering everything in his studio to be sold. He also inserted
6004-410: Was not able to procreate at the time of Eugène's conception. Talleyrand , who was a friend of the family and successor of Charles Delacroix as Minister of Foreign Affairs, and whom the adult Eugène resembled in appearance and character, considered himself as his real father. After assuming his office as foreign minister, Talleyrand dispatched Delacroix to The Hague in the capacity of French ambassador to
6083-619: Was regarded as the leader of the French Romantic school. In contrast to the Neoclassical perfectionism of his chief rival Ingres , Delacroix took for his inspiration the art of Rubens and painters of the Venetian Renaissance , with an attendant emphasis on colour and movement rather than clarity of outline and carefully modelled form. Dramatic and romantic content characterized the central themes of his maturity, and led him not to
6162-402: Was that of an individualist. In the words of Baudelaire , "Delacroix was passionately in love with passion, but coldly determined to express passion as clearly as possible." Together with Ingres, Delacroix is considered one of the last old Masters of painting and is one of the few who was ever photographed. As a painter and muralist, Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of
6241-479: Was withdrawn from the museum in November 2009 in a "good faith initiative" for the improvement of Greek-Turkish relations . However, the Greek press protested its removal. The copy is now back on display in the museum. Victor Hugo 's collection of poems Les Orientales , published in 1829, include the poem " L'Enfant " ("The Child") devoted to the massacre of Chios. The American poet William Cullen Bryant published
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