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43-412: Chinquapin or chinkapin may refer to: Plants [ edit ] Chinquapin or chinkapin, any of the shrubs in the genus Castanopsis Chinquapin or chinkapin, any of the several trees and shrubs in the genus Chrysolepis Chinquapin or chinkapin, some of the species in the chestnut genus Castanea American chinquapin, Castanea pumila ,

86-472: A dwarf chestnut native to southeastern quarter of the U.S. Chinkapin oak ( Quercus muehlenbergii ), a species of oak whose leaves resemble those of chinkapins Dwarf chinkapin oak ( Quercus prinoides ), a closely related, more shrubby oak species Water-chinquapin, a name for the water plant Nelumbo lutea , American lotus Chinquapin rose, a name for Rosa roxburghii , an old Chinese rose Places [ edit ] Chinquapin, California ,

129-755: A former settlement in Mariposa County, California Chinquapin, North Carolina , a community in Duplin County, North Carolina Chinquapin, Texas , Matagorda County, Texas Institutions [ edit ] Chinquapin Preparatory School , a school in Highlands, Texas Chinquapin Middle School , a school in Baltimore, Maryland Other uses [ edit ] USS  Chinquapin  (AN-17) ,

172-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

215-643: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

258-621: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

301-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

344-682: A ship in the US Navy Chinquapin Parish, a fictional parish in Louisiana and the setting for the 1987 play Steel Magnolias Chinquapin, a name for the redear sunfish ( Lepomis microlophus ) Chinquapin (newsletter) , newsletter of the Southern Appalachian Botanical Society See also [ edit ] Chinquapin Grove, former name of Dacula, Georgia Chinqua Penn Plantation Topics referred to by

387-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

430-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

473-444: A well-developed cuticula . Their flowers are unisexual , and the male ones are borne in erect catkins . The epigynous female flowers produce a single seed each but are congregated in small clusters. The fruit is a calybium , the kind of encased nut typical of Fagaceae. The calybium (nut) resembles a pointed acorn ; the cupule (casing) is hard like that of beechnuts and spiny like that of chestnuts. Three thickened ridges run

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516-557: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Castanopsis About 140; see text Limlia Masamune & Tomiya Pasaniopsis Kudo Shiia Makino and see text Castanopsis , commonly called chinquapin or chinkapin , is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the beech family, Fagaceae . The genus contains about 140 species , which are today restricted to tropical and subtropical eastern Asia . A total of 58 species are native to China , with 30 endemic ;

559-596: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

602-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

645-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

688-583: Is the source of much of the lignite ("brown coal") deposits in Western and Central Europe. Most species yield valuable timber but some have become rare due to unsustainable logging ; C. catappaefolia is even in danger of extinction . As noted above, however, perhaps the most important use for Castanopsis wood is in its fossil form. 175,400 metric tons of lignite - much of which was former chinkapin trees - were mined in Germany in 2001. As with many Fagaceae,

731-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

774-799: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

817-562: The Pacific but absent from North America east of the Rocky Mountains suggests that they are indeed correctly assigned to Castanopsis . In addition, two form taxa refer to the remains of these trees, at least in part: the fossil wood Castanoxylon eschweilerense and the fossil pollen Tricolporopollenites cingulum ssp. pusillus . Castanopsis praefissa and Castanopsis praeouonbiensis are described from fossil specimens collected from

860-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

903-569: The nuts of many Castanopsis species are edible. The trees may be grown for their nuts, but more often they are used as forestry or ornamental trees and the nuts are collected opportunistically. Among many animals, such as tits , corvids , rodents , deer and pigs , the nuts are popular as food too. Meguro, Tokyo and Matsudo, Chiba in Japan use shii (椎; Castanopsis cuspidata ) as one of their municipal symbols. The well-known and commercially important shiitake mushroom likes to grow on

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946-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

989-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

1032-556: The closest affinity to C. fissa , and C. praeouonbiensis closely resembles C. ouonbiensis . Castanopsis praeouonbiensis and C. praefissa became extinct in this area because of the cooling climate from the late Miocene to the present day in Zhejiang Province. The oldest known records of the genus are those of Castanopsis rothwellii and Castaneophyllum patagonicum from the Eocene of Patagonia. Genus The composition of

1075-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

1118-727: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

1161-628: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

1204-639: The latter, they are characteristic elements of the climax vegetation in essentially their entire continental Asian range, as well as on Taiwan . Plants of this genus grow on many soil types, as long as they are not calcareous . Several species have adapted to podsolic , peat bog , swamp and other acidic and/or wet soils, or to the poor dry soils common in arid habitat. Around the Oligo - Miocene boundary, Castanopsis grew abundantly along rivers and in bogs and swamps of then-subtropical Europe . The prehistoric plant community Castanopsietum oligo-miocenicum

1247-548: The length of the calybium's shell. In their rather circumscribed area of occurrence, Castanopsis are able to inhabit a wide range of temperate to tropical habitat and are often keystone species in their ecosystems. They are plentiful in ecotones as diverse as Borneo montane rain forests , Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests and Northern Triangle temperate forests . Generally they are common in Fagales -dominated montane forests and temperate to subtropical laurel forests . In

1290-430: The logs of C. cuspidata and derives its common name from this: shii-take simply means " Castanopsis cuspidata mushroom". Main article: List of Castanopsis species Fossil species known from Miocene Europe are: These are known and identifiable from their fruit. It is not entirely clear if they belong here or into Chrysolepis , but the pattern of biogeography - with the two genera being most diverse around

1333-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

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1376-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

1419-776: The other species occur further south, through Indochina to Indonesia and the Philippines , mountainous areas of Taiwan , and also in Japan . The English name chinkapin is shared with other related plants, including the golden chinkapins of the Pacific United States , which are sometimes included within Castanopsis but are more often considered a separate but very closely related genus, Chrysolepis . They show many characters typical of Fagaceae . They are at least large shrubs but some species grow into sizeable trees. Their leaves are usually tough and much sclerotized and have

1462-526: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

1505-466: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

1548-499: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chinquapin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinquapin&oldid=983820582 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Plant common name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1591-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

1634-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

1677-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

1720-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

1763-409: The upper Miocene Shengxian Formation, Zhejiang Province , Southeast China . The fossil leaves are obovate to elliptical with serration mostly confined to the upper 1/3 of the leaf. The fossil cupule (upper part of the acorn) is globose with branched spines, and a broadly ovate nut scar. The fossil leaves and cupule have been compared with those extant in this genus. Castanopsis praefissa shows

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1806-566: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

1849-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

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