Misplaced Pages

#717282

19-670: Chimurenga is a word in Shona . The Ndebele equivalent is not as widely used since most Zimbabweans speak Shona; it is Umvukela , meaning "revolutionary struggle" or uprising. In specific historical terms, it also refers to the Ndebele and the Shona insurrections against administration of the British South Africa Company during the late 1890s, the First Chimurenga —and the war fought between African nationalist guerrillas and

38-673: A part of this group. Their ancestor was known by the name Murenga Musorowenzou (Head of an Elephant), known by the Venda as Thoho yaNdou and Sholo reZhou . The later two have named their cities after this man while the Shona honoured him by naming their wars of struggle after him. The First Chimurenga is now celebrated in Zimbabwe as the First War of Independence. It is also known in the English speaking world as

57-423: Is closely related to Ndau , Kalanga and is related to Tonga , Chewa , Tumbuka , Tsonga and Venda . Ndau and Kalanga are former dialects of Shona but became independent languages in 2013 because their grammar is very slightly less similar to those of Manyika, Korekore, and Zezuru. Shona is also similar to Swahili and Tswana . Shona is a written standard language with an orthography and grammar that

76-546: Is quite common cross-linguistically, with similar systems occurring in Greek , Spanish , Tagalog , Swahili and Japanese . Each vowel is pronounced separately even if they fall in succession. For example, Unoenda kupi ? ("Where do you go?") is pronounced [u.no.e.nda.ku.pi] . The consonant sounds of Shona are: Shona and other languages of Southern and Eastern Africa include whistling sounds , (this should not be confused with whistled speech ). Shona's whistled sibilants are

95-567: The de jure independence of Zimbabwe . The physical manifestation of the war was as a conflict between the predominantly white minority government, headed by Ian Smith , and the black nationalist movements of ZANU and ZAPU , respectively led by Robert Mugabe and Joshua Nkomo . Chimurenga also refers to a style of music first branded by Thomas Mapfumo , who mixed indigenous African rhythmic patterns and instruments such as mbira (thumb piano), drums, gourd rattles with Western styles (electric guitar) in songs that achieved wide popularity among

114-637: The fricatives "sv" and "zv" and the affricates "tsv" and "dzv". Whistled sibilants stirred interest among the Western public and media in 2006, due to questions about how to pronounce the name of Morgan Tsvangirai , the leader of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai in Zimbabwe. The BBC Pronunciation Unit recommended the pronunciation "chang-girr-ayi" / ˈ tʃ æ ŋ ɡ ɪ r eɪ i / . The letters "L", "Q", and "X" are not used in Shona and are used only in loanwords. From 1931 to 1955, Unified Shona

133-669: The British South Africa Police regrouped and established control over the Hwata people after their Mambo (King) Hwata surrendered together with his spirit medium, Nehanda Nyakasikana . Hwata and Nehanda Nyakasikana were sentenced to death and executed. Mlimo was eventually assassinated in his temple in Matobo Hills by the American scout Frederick Russell Burnham . Upon learning of the death of Mlimo, Cecil Rhodes walked unarmed into

152-567: The Second Matabele War. This conflict refers to the 1896–1897 Ndebele - Shona revolt against the British South Africa Company 's administration of the territory. Mlimo, the Matabele spiritual/religious leader, is credited with fomenting much of the anger that led to this confrontation. He convinced the Ndebele and Shona that the white settlers (almost 4,000 strong by then) were responsible for

171-678: The drought, locust plagues and the cattle disease rinderpest ravaging the country at the time. Mlimo's call to battle was well timed. Only a few months earlier, the British South Africa Company's Administrator General for Matabeleland , Leander Starr Jameson , had sent most of his troops and armaments to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid . This left the country's defences in disarray. The Ndebele began their revolt in March 1896. In June 1896, Mashayamombe led

190-448: The economic collapse that soon followed, which some have labelled the "Third Chimurenga " as being the catalyst. In a modern context, the word may denote a struggle for human rights, political dignity and social justice . The expression is also used in context with modern Zimbabwean music, Chimurenga music . The name Chimurenga is coined from the great ancestor of the now Shona, Venda and Kalanga people . The Nambya people are also

209-695: The native's stronghold and persuaded the Impi to lay down their arms. The first Chimurenga thus ended in October 1897. Matabeleland and Mashonaland were unified under company rule and named Southern Rhodesia. The Second Chimurenga , also known as the Rhodesian Bush War or the Zimbabwe Liberation War, refers to the guerrilla war of the 1966–1979 which led to the end of white-minority rule in Rhodesia and to

SECTION 10

#1732859126718

228-461: The next syllable. For example, mangwanani ("morning") is syllabified as [ma.ᵑɡwa.na.ni] ; Zimbabwe is [zi.ᵐba.ɓwe] . Shona is written with a phonemic orthography, with only slightly different pronunciation or grammatical differences according to variety. Shona has two tones, a high and a low tone, but these tones are not indicated in the standard writing system. Shona has a simple 5- vowels system: [a, e, i, o, u] . This inventory

247-631: The predominantly-white Rhodesian government during the 1960s and the 1970s, the Rhodesian Bush War , or the Second Chimurenga / Imvukela . The concept is also occasionally used in reference to the land reform programme undertaken by the Zimbabwe government since 2000, which some call the Third Chimurenga . Proponents of land reform regard it as the final phase in what they hold to be the liberation of Zimbabwe by economic and agrarian reforms that are intended to empower indigenous people, despite

266-472: The protest movement against white minority rule. Today the term Chimurenga music refers to popular Shona music from Zimbabwe. Shona language The larger group of historically related languages—called Shona or Shonic languages by linguists—also includes Ndau (Eastern Shona) and Kalanga (Western Shona). In Guthrie's classification of Bantu languages, zone S.10 designates the Shonic group. Shona

285-610: The speakers are considered to be ethnically Shona, are the S15 Ndau language , spoken in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and the S13 Manyika language , spoken in eastern Zimbabwe, near Mutare specifically Chipinge. Ndau literacy material has been introduced into primary schools. Maho (2009) recognizes Korekore, Zezuru, Manyika, Karanga, and Ndau as distinct languages within the Shona cluster. Shona allows only open syllables . Consonants belong to

304-768: The uprising of the Zezuru Shona people located to the South West of the capital Salisbury. Mashayamombe worked with the local spiritual leader Kaguvi, and during this period a white farmer, Norton and his wife were killed at Porta Farm in Norton. The third phase of the First Chimurenga was joined by the Hwata Dynasty of Mazoe. They succeeded in driving away the white settlers from the Mashonaland on 20 June 1896. Three months later,

323-512: Was codified during the early 20th century and fixed in the 1950s. In the 1920s, the Rhodesian administration was faced with the challenge of preparing schoolbooks and other materials in the various languages and dialects and requested the recommendation of South African linguist Clement Doke . The language is now described through monolingual and bilingual dictionaries (chiefly Shona – English). The first novel in Shona, Solomon Mutswairo 's Feso ,

342-674: Was published in 1957. Subsequently, hundreds of novels, short story collections and poetry volumes in Shona have appeared. Shona is taught in the schools, but after the first few grades it is not the general medium of instruction for subjects other than Shona grammar and literature. The last systematic study of varieties and sub-varieties of the Central Shona dialect continuum was that done by Clement Doke in 1930, so many sub-varieties are no longer functional and should be treated with caution. According to information from Ethnologue: Languages with partial intelligibility with Central Shona, of which

361-772: Was written with an alphabet developed by linguist Clement Martyn Doke . This included these letters: In 1955, these were replaced by letters or digraphs from the basic Latin alphabet. For example, today ⟨sv⟩ is used for ⟨ȿ⟩ and ⟨zv⟩ is used for ⟨ɀ⟩ . Noun classes ( mupanda ) Shona nouns are grouped by noun class ( mupanda ) based on: Vanhu vese vanoberekwa vakasununguka uyewo vakaenzana pahunhu nekodzero dzavo. Vanhu vese vanechipo chokufunga nekuziva chakaipa nechakanaka saka vanofanira kubatana nomweya wohusahwira. Translation All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

#717282