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113-612: The Marine Corps was born with the establishment of the first armed forces of an independent Chile: the Corps was founded by Don Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme on June 16, 1818, through a Supreme Decree. However, the predecessor of the Marine Corps in Chilean history may be found in the early efforts of patriot revolutionaries against Spain in challenging royal control of the sea. In fact, a force of twenty-five soldiers Cazadores de los Andes, aboard

226-650: A "Naval Detachment of Order and Security" ( Destacamento de Orden y Seguridad in Spanish) that acts as base garrison unit and military police force. There are smaller detachments in remote areas like Puerto Williams and Isla de Pascua . The CIM also is responsible for the protection of the commander in chief of the Navy and contributes a section to the security of the facilities of the Ministry of Defense in Santiago . The corps also operates

339-464: A claim-by-claim rebuttal to Diamond's claims. This includes, among other things, that deforestation began immediately, but the population grew while the forest declined as the land was converted to more productive farmland; that the island's population grew continuously up to the arrival of Europeans, with the only clear decline starting in the period of 1750–1800; that studies from other islands show clearly that Polynesian settlement without Polynesian rats

452-523: A competition. The god responsible for creating humans, Makemake , played an important role in this process. Katherine Routledge , who systematically collected the island's traditions in her 1919 expedition, showed that the competitions for Bird Man (Rapa Nui: tangata manu ) started around 1760, after the arrival of the first Europeans, and ended in 1878, with the construction of the first church by Roman Catholic missionaries who formally arrived in 1864. Petroglyphs representing Bird Men on Easter Island are

565-557: A form using the last name (e.g. "Don de la Vega") is not considered correct and rarely would be used by Spanish speakers ("señor de la Vega" would be used instead). Historically, don was used to address members of the nobility, e.g. hidalgos , as well as members of the secular clergy . The treatment gradually came to be reserved for persons of the blood royal , e.g. Don John of Austria , and those of such acknowledged high or ancient aristocratic birth as to be noble de Juro e Herdade , that is, "by right and heredity" rather than by

678-624: A generic honorific, similar to Sir and Madam in the United States. In Spanish, don and doña convey a higher degree of reverence. Unlike The Honourable in English (but like the English Sir for a knight or baronet ), Don may be used when speaking directly to a person, and unlike Lord it must be used with a given name. For example, "Don Diego de la Vega" or simply "Don Diego" (the secret identity of Zorro ) are typical forms. But

791-563: A mark of esteem for an individual of personal, social or official distinction, such as a community leader of long-standing, a person of significant wealth, a noble , or the member of an order of merit . As a style , rather than a title or rank , it is used with, rather than in place of, a person's name. The feminine equivalents are Doña ( Spanish: [ˈdoɲa] ), Donna ( Italian: [ˈdɔnna] ), Doamnă (Romanian) and Dona ( Portuguese: [ˈdonɐ] ) abbreviated 'D.ª', 'Da.', or simply 'D.' It

904-431: A quarter of the island's population. In the following years, the managers of the sheep ranch and the missionaries started buying the newly available lands of the deceased, and this led to great confrontations between natives and settlers. Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier bought up all of the island apart from the missionaries' area around Hanga Roa and moved a few hundred Rapa Nui to Tahiti to work for his backers. In 1871

1017-503: A sandy beach for canoe landings and launchings, so it is a likely early place of settlement. However, radiocarbon dating concludes that other sites preceded Anakena by many years, especially the Tahai by several centuries. The island was populated by Polynesians who most likely navigated in canoes or catamarans from the Gambier Islands (Mangareva, 2,600 km (1,600 mi) away) or

1130-485: A sharp decline in agricultural production. This was exacerbated by the loss of land birds and the collapse in seabird populations as a source of food. By the 18th century, islanders were largely sustained by farming, with domestic chickens as the primary source of protein. As the island became overpopulated and resources diminished, warriors known as matatoa gained more power and the Ancestor Cult ended, making way for

1243-429: A voyage with reconstructed Polynesian boats was able to reach Easter Island from Mangareva after a seventeen-and-a-half-day voyage. According to oral traditions recorded by missionaries in the 1860s, the island originally had a strong class system : an ariki , or high chief , wielded great power over nine other clans and their respective chiefs. The high chief was the eldest descendant through first-born lines of

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1356-519: A woman who does not hold an academic title. It is commonly used to refer to First Ladies , although it is less common for female politicians. Within the Catholic Church, the prefix Don is usually used for the diocesan priests with their first name, as well as velečasni ( The Reverend ). Dom is used as a title in English for certain Benedictine (including some communities which follow

1469-710: A worthwhile place to flee from a neighboring chief, one to whom he had already lost three battles. At their time of arrival, the island had one lone settler, Nga Tavake 'a Te Rona. After a brief stay at Anakena , the colonists settled in different parts of the island. Hotu's heir, Tu'u ma Heke, was born on the island. Tu'u ko Iho is viewed as the leader who brought the statues and caused them to walk. The Easter Islanders are considered Southeast Polynesians. Similar sacred zones with statuary ( marae and ahu ) in East Polynesia demonstrate homology with most of Eastern Polynesia. At contact, populations were about 3,000–4,000. By

1582-595: Is proto-writing or true writing. When the slave raiders were forced to repatriate the people they had kidnapped, carriers of smallpox disembarked together with a few survivors on each of the islands. This created devastating epidemics from Easter Island to the Marquesas islands. Easter Island's population was reduced to the point where some of the dead were not even buried. The first Christian missionary, Eugène Eyraud , arrived in January 1864 and spent most of that year on

1695-567: Is " Dame " (e.g. Dame Laurentia McLachlan , late Abbess of Stanbrook , or Dame Felicitas Corrigan , author). In the United States , Don has also been made popular by films depicting the Italian mafia , such as The Godfather trilogy, where the crime boss is given by his associates the same signs of respect that were traditionally granted in Italy to nobility. However, the honorific followed by

1808-481: Is a common honorific reserved for women, especially mature women. In Portuguese Dona tends to be less restricted in use to women than Dom is to men. Today in the Spanish language, Doña is used to respectfully refer to a mature woman. In present-day Hispanic America, the title Don or Doña is sometimes used in honorific form when addressing a senior citizen. In some countries, Don or Doña may be used as

1921-473: Is an M.D. Additionally the honorific is usually used with people of older age. The same happens in other Hispanic American countries. For example, despite having a doctoral degree in theology , the Paraguayan dictator José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia was usually styled as "Don". Likewise, despite being a respected military commander with the rank of Brigade General , Argentine Ruler Juan Manuel de Rosas

2034-623: Is an island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean , at the southeasternmost point of the Polynesian Triangle in Oceania . The island is renowned for its nearly 1,000 extant monumental statues, called moai , which were created by the early Rapa Nui people . In 1995, UNESCO named Easter Island a World Heritage Site , with much of the island protected within Rapa Nui National Park . Experts differ on when

2147-727: Is great similarity with the Rapa Nui language and Early Mangarevan , similarities between a statue found in Pitcairn and some statues found in Easter Island, the resemblance of tool styles in Easter Island to those in Mangareva and Pitcairn, and correspondences of skulls found in Easter Island to two skulls found in Henderson, all suggesting Henderson and Pitcairn Islands to have been early stepping stones from Mangareva to Easter Island, which in 1999,

2260-637: Is no longer a right under Italian law. In practice, however, the style Don/Donna (or Latin Dominus/Domina) was used more loosely in church, civil and notarial records. The honorific was often accorded to the untitled gentry (e.g., knights or younger sons of noblemen), priests, or other people of distinction. It was, over time, adopted by organized criminal societies in Southern Italy (including Naples, Sicily, and Calabria) to refer to members who held considerable sway within their hierarchies. In modern Italy,

2373-412: Is one of the world's most remote inhabited islands. The nearest inhabited land (around 50 residents in 2013) is Pitcairn Island , 2,075 kilometres (1,289 mi) away; the nearest town with a population over 500 is Rikitea , on the island of Mangareva , 2,606 km (1,619 mi) away; the nearest continental point lies in central Chile, 3,512 km (2,182 mi) away. The name "Easter Island"

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2486-446: Is only associated with minimal forest loss while the arrival of rats without human settlement is devastating to forest populations; only species favoured by the rats for consumption were lost, not for example the native Sophora toromiro ; that the island's drier, less predictable climate made it inherently more vulnerable to deforestation than other Polynesian islands; and that the population declines on Rapa Nui can be well attributed to

2599-422: Is responsible for maintaining order and security inside the naval base and naval populations. The Chilean Marines are organized into two battalion-sized detachments (Destacamento de Infantería), two full-time battalions plus support units. As of 2013 they are now a full division-sized formation of 2 brigades plus independent units. The Expeditionary Amphibious Brigade ( Brigada Anfibia Expedicionaria , BAE), forms

2712-460: Is similar among Basque speakers in Spain using don and doña . The honorific is sometimes adapted as on as in the priest and scholar on Joxemiel Barandiaran ( Spanish : Don José Miguel Barandiarán ) or fictional knight On Kixote ( Don Quixote ). The honorific was also used among Ladino -speaking Sephardi Jews , as part of the Spanish culture which they took with them after

2825-716: Is still common in Southern Italy, mostly as an honorific form to address the elderly, but it is rarely, if ever, used in Central Italy or Northern Italy . It can be used satirically or ironically to lampoon a person's sense of self-importance. Don is prefixed either to the full name or to the person's given name . The form "Don Lastname" for crime bosses (as in Don Corleone ) is an American custom. In Southern Italy, mafia bosses are addressed as "Don Firstname" by other mafiosi and sometimes their victims as well, while

2938-553: Is the variant used in Portuguese, which in Brazil is reserved for bishops . The title is also used among Benedictine monks for those members of the community who have professed perpetual religious vows . The equivalent of Doña or Dame is used by nuns of the Order. In Spanish, although originally a title reserved for royalty, select nobles, and church hierarchs, it is now often used as

3051-566: Is used for certain higher members hierarchs , such as superiors , of the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. In Catholic religious orders , such as the Order of Saint Benedict , it is also associated with the status of Dom Frater . Dom is similarly used as an honorific for Benedictine monks within the Benedictine Order throughout France and the English speaking world, such as

3164-537: The Chilean television personality Don Francisco , and the Puerto Rican industrialist and politician Don Luis Ferré , among many other figures. Although Puerto Rican politician Pedro Albizu Campos had a doctoral degree, he has been titled Don . Likewise, Puerto Rican Governor Luis Muñoz Marín has often been called Don Luís Muñoz Marin instead of Governor Muñoz Marin. In the same manner, Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz

3277-877: The Marquesas Islands , 3,200 km (2,000 mi) away. According to some theories, such as the Polynesian Diaspora Theory , there is a possibility that early Polynesian settlers arrived from South America due to their remarkable sea-navigation abilities. Theorists have supported this through the agricultural evidence of the sweet potato . The sweet potato was a favoured crop in Polynesian society for generations but it originated in South America, suggesting interaction between these two geographic areas. However, recent research suggests that sweet potatoes may have spread to Polynesia by long-distance dispersal long before

3390-588: The Rule of St. Benedict ) and Carthusian monks , and for members of certain communities of canons regular . Examples include Benedictine monks of the English Benedictine Congregation (e.g. Dom John Chapman , late Abbot of Downside ). Since the Second Vatican Council , the title can be given to any monk ( lay or ordained ) who has made a solemn profession . The equivalent title for a nun

3503-504: The brig "Aguila" constituted the embryo of the Marines, who have since participated in all the actions to which Chilean warships have been committed. O'Higgins's Supreme Decree described the role of the Marines: "these people will fire rifles from the deck, [and] will handle the machete in boardings and bayonet and cannon in landings." The Marine Corps thus became an indispensable complement to

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3616-673: The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. The honorific title Don was widely used in Crown documents throughout Hispanic America by those in nobility or landed gentry. It can be found in the many 'Padrones' and "Aguas y Tierras" records in Mexican archives. The honorific in modern times is also widely used throughout the Americas. This is the case of the Mexican New Age author Don Miguel Ángel Ruiz ,

3729-452: The phantom island of Davis Land ; sometimes translated as "Davis's Island" ) in 1770. Oral tradition states the island was first settled by a two-canoe expedition originating from Marae Renga (or Marae Toe Hau—otherwise known as Cook Islands ), and led by the chief Hotu Matu'a and his captain Tu'u ko Iho. The island was first scouted after Haumaka dreamed of such a far-off country; Hotu deemed it

3842-458: The "standing idols", all of which were erect at the time. In 1776 the Chilean priest Juan Ignacio Molina highlights the island for its "monumental statues" in the fifth chapter on "Chilean Islands" of his book "Natural and Civil History of the Kingdom of Chile". Four years later, in 1774, British explorer James Cook visited Easter Island; he reported that some statues had been toppled. Through

3955-438: The 'Otu 'Itu fought the Tu'u for control of the island. This continued until the 1860s. Famine followed the burning of huts and the destruction of fields. Social control vanished as the ordered way of life gave way to lawlessness and predatory bands as the warrior class took over. Homelessness prevailed, with many living underground. After the Spanish visit, from 1770 onward, a period of statue toppling, huri mo'ai , commenced. This

4068-447: The 15th century, two confederations, hanau , of social groupings, mata , existed, based on lineage. The western and northern portion of the island belonged to the Tu'u, which included the royal Miru, with the royal center at Anakena, though Tahai and Te Peu served as earlier capitals. The eastern part of the island belonged to the 'Otu 'Itu. Shortly after the Dutch visit, from 1724 until 1750,

4181-634: The 1960s the Rapanui were confined to Hanga Roa. The rest of the island was rented to the Williamson-Balfour Company as a sheep farm until 1953 when President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo cancelled the company's contract for non-compliance and then assigned the entire administration of the island to the Chilean Navy. The island was then managed by the Chilean Navy until 1966, at which point the island

4294-527: The 6th Police Station of Carabineros de Chile , the first fire company of Easter Island, schools and a hospital. The first mayor was sworn in 1966 and was Alfonso Rapu who sent a letter to President Frei two years prior influencing him to create the Pascua Law. Islanders were only able to travel off the island easily after the construction of the Mataveri International Airport in 1965, which

4407-492: The Bird Man Cult. Beverly Haun wrote, "The concept of mana (power) invested in hereditary leaders was recast into the person of the birdman, apparently beginning circa 1540, and coinciding with the final vestiges of the moai period." This cult maintained that, although the ancestors still provided for their descendants, the medium through which the living could contact the dead was no longer statues but human beings chosen through

4520-597: The Chilean Disembark in Pisagua, the first amphibious assault of the modern era. Amphibious operations were conducted on November 2, 1879, where the Chilean squadron provided escort and naval fire support, while the landing forces composed by 9,000 men landed in Caleta Pisagua and captured the position in a fast offensive action, taking only 4 hours. The Peruvian forces, after a strong initial resistance, were defeated due to

4633-550: The Chilean government. According to Rapa Nui tradition, the lands could not be sold, however, third parties believed they owned them and they were bought from them so that they would not interfere in the affairs of the island from that moment on. At that time, the Rapa Nui population reached alarming numbers. In a census carried out by the Chilean corvette Abtao in 1892, there were only 101 Rapa Nui alive, of which only 12 were adult men. The Rapa Nui ethnic group, along with their culture,

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4746-544: The Corps of Drums which are attached to the bands and are composed of snare drums, fifes and bugles (in the marine bands soldiers of the Marines fill the Corps of Drums rosters). They all report to Headquarters, Chilean Marine Corps and are under the direct control of the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. These bands date back to the mid 19th century when the Marine Artillery band was raised to provide musical support for

4859-618: The German consul in Valparaíso , Chile. Salmon sold the Brander Easter Island holdings to the Chilean government on January 2, 1888, and signed as a witness to the cession of the island. He returned to Tahiti in December 1888. He effectively ruled the island from 1878 until his cession to Chile in 1888. In 1887 Chile took concrete actions to incorporate the island into the national territory, at

4972-738: The Marine Infantry School "Commander Jaime Charles" together with the Naval Educational Command of the Navy, which fully owns and maintains the institution, and it is a part of the Naval Polytechnical Academy. The Band Service of the Chilean Navy personnel are from the Marine Corps, particularly the military bands of the Naval School "Arturo Prat", the Seaman Training School "Alejandro Navarette Cisterna" and

5085-599: The Naval Polytechnic Academy. Like their counterparts in the British Royal Marines Band Service , they operate not just as headquarters bands for the 5 naval zones and 4 marine battalions, plus as in-house band for the Marine Infantry School and for the BE "Esmeralda", but also as bands for the naval educational institutions, even though in the naval bands sailors and officer/NCO cadets fill the ranks of

5198-512: The Navy. The Marine Corps is also active in bomb disposal efforts as part of its international responsibilities. Don (honorific) The term Don ( Spanish: [don] , literally ' Lord ') abbreviated as D. , is an honorific prefix primarily used in Spain and Hispanic America , and with different connotations also in Italy , Portugal and its former colonies, and formerly in

5311-624: The Philippines . Don is derived from the Latin dominus : a master of a household, a title with background from the Roman Republic in classical antiquity . With the abbreviated form having emerged as such in the Middle Ages , traditionally it is reserved for Catholic clergy and nobles , in addition to certain educational authorities and persons of high distinction. The older form of Dom

5424-505: The Polynesians arrived. When James Cook visited the island, one of his crew members, a Polynesian from Bora Bora , Hitihiti, was able to communicate with the Rapa Nui. It has been noted that the early jumping-off points for the early Polynesian colonization of Easter Island are more likely to have been from Mangareva , Pitcairn and Henderson , which lie about halfway between the Marquesas and Easter. It has been observed that there

5537-541: The Rapa Nui were granted Chilean citizenship. In 2007 the island gained the constitutional status of "special territory" ( Spanish : territorio especial ). Administratively, it belongs to the Valparaíso Region , constituting a single commune ( Isla de Pascua ) of the Province of Isla de Pascua . The 2017 Chilean census registered 7,750 people on the island, of which 3,512 (45%) identified as Rapa Nui. Easter Island

5650-531: The abduction or killing of about 1,500, with 1,408 working as indentured servants in Peru. Only about a dozen eventually returned to Easter Island, but they brought smallpox, which decimated the remaining population of 1,500. Those who perished included the island's tumu ivi 'atua , bearers of the island's culture, history, and genealogy besides the rongorongo experts. Estimated dates of initial settlement of Easter Island have ranged from 400 to 1300 CE. though

5763-513: The aim of getting the State to take charge of the situation generated by the company. The Navy held the company responsible for the "brutal and savage acts" committed by Merlet and the company's administrators and an investigation was requested. In 1916, the island was declared a subdelegation of the Department of Valparaíso. In the same year, Archbishop Rafael Edwards Salas visited the island and became

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5876-595: The amphibious component of the Corps with a mission to support the armed services in peacekeeping missions of in times of conflict and can do operations adaptable to any terrain possible. The brigade is headquartered in the Marine Corps bases in Concon and Talcahuano. The two remaining Marine Detachments plus smaller independent units form the Protection Forces of the Corps. Their duty is the protection of national territory and all naval bases and installations. Each zone has

5989-523: The appointment and tenure of mayors was at the pleasure of the president of the Philippines , pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 158 amending Commonwealth Act No. 57., Section 8 of Commonwealth Act No. 158, as amended by Republic Act No. 276. The 1987 Constitution , meanwhile, explicitly prohibits recognition of titles of nobility, thus the terms Don and Doña are now courtesy titles with no requirements for their attainment other than common usage for socially prominent and rich persons. Officially, Don

6102-510: The arrival of Europeans on Easter Island, the Rapanui experienced a tremendous upheaval in their social system brought about by a change in their island's ecology... By the time of European arrival in 1722, the island's population had dropped to 2,000–3,000 from a high of approximately 15,000 just a century earlier." By that time, 21 species of trees and all species of land birds became extinct through some combination of over-harvesting, over-hunting, rat predation, and climate change . The island

6215-545: The attributed obsidian mata'a "weapons" show rather evidence of having been used in agriculture, and indeed, match up with agricultural tools long recognized among artifacts of other Polynesian peoples. Evidence of violence among skeletal remains of pre-European native skeletons is minimal, with only 2.5% of crania showing evidence of antemortem fractures, consistent with Oswley's conclusions: "most skeletal injuries appear to have been nonlethal. Few fatalities were directly attributable to violence. The physical evidence suggests that

6328-494: The authors note that the obsidian usage trends lead to entirely different, self-inconsistent interpretations, while use of the oral histories of widespread intertribal warfare is undercut not just by early foreign visitors referring to the people as peaceful and docile, but the fact that the very wars in question were referred to as the wars of the throwing down of the statues , an event well-dated to not have begun until after western contact. The first recorded European contact with

6441-427: The community. In Spanish colonial Philippines , this honorific was reserved to the nobility , the prehispanic datu that became the principalía , whose right to rule was recognised by Philip II on 11 June 1594. Similar to Latin America, the title Don is considered highly honoured, more so than academic titles such as "Doctor", political titles such as "Governor", and even knights titled " Sir ". Usage

6554-403: The concession of the entire island after the failure of the State's colonization plan following the Civil War of 1891 and the change of government in the country. The company imposed prohibitions to live and work outside Hanga Roa and even forced labor of the islanders in the company, something that was avoided thanks to the "safe-conducts" given by the Navy that allowed the islanders to cross

6667-490: The current best estimate for colonization is in the 12th century  CE . Easter Island colonization likely coincided with the arrival of the first settlers in Hawaii. Rectifications in radiocarbon dating have changed almost all of the previously posited early settlement dates in Polynesia. Ongoing archaeological studies provide this late date: "Radiocarbon dates for the earliest stratigraphic layers at Anakena, Easter Island, and analysis of previous radiocarbon dates imply that

6780-425: The deck, unnecessary. For that reason was the predominant role of gunner and the Marine Corps became Artillery Battalion of the Navy. In 1866, the members of this battalion had to cover the garrisons of warships and fortifications on the ground. In such condition they all subsequently participated in all actions of the Naval War of the Pacific, displaying extraordinary courage and aggressiveness. This war highlighted

6893-426: The designation "Land's End" at the tip of Cornwall . He was unable to elicit a Polynesian name for the island and concluded that there may not have been one. According to Barthel (1974), oral tradition has it that the island was first named " Te pito o te kainga a Hau Maka" , meaning "The little piece of land of Hau Maka". But there are two words pronounced pito in Rapa Nui, one meaning "end" and one "navel", and

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7006-457: The entire island once the Navy took control of the island during the 20th Century. In 1903 the island was bought by the English sheep-farming company Williamson Balfor from the Merlet company, and – no longer being able to farm for food – the natives were forced to work on the ranches in order to buy food. In 1914 there was an uprising of the natives inspired by the elderly catechist María Angata Veri Veri and led by Daniel Maria Teave with

7119-470: The extinction of multiple plant species was the introduction of the Polynesian rat . Studies by paleobotanists have shown rats can dramatically affect the reproduction of vegetation in an ecosystem. In the case of Rapa Nui, recovered plant seed shells showed markings of being gnawed on by rats. This version of the history speculates a high former population to the island that had already declined before Europeans arrived. Barbara A. West wrote, "Sometime before

7232-441: The famous Dom Pérignon . In France, it is also used within the male branch of the Carthusian Order. It is also employed for laymen who belong to the royal and imperial families (for example the House of Aviz in Portugal and the House of Braganza in Portugal and Brazil). It was also accorded to members of families of the titled Portuguese nobility . Unless ennobling letters patent specifically authorised its use, Dom

7345-463: The frequency of warfare and lethal events was exaggerated in folklore." Despite known folklore, Hunt and Lipo also conclude that clear evidence of cannibalism among skeletal remains is entirely lacking. They note that in the search for evidence supporting ecocide, the far more obvious answer has long been known, and cite Metraux as evidence that "The historic slave-trading, epidemic disease, intensive sheep ranching, and tragic population collapse - indeed

7458-451: The genocide of the Rapanui People - is well documented, and has been recognized for a long time." They conclude that when it comes to the science, "It does not matter whether Rapa Nui offers a parable for today's urgent environmental problems." In a 2010 metastudy on the state of the evidence, the Mulrooney et al. concludes that "To date, there is no conclusive evidence for the proposed precontact collapse of Rapa Nui society". In particular,

7571-416: The honorific Don / Doña prefixed to the names. Juan Carlos' successor is S. M. el Rey Felipe VI . Spanish citizens who are Knights and Dames of the Order of Civil Merit , the Order of Charles III , and the Order of Isabella the Catholic are addressed as Don (for Knights) or Doña (for Dames), in the same style as Sir or Dame for knighted British nationals. [2] [3] [4] The Spanish usage

7684-486: The interpretation of Hitihiti, Cook learned the statues commemorated their former high chiefs, including their names and ranks. On April 10, 1786, French Admiral Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse anchored at Hanga Roa at the start of a circumnavigation of the Pacific. He made a detailed map of the bay, including his anchorage points, as well as a more generalised map of the island, plus some illustrations. A series of devastating events killed or removed most of

7797-433: The introduction of the Polynesian rat led to gradual deforestation . By the time of European arrival in 1722, the island's population was estimated to be 2,000 to 3,000. European diseases, Peruvian slave raiding expeditions in the 1860s, and emigration to other islands such as Tahiti further depleted the population, reducing it to a low of 111 native inhabitants in 1877. Chile annexed Easter Island in 1888. In 1966,

7910-463: The island and reported for the first time the existence of the so-called rongo-rongo tablets; but mass conversion of the Rapa Nui only came after his return in 1866 with Father Hippolyte Roussel . Two other missionaries arrived with Captain Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier . Eyraud contracted tuberculosis during the 1867 island epidemic, which took a quarter of the island's remaining population of 1,200, with only 930 Rapanui remaining. The dead included

8023-453: The island experienced steady population growth from its initial settlement until European contact in 1722. The island never had more than a few thousand people prior to European contact, and their numbers were increasing rather than dwindling. Several works that address or counter Diamond's claims in Collapse have been published. In Ecological Catastrophe and Collapse -The Myth of "Ecocide" on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) , Hunt and Lipo set out

8136-456: The island was colonized late, about 1200  CE . Significant ecological impacts and major cultural investments in monumental architecture and statuary thus began soon after initial settlement." According to oral tradition, the first settlement was at Anakena . Researchers have noted that the Caleta Anakena landing point provides the island's best shelter from prevailing swells as well as

8249-474: The island was on April 5, 1722, Easter Sunday, by Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen . His visit resulted in the death of about a dozen islanders, including the tumu ivi 'atua , and the wounding of many others. The next foreign visitors (on 15 November 1770) were two Spanish ships, San Lorenzo and Santa Rosalia , under the command of Captain Don Felipe Gonzalez de Ahedo . The Spanish were amazed by

8362-422: The island's Polynesian inhabitants first reached the island. While many in the research community cited evidence that they arrived around the year 800, a 2007 study provided compelling evidence suggesting their arrival was closer to 1200. The inhabitants created a thriving and industrious culture, as evidenced by the island's numerous enormous stone moai and other artifacts. But land clearing for cultivation and

8475-432: The island's legendary founder, Hotu Matu'a . The most visible element in the culture was the production of massive moai statues that some believe represented deified ancestors . According to National Geographic , "Most scholars suspect that the moai were created to honor ancestors, chiefs, or other important personages, However, no written and little oral history exists on the island, so it's impossible to be certain." It

8588-463: The island's original name since French ethnologist Alphonse Pinart gave it the romantic translation "The Navel of the World" in his Voyage à l'Île de Pâques , published in 1877. William Churchill (1912) inquired about the phrase and was told that there were three " te pito o te henua ", these being the three capes (land's ends) of the island. The phrase appears to have been used in the same sense as

8701-457: The king's grace. However, there were rare exemptions to the rule, such as the mulatto Miguel Enríquez who received the distinction from Philip V due to his privateering work in the Caribbean . It is now often used as a more formal version of Señor , a term which itself was also once used to address someone with the quality of nobility (not necessarily holding a nobiliary title). During

8814-462: The last ariki mau , the last East Polynesia royal first-born son, the 13-year-old Manu Rangi . Eyraud died of tuberculosis in August 1868, by which time almost the entire Rapa Nui population had become Roman Catholic . Tuberculosis , introduced by whalers in the mid-19th century, had already killed several islanders when Eugène Eyraud, died from this disease in 1867. It ultimately killed approximately

8927-697: The last name (e.g. Don Corleone) would be used in Italy for priests only: the proper Italian respectful form is similar to the Spanish-language form in that it is applied only to the first name (e.g. "Don Vito "). This title has in turn been applied by the media to real-world mafia figures, such as the nickname "Teflon Don" for John Gotti . It is also used in American TV series Breaking bad and Better call Saul . Isla de Pascua Easter Island ( Spanish : Isla de Pascua , [ˈisla ðe ˈpaskwa] ; Rapa Nui : Rapa Nui , [ˈɾapa ˈnu.i] )

9040-506: The main spokesman for the natives' complaints and demands. However, the Chilean State decided to renew the lease to the company, under the figure of the so-called "Provisional Temperament", distributing additional lands to the natives (5 ha per marriage as of 1926), allocating lands for the Chilean administration and establishing the permanent presence of the Navy, which in 1936 established a regulation according to which, with prior permission,

9153-518: The missionaries, having fallen out with Dutrou-Bornier, evacuated all but 171 Rapa Nui to the Gambier islands . Those who remained were mostly older men. Six years later, only 111 people lived on Easter Island, and only 36 of them had any offspring. From that point on, the island's population slowly recovered. But with over 97% of the population dead or gone in less than a decade, much of the island's cultural knowledge had been lost. Alexander Salmon, Jr. ,

9266-575: The natives could leave Hanga Roa to fish or provide themselves with fuel. Monsignor Rafael Edwards sought to have the island declared a "naval jurisdiction" in order to intervene in it as military vicar and in this way support the Rapa Nui community, creating better living conditions. In 1933, the Chilean State Defense Council required the registration of the island in the name of the State in order to protect it from private individuals who wanted to register it in their own name. Until

9379-401: The naval power of the nation, contributing effectively to safeguard the sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Marines were to move in line with the means available to the Chilean Navy. The advent of steam ships and the longer range of the artillery, and many other circumstances, ensured fighting occurred at a greater distances; Collisions were becoming increasingly impractical and rifles on

9492-495: The ownership of their lands, the validity of their culture and traditions and on equal terms. The Rapa Nui sold nothing, they were integrated in equal conditions to Chile. The annexation to Chile, together with the abolition of slavery in Peru, brought the advantage that foreign slavers did not take any more inhabitants from the island. However, in 1895, the Compañía Explotadora de Isla de Pascua from Enrique Merlet obtained

9605-413: The phrase can thus also mean "The Navel of the World". Another name, " Mata ki te rangi" , means "Eyes looking to the sky". Islanders are referred to in Spanish as pascuense , but members of the indigenous community are commonly called Rapa Nui . Felipe González de Ahedo named it Isla de San Carlos (" Saint Charles 's Island", the patron saint of Charles III of Spain ) or Isla de David (probably

9718-438: The population in the 1860s. In December 1862, Peruvian slave raiders struck. Violent abductions continued for several months, eventually capturing around 1,500 men and women, half of the island's population. Among those captured were the island's paramount chief, his heir, and those who knew how to read and write the rongorongo script, the only Polynesian script to have been found to date, although debate exists about whether this

9831-398: The press usually refers to them as "Firstname Lastname", without the honorific. Priests are the only ones to be referred as "Don" plus the last name (e.g. Don Marioni), although when talking directly to them they are usually addressed as "Don" plus the first name (e.g. Don Francesco), which is also the most common form used by parishioners when referring to their priest. The usage of Dom

9944-499: The reign of King Juan Carlos of Spain from 1975 until his abdication as monarch on 19 June 2014, he was titled Su Majestad [S. M.] el Rey Juan Carlos (His Majesty King Juan Carlos). Following the abdication, Juan Carlos and his wife are titled, according to the Royal Household website, S. M. el Rey Don Juan Carlos (H.M. King Juan Carlos) and S. M. la Reina Doña Sofía (H.M. Queen Sofía)—the same as during his reign, with

10057-716: The request of the Chilean Navy Captain Policarpo Toro , who was concerned about the unprotected situation of the Rapa Nui for decades and began to influence the situation on his own initiative. Policarpo, through negotiations, bought land on the island at the request of the Bishop of Valparaiso, Salvador Donoso Rodriguez, owner of 600 hectares, together with the Salmon brothers, Dutrou-Bornier and John Brander, from Tahiti. The Chilean captain put money from his own pocket for this purpose, together with 6000 pounds sterling sent by

10170-460: The requirements of the institution to have a real amphibious capacity and capable of contributing on projecting naval power over hostile territory The other mission of the Marines is the protection, maintenance and monitoring of the naval facilities, the most famous being The Lions Gate with its security unit under the order and security detachment of the Marines in Talcahuano (main naval base Chile)

10283-644: The sailors of the Navy, whose primary responsibility was to properly maneuver their craft during combat. "To provide the operational commander of Marines forces organized, equipped and trained, with the aim of contributing to the projection of naval power, to defend the coast and internal security and institutional." In other words, it consists mainly of amphibious assault force, coastal defense force, special forces, support organs and garrisons. It also organizes, equips and trains them to develop in times of conflict operations and actions that are characteristic over territory or where necessary, as irreplaceable component of

10396-448: The same as some in Hawaii, indicating that this concept was probably brought by the original settlers; only the competition itself was unique to Easter Island. According to Diamond and Heyerdahl's version of the island's history, the huri mo'ai  – "statue-toppling" – continued into the 1830s as a part of fierce internal wars. By 1838, the only standing moai were on

10509-422: The settlements before them, with their backs toward the spirit world in the sea. In his book Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed , Jared Diamond suggested that cannibalism took place on Easter Island after the construction of the moai contributed to environmental degradation when extreme deforestation ( ecocide ) destabilized an already precarious ecosystem. Archeological record shows that at

10622-714: The slopes of Rano Raraku, in Hoa Hakananai'a in Orongo , and Ariki Paro in Ahu Te Pito Kura. Diamond and West's version of the history is highly controversial. A study headed by Douglas Owsley published in 1994 asserted that there is little archaeological evidence of pre-European societal collapse . Bone pathology and osteometric data from islanders of that period clearly suggest few fatalities can be attributed directly to violence. Research by Binghamton University anthropologists Robert DiNapoli and Carl Lipo in 2021 suggests that

10735-523: The son of an English Jewish merchant and a Pōmare Dynasty princess, eventually worked to repatriate workers from his inherited copra plantation. He eventually bought up all lands on the island with the exception of the mission, and was its sole employer. He worked to develop tourism on the island and was the principal informant for the British and German archaeological expeditions for the island. He sent several pieces of genuine Rongorongo to his niece's husband,

10848-445: The strong and sustained aggressiveness shown by the Chilean soldiers. Since 1887, it functions as coastal artillery. Such a definition of the mission led to the updating of Organic Regulations of the Corps, which in 1938 was defined as Coastal defense. Beginning in 1964, the Corps was completely reorganized and refocused, being renamed the Marine Corps and constituting a modern amphibious force which has continued to evolve in line with

10961-407: The time of the initial settlement the island was home to many species of trees, including at least three species which grew up to 15 metres (49 ft) or more: Paschalococos (possibly the largest palm trees in the world at the time), Alphitonia zizyphoides , and Elaeocarpus rarotongensis . At least six species of land birds were known to live on the island. A major factor that contributed to

11074-430: The title is usually only given to Roman Catholic diocesan priests (never to prelates, who bear higher honorifics such as monsignore , eminenza , and so on). In Sardinia , until recently it was commonly used for nobility (whether titled or not), but it is being presently used mainly when the speaker wants to show that he knows the don 's condition of nobility. Outside of the priesthood or old nobility, usage

11187-495: The title itself had been granted. A well-known exception is the descent of Dom Vasco da Gama . There were many cases, both in Portugal and Brazil, in which the title of Dom (or Dona ) was conceded to, and even bought by, people who were not from royalty. In any case, when the title was officially recognized by the proper authority, it became part of the name. In Portugal and Brazil, Dom ( pronounced [ˈdõ] )

11300-537: The very mechanism described by Diamond in another of his books, Guns, Germs and Steel - the devastating impact of introduced diseases, raids, slavery, and exploitation on indigenous populations. In another work, Hunt and Lipo discuss more evidence against the ecocide hypothesis. In addition to focusing on the settlement chronology, they note that the island has an abnormally low amount of evidence of warfare compared to other Polynesian islands, only relatively small-scale intergroup conflict. There are no fortifications, and

11413-416: Was a prerogative of princes of royal blood and also of other individuals to whom it had been granted by the sovereign. In most cases, the title was passed on through the male line. Strictly speaking, only females born of a nobleman bearing the title Dom would be addressed as Dona ('D.ª'), but the style was not heritable through daughters. The few exceptions depended solely on the conditions upon which

11526-484: Was an attempt by competing groups to destroy the socio-spiritual power, or mana , represented by statues, making sure to break them in the fall to ensure they were dead and without power. None were left standing by the time of the arrival of the French missionaries in the 1860s. Between 1862 and 1888, about 94% of the population perished or emigrated. The island was victimized by blackbirding from 1862 to 1863, resulting in

11639-570: Was at its closest point to extinction. Then, on September 9, 1888, thanks to the efforts of the Bishop of Tahiti, Monsignor José María Verdier, the Agreement of Wills ( Acuerdo de Voluntades ) was signed, in which the local representative Atamu Tekena , head of the Council of Rapanui Chiefs ceded the sovereignty of the island to the State of Chile, represented by Policarpo Toro. The Rapa Nui elders ceded sovereignty, without renouncing their titles as chiefs,

11752-409: Was believed that the living had a symbiotic relationship with the dead in which the dead provided everything that the living needed (health, fertility of land and animals, fortune etc.) and the living, through offerings, provided the dead with a better place in the spirit world. Most settlements were located on the coast, and most moai were erected along the coastline, watching over their descendants in

11865-576: Was coined after the slave raids of the early 1860s, and refers to the island's topographic resemblance to the island of Rapa in the Bass Islands of the Austral Islands group. Norwegian ethnographer Thor Heyerdahl argued that Rapa was Easter Island's original name and that the Bass Islands' Rapa ( Rapa Iti ) was named by refugees from it. The phrase " Te pito o te henua" has been said to be

11978-532: Was formally and informally styled "Don" as a more important title. Prior to the American ownership of the Southwest, a number of Americans immigrated to California , where they often became Mexican citizens and changed their given names to Spanish equivalents, for example " Juan Temple " for Jonathan Temple. It was common for them to assume the honorific "don" once they had attained a significant degree of distinction in

12091-432: Was given by the island's first recorded European visitor, the Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen , who encountered it on Easter Sunday (April 5) in 1722, while searching for " Davis Land ". Roggeveen named it Paasch-Eyland (18th-century Dutch for "Easter Island"). The island's official Spanish name, Isla de Pascua , also means "Easter Island". The current Polynesian name of the island, Rapa Nui ("Big Rapa"),

12204-466: Was how the style was used in the Almanach de Gotha for extant families in its third section focused on the 200 non sovereign princely and ducal families of Europe. The last official Italian nobility law (abrogated 1948) stated that the style belonged to members of the following groups: Genealogical databases and dynastic works still reserve the title for this class of noble by tradition, although it

12317-433: Was largely deforested , and it did not have any trees taller than 3 m (9.8 ft). Loss of large trees meant that residents were no longer able to build seaworthy vessels, significantly diminishing their fishing abilities. According to this version of the history, the trees were used as rollers to move the statues to their place of erection from the quarry at Rano Raraku . Deforestation also caused erosion which caused

12430-421: Was not attributed to members of Portugal's untitled nobility: Since hereditary titles in Portugal descended according to primogeniture , the right to the style of Dom was the only apparent distinction between cadets of titled families and members of untitled noble families. In the Portuguese language, the feminine form, Dona (or, more politely, Senhora Dona ), has become common when referring to

12543-577: Was reopened in its entirety. The Rapanui were given Chilean citizenship that year with the Pascua Law enacted during the government of Eduardo Frei Montalva . Only Spanish was taught in the schools until that year. The Law also created the Isla de Pascua commune depending from the Valparaíso Province and implemented the Civil Registry, created the positions of governor, mayor and councilman, as well as

12656-470: Was retained during the American period , although traditional official positions of the principalía (e.g., gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay ) were replaced by American political positions such as the municipal president. The practise slowly faded after World War II , as heirs of the principalía often did not inherit the title, and as civic leaders were chosen by popular election. Prior to 1954,

12769-443: Was the honorific title exclusively reserved for a member of a high noble family such a principe or a duca , excluding a marchese or a conte (and any legitimate, male-line descendant thereof). A reigning prince or duke would also be entitled to some form of the higher style of Altezza (eg Sua Altezza Serenissima , Sua Altezza Reale ) in addition to the Don. This

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