65-555: The China Lake Museum is a military museum in Ridgecrest, California focused on the history of Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake and the development of naval aviation armament and technology. The museum originated with single room at the Weapons Exhibit Center in 1955. The collection was expanded in 1963, but began to deteriorate ten years later due to the expansion of a lab. A man named Milt Burford began efforts to expand
130-478: A National Historic Landmark in 1964. In 2001, they were incorporated into a larger National Historic Landmark District , called Coso Rock Art District. In 2014, the Ridgecrest Petroglyph Festival , a celebration of the petroglyphs, native culture, and Ridgecrest as a California tourist destination was created as an annual event. It was named as one of Groupon 's "10 Most Unique Autumn Festivals in
195-468: A magnitude 5.4 quake, centered 18 kilometers (11 mi) north of the town of Ridgecrest, shook the area and spawned over 2,500 aftershocks over the course of the following five weeks. Then, on September 20, 1995, the second large quake struck the area: it measured magnitude 5.8, and was at that time the largest earthquake to hit southern California since the 1994 Northridge earthquake . Between July 4 and 5, 2019, Ridgecrest, California, experienced
260-411: A distance of 100 km (62 mi)) a maximum amplitude of 1 micron (1 μm, or 0.001 millimeters) on a seismogram recorded by a Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer. Finally, Richter calculated a table of distance corrections, in that for distances less than 200 kilometers the attenuation is strongly affected by the structure and properties of the regional geology. When Richter presented
325-469: A female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.06. In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
390-466: A few) and can vary widely. Millions of minor earthquakes occur every year worldwide, equating to hundreds every hour every day. On the other hand, earthquakes of magnitude ≥8.0 occur about once a year, on average. The largest recorded earthquake was the Great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, which had a magnitude of 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale . Seismologist Susan Hough has suggested that
455-440: A future event because intensity and ground effects depend not only on the magnitude but also on (1) the distance to the epicenter, (2) the depth of the earthquake's focus beneath the epicenter, (3) the location of the epicenter, and (4) geological conditions . ( Based on U.S. Geological Survey documents. ) The intensity and death toll depend on several factors (earthquake depth, epicenter location, and population density, to name
520-682: A magnitude 10 quake may represent a very approximate upper limit for what the Earth's tectonic zones are capable of, which would be the result of the largest known continuous belt of faults rupturing together (along the Pacific coast of the Americas). A research at the Tohoku University in Japan found that a magnitude 10 earthquake was theoretically possible if a combined 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) of faults from
585-464: A magnitude of zero to be around the limit of human perceptibility. Third, he specified the Wood–Anderson seismograph as the standard instrument for producing seismograms. Magnitude was then defined as "the logarithm of the maximum trace amplitude, expressed in microns ", measured at a distance of 100 km (62 mi). The scale was calibrated by defining a magnitude 0 shock as one that produces (at
650-575: A regional station of the Kern County Sheriff's Department . The Kern County Fire Department provides fire protection and emergency medical services. Full-time law enforcement employees in 2008 numbered 56 (41 officers). Crime statistics for 2011 (reported by the Ridgecrest Police Department): Notable natives include: Ridgecrest has one TV station, KZGN-LD, owned by Wiknich Broadcasting Corp., that has 3 channels serving
715-538: A series of significant earthquakes, including the strongest to impact the area in decades—a magnitude 7.1 mainshock. The epicenter of the main earthquake was located approximately 10 miles northeast of Ridgecrest. The sequence began on July 4 with a 4.0-magnitude quake approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) southwest of Searles Valley . Later that morning, at 10:33 A.M., a 6.4-magnitude earthquake struck around 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) southwest of Searles Valley. This initial sequence triggered over 1,400 aftershocks in
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#1732852424327780-576: A strong job base for the years to come. Ridgecrest incorporated in 1963. During this era the growth of Ridgecrest was governed by the continuing needs of the high tech industries coupled to the Naval Air Weapons Station (NAWS) programs for testing arms and guidance systems. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 21.4 square miles (55.4 km ), of which 20.8 sq mi (53.9 km )
845-618: A wider area, depending on the local geology.) In 1883, John Milne surmised that the shaking of large earthquakes might generate waves detectable around the globe, and in 1899 E. Von Rehbur Paschvitz observed in Germany seismic waves attributable to an earthquake in Tokyo . In the 1920s, Harry O. Wood and John A. Anderson developed the Wood–Anderson seismograph , one of the first practical instruments for recording seismic waves. Wood then built, under
910-507: A yardstick to measure the extent of the event. The resulting effective upper limit of measurement for M L is about 7 and about 8.5 for M s . New techniques to avoid the saturation problem and to measure magnitudes rapidly for very large earthquakes are being developed. One of these is based on the long-period P-wave; The other is based on a recently discovered channel wave. The energy release of an earthquake, which closely correlates to its destructive power, scales with
975-482: Is best known for the guided tours to Little Petroglyph Canyon on China Lake Naval Weapons Station (NAWS). The museum offers exhibits and displays featuring both the natural and the cultural history and diversity of the Northern Mojave Desert with exhibits of plants , animals , Native American artifacts, geology and contemporary arts and crafts. Coso Rock Art District , sometimes equated with
1040-464: Is determined from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs. Adjustments are included to compensate for the variation in the distance between the various seismographs and the epicenter of the earthquake. The original formula is: where A is the maximum excursion of the Wood-Anderson seismograph , the empirical function A 0 depends only on the epicentral distance of
1105-549: Is known to have wind as high as 75 mph (121 km/h). December is the coolest month with an average maximum temperature of 60 °F (16 °C) and an average minimum temperature of 30 °F (−1 °C). The all-time minimum temperature of 1 °F (−17 °C) was recorded on December 23, 1963, and January 7, 1973. July is the hottest month with an average maximum temperature of 103 °F (39 °C) and an average minimum temperature of 66 °F (19 °C). The all-time maximum temperature of 119 °F (48 °C)
1170-622: Is land and 0.7 sq mi (1.8 km ) of it (3.04%) is water. Ridgecrest is located in Indian Wells Valley, which is a southern extension of Owens Valley , broken up by the volcanic Coso Range . The area, associated with the Eastern California Shear Zone , has in the past experienced numerous earthquake swarms , groups of several thousand quakes under magnitude 6.0 or so, often with no obvious mainshock. The 1995 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence started on August 17, when
1235-557: Is located in the upper Mojave Desert near Ridgecrest. The IWV Campus is the largest of the Cerro Coso campuses. It serves a population of about 50,000. The college serves the communities of Ridgecrest, China Lake , Inyokern , and Trona . Ridgecrest Branch Library, a branch of the Kern County Library , serves Ridgecrest, Inyokern, China Lake, Trona and surrounding communities. Ridgecrest has its own police department, as well as
1300-548: The 3 ⁄ 2 power of the shaking amplitude (see Moment magnitude scale for an explanation). Thus, a difference in magnitude of 1.0 is equivalent to a factor of 31.6 ( = ( 10 1.0 ) ( 3 / 2 ) {\displaystyle =({10^{1.0}})^{(3/2)}} ) in the energy released; a difference in magnitude of 2.0 is equivalent to a factor of 1000 ( = ( 10 2.0 ) ( 3 / 2 ) {\displaystyle =({10^{2.0}})^{(3/2)}} ) in
1365-684: The Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons is a site containing over 20,000 Native American petroglyphs now located within Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake , near China Lake and Ridgecrest, California. In fact, there are several other distinct canyons to the Coso Rock Art District besides the Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons. The most popular subjects are bighorn sheep, deer, and antelope. Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons were declared
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#17328524243271430-615: The Indian Wells Valley in northeastern Kern County, adjacent to the Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (NAWS, or China Lake). It was incorporated as a city in 1963. The population was 27,959 at the 2020 census , up slightly from 27,616 at the 2010 census . Ridgecrest is surrounded by four mountain ranges; the Sierra Nevada on the west, the Cosos on the north, the Argus Range on
1495-529: The Japan Trench to the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench ruptured together and moved by 60 metres (200 ft) (or if a similar large-scale rupture occurred elsewhere). Such an earthquake would cause ground motions for up to an hour, with tsunamis hitting shores while the ground is still shaking, and if this kind of earthquake occurred, it would probably be a 1-in-10,000-year event. Prior to the development of
1560-509: The logarithmic character of the original and are scaled to have roughly comparable numeric values (typically in the middle of the scale). Due to the variance in earthquakes, it is essential to understand the Richter scale uses common logarithms simply to make the measurements manageable (i.e., a magnitude 3 quake factors 10³ while a magnitude 5 quake factors 10 and has seismometer readings 100 times larger). The Richter magnitude of an earthquake
1625-515: The poverty line , including 17.5% of those under age 18 and 5.1% of those age 65 or over. People in group quarters: Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake (NAWS China Lake) is an airborne weapons testing and training range located adjacent to Ridgecrest and operated by the United States Navy and its contractors. Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake provides the majority of employment in the city at just under 8,000 jobs in 2018. This includes
1690-434: The school district includes James Monroe Middle School, and Murray Middle School. The district's primary high school , Sherman E Burroughs High School , serves Ridgecrest, China Lake NAWC, Inyokern , Buttermilk Acres, Red Mountain, and Randsburg . There is also an alternative high school , Mesquite High School. Ridgecrest Elementary Academy for Language, Music, and Science ( REALMS )is a public charter school sponsored by
1755-467: The surface-wave magnitude (M S ) and body wave magnitude (M B ) scales. The Richter scale was defined in 1935 for particular circumstances and instruments; the particular circumstances refer to it being defined for Southern California and "implicitly incorporates the attenuative properties of Southern California crust and mantle." The particular instrument used would become saturated by strong earthquakes and unable to record high values. The scale
1820-576: The "Richter scale", , especially the local magnitude M L and the surface wave M s scale. In addition, the body wave magnitude , mb , and the moment magnitude , M w , abbreviated MMS, have been widely used for decades. A couple of new techniques to measure magnitude are in the development stage by seismologists. All magnitude scales have been designed to give numerically similar results. This goal has been achieved well for M L , M s , and M w . The mb scale gives somewhat different values than
1885-451: The "magnitude scale". This was later revised and renamed the local magnitude scale , denoted as ML or M L . Because of various shortcomings of the original M L scale, most seismological authorities now use other similar scales such as the moment magnitude scale (M w ) to report earthquake magnitudes, but much of the news media still erroneously refers to these as "Richter" magnitudes. All magnitude scales retain
1950-459: The 107.1, with KCNV classical music feed. KRCK-1360, "Ridgecrest Radio", went off the air in the 1970s. TV repeater K05FO 5 rebroadcasts KTLA ; and K35HO-D 35 rebroadcasts KBAK . The town of Junktown in the video game Fallout is based on a post-apocalyptic version of Ridgecrest. In a 1984 Sony commercial, Ridgecrest is known as the "Earthquake Capital of the World..." Ridgecrest is located at
2015-567: The Country" Walker Pass (elevation 5,250 ft (1.60 km)) is a mountain pass by Lake Isabella in the southern Sierra Nevada mountains. It is located in northeastern Kern County , approximately 53 mi (85 km) ENE of Bakersfield and 10 mi (16 km) WSW of Ridgecrest. The pass provides a route between the San Joaquin Valley on the west and the Mojave Desert on
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2080-470: The IWV TV Booster. Radio stations in the area include KRSF 89.3 a Christian radio format with Radio 74 ; KZFX 93.7 a classic rock format with ABC and California news and weather; KSSI (FM) 102.7, broadcasting rock music, local news and weather; KLOA (AM) 1240, broadcasting CBS Sports Radio ; KZIQ 92.7, featuring adult contemporary music; KRAJ The Heat 100.9 FM, featuring a hip-hop format; and K296AI
2145-606: The Kern County Office of Education. Opened in 2019, the school educates children from Transitional K to the 6th grade. The school campus was formerly a Transitional K to 8th grade school which operated from 2001 to 2018 under the name Ridgecrest Charter School. Cerro Coso Community College, a part of the Kern Community College District , was established in 1973 and has a full-time enrollment of 2,347. The 420 acres (1.7 km ) Indian Wells Valley Campus (IWV)
2210-451: The M s scale. A spectral analysis is required to obtain M 0 . In contrast, the other magnitudes are derived from a simple measurement of the amplitude of a precisely defined wave. All scales, except M w , saturate for large earthquakes, meaning they are based on the amplitudes of waves that have a wavelength shorter than the rupture length of the earthquakes. These short waves (high-frequency waves) are too short
2275-487: The Ridgecrest and Searles Valley regions. On July 5, 2019, at 8:19 P.M., the magnitude 7.1 mainshock occurred, significantly impacting the Ridgecrest area. The weather in the Indian Wells Valley is predominantly influenced by its high desert location. The climate is characterized by hot days and cool nights with extremely arid conditions prevailing throughout the summer months. The mean annual maximum temperature for
2340-413: The Ridgecrest area is 75 °F (24 °C) while the mean annual minimum temperature is 48 °F (9 °C). There are wide annual temperature fluctuations that occur from a high of 119 °F (48 °C) to a low of 1 °F (−17 °C). On average, annual rainfall is less than 5 inches (130 mm) "equivalent rainfall" per year, which includes less than 2 inches (51 mm) of snow . The area
2405-567: The adjoining city of Ridgecrest to improve public access were announced in April 2017. The first phase involved the construction of a parking lot and 2,880 sq ft (268 m) modular building. Five years later, the museum revealed it had received approval for a second phase with a 7,200 sq ft (670 m) building. Ridgecrest, California Ridgecrest is a city in Kern County, California , United States, along U.S. Route 395 in
2470-457: The amount of energy released, and each increase of 0.2 corresponds to approximately a doubling of the energy released. Events with magnitudes greater than 4.5 are strong enough to be recorded by a seismograph anywhere in the world, so long as its sensors are not located in the earthquake's shadow . The following describes the typical effects of earthquakes of various magnitudes near the epicenter. The values are typical and may not be exact in
2535-529: The auspices of the California Institute of Technology and the Carnegie Institute , a network of seismographs stretching across Southern California . He also recruited the young and unknown Charles Richter to measure the seismograms and locate the earthquakes generating the seismic waves. In 1931, Kiyoo Wadati showed how he had measured, for several strong earthquakes in Japan, the amplitude of
2600-414: The city was 82.02% White , 3.53% Black or African American , 1.08% Native American , 3.88% Asian , 0.58% Pacific Islander , 4.93% from other races , and 3.98% from two or more races. 12.04% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 9,826 households, out of which 35.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.2% were married couples living together, 11.5% had
2665-668: The collection again in 1989 and four years after that the China Lake Museum Foundation was established. The organization was officially recognized as the U.S. Naval Museum of Armament & Technology in May 2000. However, in Fall 2011, the museum announced it would no longer be part of the Navy museum system and would change its name to the China Lake Museum . Plans to move the museum to
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2730-598: The east, and the El Paso Mountains on the south. It is approximately 82 miles (132 km) from the Lancaster / Palmdale area, 110 miles (177 km) from Bakersfield , and 120 miles (193 km) from San Bernardino , the three nearest major urban centers. Private air travel in and out of the city is provided through the Inyokern Airport . There are currently no scheduled commercial flights. The city has been near
2795-612: The east. Trona Pinnacles featured in many notable films are located near Ridgecrest. Red Rock Canyon State Park is also very close to Ridgecrest and provides the community with hiking and camping opportunities. Sierra Sands Unified School District , which serves the city of Ridgecrest, Inyokern, and the surrounding communities, includes the following elementary schools: Las Flores Elementary, Faller Elementary, Richmond Elementary currently displaced to Vieweg Elementary due to damage in recent earthquakes, Gateway Elementary, Pierce Elementary, and Inyokern Elementary. For middle-schoolers
2860-528: The energy released by an earthquake; another scale, the Mercalli intensity scale , classifies earthquakes by their effects , from detectable by instruments but not noticeable, to catastrophic. The energy and effects are not necessarily strongly correlated; a shallow earthquake in a populated area with soil of certain types can be far more intense in impact than a much more energetic deep earthquake in an isolated area. Several scales have been historically described as
2925-897: The energy released. The elastic energy radiated is best derived from an integration of the radiated spectrum, but an estimate can be based on mb because most energy is carried by the high-frequency waves. These formulae for Richter magnitude M L {\displaystyle \ M_{\mathsf {L}}\ } are alternatives to using Richter correlation tables based on Richter standard seismic event ( M L = 0 , {\displaystyle {\big (}\ M_{\mathsf {L}}=0\ ,} A = 0.001 m m , {\displaystyle \ A=0.001\ {\mathsf {mm}}\ ,} D = 100 k m ) . {\displaystyle \ D=100\ {\mathsf {km}}\ {\big )}~.} In
2990-546: The entire Indian Wells Valley over the air and on Mediacom Cable. KZGN provides local news, weather and sports. KZGN also provides a daily local interview program, Ridgecrest Talk . Ridgecrest is served by two newspapers, The Daily Independent and the News Review , as well as a mixture of local broadcast stations and repeaters from radio and TV stations based in Los Angeles and Bakersfield . The repeaters are operated by
3055-499: The epicenter of major earthquakes , including one in 1995 and a series of quakes in July 2019 . The settlement began as a farming community called Crumville in 1912, honoring James and Robert Crum, local dairymen. The first post office opened in 1941. By 1943, Ridgecrest had grown to 115 homes and 196 residents. NOTS (Naval Ordnance Test Station) was established in November 1943, providing
3120-473: The government civilian workforce, active duty military personnel and private contractors. AltaOne Federal Credit Union has its corporate headquarters in Ridgecrest. The Searles Valley Minerals plant is located adjacent to the Searles Dry Lake near the town of Trona, California , about thirty miles east of Ridgecrest. The principal employers in Ridgecrest in 2020 were: The most notable feature in
3185-603: The junction of highways California State Route 178 and U.S. Route 395 (business route). The city of Ridgecrest provides the Ridgecrest Transit shuttle bus service to and from Inyokern, connecting with the Eastern Sierra Transit Authority bus that serves Bishop and Mammoth Lakes to the north, and Lancaster (Metrolink station) , with connections to the San Fernando Valley and Los Angeles, to
3250-478: The magnitude scale, the only measure of an earthquake's strength or "size" was a subjective assessment of the intensity of shaking observed near the epicenter of the earthquake, categorized by various seismic intensity scales such as the Rossi–Forel scale . ("Size" is used in the sense of the quantity of energy released, not the size of the area affected by shaking, though higher-energy earthquakes do tend to affect
3315-407: The moment magnitude scale (MMS) is most common, although M s is also reported frequently. The seismic moment , M 0 , is proportional to the area of the rupture times the average slip that took place in the earthquake, thus it measures the physical size of the event. M w is derived from it empirically as a quantity without units, just a number designed to conform to
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#17328524243273380-555: The nearby area is the Coso People rock art in Big and Little Petroglyph Canyons . The Coso People were prolific artists and traded with distant tribes using tools crafted of stone. Archeological recovery at coastal Chumash sites in California indicates considerable trade with the Coso People . Other activities in the area are: The Maturango Museum is located in Ridgecrest. The museum
3445-433: The other scales. The reason for so many different ways to measure the same thing is that at different distances, for different hypocentral depths, and for different earthquake sizes, the amplitudes of different types of elastic waves must be measured. M L is the scale used for the majority of earthquakes reported (tens of thousands) by local and regional seismological observatories. For large earthquakes worldwide,
3510-646: The population) lived in households, 109 (0.4%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 87 (0.3%) were institutionalized. There were 10,781 households, out of which 3,901 (36.2%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,211 (48.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,352 (12.5%) had a female householder with no husband present, 609 (5.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 681 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 64 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . 2,978 households (27.6%) were made up of individuals, and 1,001 (9.3%) had someone living alone who
3575-419: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 10,900 people (39.5%) lived in rental housing units. According to the census of 2000, there were 24,927 people, 9,826 households, and 6,691 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,179.9 inhabitants per square mile (455.6/km ). There were 11,309 housing units at an average density of 535.3/sq mi (206.7/km ). The racial makeup of
3640-435: The relative magnitudes of different earthquakes. Additional developments were required to produce a practical method of assigning an absolute measure of magnitude. First, to span the wide range of possible values, Richter adopted Gutenberg's suggestion of a logarithmic scale, where each step represents a tenfold increase of magnitude, similar to the magnitude scale used by astronomers for star brightness . Second, he wanted
3705-451: The resulting scale in 1935, he called it (at the suggestion of Harry Wood) simply a "magnitude" scale. "Richter magnitude" appears to have originated when Perry Byerly told the press that the scale was Richter's and "should be referred to as such." In 1956, Gutenberg and Richter, while still referring to "magnitude scale", labelled it "local magnitude", with the symbol M L , to distinguish it from two other scales they had developed,
3770-434: The shaking observed at various distances from the epicenter. He then plotted the logarithm of the amplitude against the distance and found a series of curves that showed a rough correlation with the estimated magnitudes of the earthquakes. Richter resolved some difficulties with this method and then, using data collected by his colleague Beno Gutenberg , he produced similar curves, confirming that they could be used to compare
3835-567: The south. Kern Transit connects Ridgecrest to Lake Isabella and Mojave . Richter magnitude scale The Richter scale ( / ˈ r ɪ k t ər / ), also called the Richter magnitude scale , Richter's magnitude scale , and the Gutenberg–Richter scale , is a measure of the strength of earthquakes , developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg , and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it
3900-460: The station, δ {\displaystyle \delta } . In practice, readings from all observing stations are averaged after adjustment with station-specific corrections to obtain the M L value. Because of the logarithmic basis of the scale, each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude. In terms of energy, each whole number increase corresponds to an increase of about 31.6 times
3965-595: Was recorded on July 11, 2021, tied with July 1988 and July 1993. The 2010 United States Census reported that Ridgecrest had a population of 27,616. The population density was 1,289.5 inhabitants per square mile (497.9/km ). The racial makeup of Ridgecrest was 21,387 (77.4%) White , 1,113 (4.0%) African American , 341 (1.2%) Native American , 1,209 (4.4%) Asian , 143 (0.5%) Pacific Islander , 1,836 (6.6%) from other races , and 1,587 (5.7%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4,941 persons (17.9%). The Census reported that 27,420 people (99.3% of
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#17328524243274030-418: Was 33.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.9 males. There were 11,915 housing units at an average density of 556.3 units per square mile (214.8 units/km ), of which 6,525 (60.5%) were owner-occupied, and 4,256 (39.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.9%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.2%. 16,520 people (59.8% of
4095-408: Was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.9 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 44,971, and the median income for a family was $ 52,725. Males had a median income of $ 46,993 versus $ 29,558 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 21,312. About 10.2% of families and 12.3% of the population were below
4160-417: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54. There were 7,172 families (66.5% of all households); the average family size was 3.10. The population was spread out, with 7,544 people (27.3%) under the age of 18, 2,654 people (9.6%) aged 18 to 24, 7,157 people (25.9%) aged 25 to 44, 6,844 people (24.8%) aged 45 to 64, and 3,417 people (12.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
4225-437: Was replaced in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale (MMS, symbol M w ); for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, numerical values are approximately the same. Although values measured for earthquakes now are M w , they are frequently reported by the press as Richter values, even for earthquakes of magnitude over 8, when the Richter scale becomes meaningless. The Richter and MMS scales measure
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