43-574: China Telecom Corporation Limited ( CT ) is a Chinese telecommunications company. It is one of the publicly traded red chip companies of the state-owned China Telecommunications Corporation . The company's H shares have been traded on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong since 15 November 2002. It is a constituent of the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index , the index for the H shares of state-controlled listed companies. The company
86-460: A Belgian company, has also worked to build small cells for LTE-TDD networks. Trials of LTE-TDD technology began as early as 2010, with Reliance Industries and Ericsson India conducting field tests of LTE-TDD in India , achieving 80 megabit-per second download speeds and 20 megabit-per-second upload speeds. By 2011, China Mobile began trials of the technology in six cities. Although initially seen as
129-411: A coalition of international companies that worked to develop and test the technology. China Mobile was an early proponent of LTE-TDD, along with other companies like Datang Telecom and Huawei , which worked to deploy LTE-TDD networks, and later developed technology allowing LTE-TDD equipment to operate in white spaces —frequency spectra between broadcast TV stations. Intel also participated in
172-605: A combined LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD network in Poland, and by April 2012, ZTE Corporation had worked to deploy trial or commercial LTE-TDD networks for 33 operators in 19 countries. In late 2012, Qualcomm worked extensively to deploy a commercial LTE-TDD network in India, and partnered with Bharti Airtel and Huawei to develop the first multi-mode LTE-TDD smartphone for India. In Japan , SoftBank Mobile launched LTE-TDD services in February 2012 under
215-485: A number of carriers promoting VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as an interim solution. The idea was to use the same principles as GAN (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA or Unlicensed Mobile Access), which defines the protocols through which a mobile handset can perform voice calls over a customer's private Internet connection, usually over wireless LAN. VoLGA however never gained much support, because VoLTE ( IMS ) promises much more flexible services, albeit at
258-506: A series of tests of voice over LTE ( VoLTE) calls on China Mobile's TD-LTE network. The next month, Nokia Solutions and Networks and Sprint announced that they had demonstrated throughput speeds of 2.6 gigabits per second using a LTE-TDD network, surpassing the previous record of 1.6 gigabits per second. Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of
301-684: A technology utilized by only a few countries, including China and India, by 2011 international interest in LTE-TDD had expanded, especially in Asia, in part due to LTE-TDD's lower cost of deployment compared to LTE-FDD. By the middle of that year, 26 networks around the world were conducting trials of the technology. The Global LTve (GTI) was also started in 2011, with founding partners China Mobile, Bharti Airtel , SoftBank Mobile , Vodafone , Clearwire , Aero2 and E-Plus . In September 2011, Huawei announced it would partner with Polish mobile provider Aero2 to develop
344-499: A transfer latency of less than 5 ms in the radio access network . LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths , from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) designed to replace
387-481: A voice call on a non-VoLTE-enabled network or device, LTE handsets will fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the call. To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-NB codec (narrow band), but the recommended speech codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband , also known as HD Voice . This codec is mandated in 3GPP networks that support 16 kHz sampling. Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated "Full-HD Voice", an implementation of
430-535: Is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM / EDGE and UMTS / HSPA standards. It improves on those standards' capacity and speed by using a different radio interface and core network improvements. LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. Because LTE frequencies and bands differ from country to country, only multi-band phones can use LTE in all countries where it
473-615: Is a list of top 10 countries/territories by 4G LTE coverage as measured by OpenSignal.com in February/March 2019. For the complete list of all the countries/territories, see list of countries by 4G LTE penetration . Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex ( LTE-TDD ), also referred to as TDD LTE , is a 4G telecommunications technology and standard co-developed by an international coalition of companies, including China Mobile , Datang Telecom , Huawei , ZTE , Nokia Solutions and Networks , Qualcomm , Samsung , and ST-Ericsson . It
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#1732852714237516-703: Is generally cheaper to access, and has less traffic. Further, the bands for LTE-TDD overlap with those used for WiMAX , which can easily be upgraded to support LTE-TDD. Despite the differences in how the two types of LTE handle data transmission, LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD share 90 percent of their core technology, making it possible for the same chipsets and networks to use both versions of LTE. A number of companies produce dual-mode chips or mobile devices, including Samsung and Qualcomm , while operators CMHK and Hi3G Access have developed dual-mode networks in Hong Kong and Sweden, respectively. The creation of LTE-TDD involved
559-486: Is one of the two mobile data transmission technologies of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology standard, the other being Long-Term Evolution Frequency-Division Duplex ( LTE-FDD ). While some companies refer to LTE-TDD as "TD-LTE" for familiarity with TD-SCDMA , there is no reference to that abbreviation anywhere in the 3GPP specifications. There are two major differences between LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD: how data
602-523: Is supported. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is also called 3.95G and has been marketed as 4G LTE and Advanced 4G ; but the original version did not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced . The requirements were set forth by
645-703: Is uploaded and downloaded, and what frequency spectra the networks are deployed in. While LTE-FDD uses paired frequencies to upload and download data, LTE-TDD uses a single frequency, alternating between uploading and downloading data through time. The ratio between uploads and downloads on a LTE-TDD network can be changed dynamically, depending on whether more data needs to be sent or received. LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD also operate on different frequency bands, with LTE-TDD working better at higher frequencies, and LTE-FDD working better at lower frequencies. Frequencies used for LTE-TDD range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with several different bands being used. The LTE-TDD spectrum
688-454: The AAC-ELD (Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE handsets. Where previous cell phone voice codecs only supported frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and upcoming wideband audio services branded as HD Voice up to 7 kHz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. For end-to-end Full-HD Voice calls to succeed, however, both
731-579: The COFDM radio access technique to replace the CDMA and studying its Terrestrial use in the L band at 1428 MHz (TE) In 2004 by Japan's NTT Docomo , with studies on the standard officially commenced in 2005. In May 2007, the LTE/ SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure
774-578: The GPRS Core Network , supports seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such as GSM , UMTS and CDMA2000 . The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example, each E-UTRA cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA ). Most carriers supporting GSM or HSUPA networks can be expected to upgrade their networks to LTE at some stage. A complete list of commercial contracts can be found at: The following
817-667: The ITU-R organisation in the IMT Advanced specification; but, because of market pressure and the significant advances that WiMAX , Evolved High Speed Packet Access , and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU-R later decided that LTE and the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements for being considered IMT-Advanced. To differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined
860-540: The Shanghai Stock Exchange) for CN¥48 million. In 2013, China Telecom (Europe) was acquired from the parent company for CN¥278 million. In 2015, China Telecom formed a joint venture China Tower with fellow state-owned telecommunication companies China Mobile and China Unicom . China Tower, which was the largest telecommunications tower group by revenue, became a separate listed company in 2018. China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom were remained
903-668: The U.S. for national security reasons. However, China Telecom (Americas) Corp plans to keep offering other services on United States soil. In March 2022, the FCC designated China Telecom (Americas) Corp a national security threat. In April 2024, the FCC ordered U.S. units of China Telecom to discontinue operations in the country. The FCC previously found that China Telecom used Border Gateway Protocol vulnerabilities to misroute U.S. internet traffic on at least six occasions. Red chip Red chip stocks ( Chinese : 红筹股 ; pinyin : hóng chóu gǔ ; Jyutping : hung chau gu ) are
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#1732852714237946-836: The United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom / China Unicom in China) have announced instead they intend to migrate to LTE. The next version of LTE is LTE Advanced , which was standardized in March 2011. Services commenced in 2013. Additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting
989-494: The adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call network. Four different approaches sprang up: One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top content (OTT) services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice service. Most major backers of LTE preferred and promoted VoLTE from the beginning. The lack of software support in initial LTE devices, as well as core network devices, however led to
1032-458: The business in Beijing (China Telecom Group Beijing) was acquired for CN¥5.557 billion. In 2011, e-commerce business and video media business were acquired by China Telecom's subsidiaries E-surfing Pay and E-surfing Media. However, E-surfing Media was sold back to the parent company in 2013. In 2012, a digital trunking business was acquired from sister company Besttone Holding (a company listed on
1075-660: The caller and recipient's handsets, as well as networks, have to support the feature. The LTE standard covers a range of many different bands, each of which is designated by both a frequency and a band number: As a result, phones from one country may not work in other countries. Users will need a multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally. According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute 's (ETSI) intellectual property rights (IPR) database, about 50 companies have declared, as of March 2012, holding essential patents covering
1118-704: The carrier began using these frequencies for LTE service on networks built by Samsung , Alcatel-Lucent , and Nokia . As of March 2013, 156 commercial 4G LTE networks existed, including 142 LTE-FDD networks and 14 LTE-TDD networks. As of November 2013, the South Korean government planned to allow a fourth wireless carrier in 2014, which would provide LTE-TDD services, and in December 2013, LTE-TDD licenses were granted to China's three mobile operators, allowing commercial deployment of 4G LTE services. In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indicated that it had completed
1161-613: The communications infrastructure and assisted in financing the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 's Connecting Every Village Project, which began in 2004. The project aimed to promote universal telecommunications and internet access in rural China . The program successfully extended internet infrastructure throughout rural China and promoted development of the internet. In 2007, China Telecom acquired three companies: China Telecom System Integration, China Telecom Global and China Telecom (Americas) for CN¥1.408 billion. In 2008
1204-413: The cost of having to upgrade the entire voice call infrastructure. VoLTE may require Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in order to be able to smoothly perform a handover to a 2G or 3G network in case of poor LTE signal quality. While the industry has standardized on VoLTE, early LTE deployments required carriers to introduce circuit-switched fallback as a stopgap measure. When placing or receiving
1247-478: The development, setting up a LTE-TDD interoperability lab with Huawei in China, as well as ST-Ericsson , Nokia, and Nokia Siemens (now Nokia Solutions and Networks ), which developed LTE-TDD base stations that increased capacity by 80 percent and coverage by 40 percent. Qualcomm also participated, developing the world's first multi-mode chip, combining both LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD, along with HSPA and EV-DO. Accelleran,
1290-593: The global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009, as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world's first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010, and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being
1333-491: The largest clients of China Tower as of 2018. In August 2015, Chang Xiaobing , former chairman of China Unicom , became the chairman of China Telecom as well chairman of China Telecommunications Corporation. While Wang Xiaochu [ zh ] , who previously served in these two positions, was appointed to the same positions in China Unicom. However, Chang was investigated for corruption in December 2015 and resigned. He
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1376-563: The latter as "True 4G". LTE stands for Long-Term Evolution and is a registered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for the wireless data communications technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards. However, other nations and companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around
1419-494: The name Advanced eXtended Global Platform (AXGP), and marketed as SoftBank 4G ( ja ). The AXGP band was previously used for Willcom 's PHS service, and after PHS was discontinued in 2010 the PHS band was re-purposed for AXGP service. In the U.S., Clearwire planned to implement LTE-TDD, with chip-maker Qualcomm agreeing to support Clearwire's frequencies on its multi-mode LTE chipsets. With Sprint's acquisition of Clearwire in 2013,
1462-495: The parent company. In 2003, China Telecom acquired businesses in Anhui, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, as well as other assets for CN¥ 46 billion . In 2004, it acquired businesses in Hubei, Hunan, Hainan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang and other assets for CN¥27.8 billion. China Telecom was among six state-owned companies that built
1505-507: The stocks of mainland China companies incorporated outside mainland China and listed in Hong Kong . It refers to businesses based in mainland China and with (majority) shares controlled either directly or indirectly by a government body. This controlling entity could be one or more combinations of the central, provincial or municipal mainland government, with the company listed in Hong Kong to allow private and overseas investment. The term
1548-407: The turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP -based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared with the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum . The idea of LTE was first proposed in 1998, with the use of
1591-447: The work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are: The LTE standard supports only packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched , so with
1634-755: The world's first LTE smartphone starting on February 10, 2011, both offered by MetroPCS , and the HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially. In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011, offering the Sierra Wireless AirCard 313U USB mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket stick" then followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and Samsung. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX , but major CDMA operators (such as Verizon , Sprint and MetroPCS in
1677-595: Was also listed on the New York Stock Exchange until January 2021. China Telecom is the second-largest wireless carrier in China , with 362.49 million subscribers as of June 2021. China Telecom Corp., Ltd. was incorporated on 10 September 2002 as a limited company in order to float some of the assets of the group on the stock exchange, specifically the wireline telecommunications businesses in Shanghai, Guangdong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, as well as other assets from
1720-553: Was coined by Hong Kong economist Alex Tang in 1992 and combines blue chip stocks with " red " representing the Socialist economic philosophy of the People's Republic of China. The Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index (HSCCI) is a stock market index of 25 red chip companies. As of 30 September 2020 , there were 267 red chip companies, including: 4G LTE In telecommunications , long-term evolution ( LTE )
1763-570: Was renamed to China Telecom (Macau) [ zh ] In 2015, China Telecom (Macau) acquired a 4G LTE license from the Macau S.A.R. authority. The 4G service started in the same year. In May 2011, China Telecom formed a strategic partnership with the German software group SAP to offer a cloud-based version of SAP's business software to small and medium companies in China. In October 2015, China Telecom worked with SAP to create SAP Anywhere , although it
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1806-514: Was sentenced to six years imprisonment in 2017. In 2016, China Telecom was responsible for illegally intercepting communications between the governments of Canada and Korea. China Telecom (Europe) said on 23 October 2008 it would expand its Asian and European services, aiming to increase its market share in Europe. China Telecom (Europe) became part of China Telecom Corp., Ltd. in 2013. In 2008, China Telecom acquired China Unicom (Macau). The subsidiary
1849-603: Was sunset by 2018 so SAP could focus on other more established services. China Telecom, in partnership with Vodafone , was one of the bidders for a license in the newly opened mobile telecommunications market in Myanmar. In January 2021, China Telecom was delisted from the NYSE in response to a US executive order . The same year, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) revoked China Telecom's operating license in
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