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74-565: The geological processes that created this region support its diverse history, climate, and ecology. This diversity is also illustrated by the presence of biogeoclimatic zones and a rich population of fish. Canadian Fisheries and many communities within the region such as: Alexis Creek , Hanceville , and the Tŝilhqot’in Nation depend on the diversity of Chilcotin River. In recent years, its diverse history, climate, and ecology has been impacted by

148-748: A food resource, cultural staple, and economic subsidy. To ensure salmon come back after every fishing season, the Tŝilhqot’in National Government (TNG) and the Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) practice sustainable harvesting and monitor the rivers regularly. However, progressively smaller harvesting outcomes in recent years followed by an assessment done by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has prompted

222-547: A high emissions scenario to identify annual average temperature projections. Between 2021 and 2050, temperatures were found to be 7.5 °C (45.5 °F), between 2051 and 2080 temperatures were found to be 9.5 °C (49.1 °F), and 10.9 °C (51.62 °F) for the remainder of this century. The average annual precipitation between 1951 and 1980 was 348mm (13.7 inches). Using the same high emissions scenario, annual average precipitation projections were found to be 4% higher for 2021–2050, 11% for 2051-2080m and 12% higher for

296-410: A larger variety of plant species. Higher elevations are exclusively the realm of the lichens . Due to its harsh winters, few animals live in the zone year-round. However, in the spring, summer, and fall, many species are found. Mountain goats, big-horned sheep, stone sheep, Roosevelt elk, blacktailed deer, mule deer, elk, and caribou all take advantage of summer growth in the zone. Grey wolves follow

370-474: A length of about 11 km. Communities above the slide dam were warned of the potential for flooding due to rising water, and communities below it were warned of the potential for flooding as a result of overflow or failure of the dam. The overflow began on August 5, and the water breached the dam. The flood, which carried away mud and uprooted trees from an area affected by a 2017 wildfire as well as washed away huts (from Pothole Ranch—only 3 river bends above

444-546: A milky appearance where as Chilko River has a clear blue appearance. This site is a recreation favourite as it is used for whitewater rafting. A hydrometric station in Chilcotin River between Big Creek and the Fraser River confluence reported a mean discharge of 102 m/s between 1971 and 2018. There have been no active, government-operated hydrometric stations on the river since 2018. The majority of winter precipitation in

518-558: A number of environmental concerns such as: increases in flooding, changes in water quality, declines in steelhead trout populations, and an increase in mountain pine beetle outbreaks. Rocks that form the valley walls suggest that the southward course of the Chilcotin River may have formed during the Late Miocene or Pliocene epochs . The lower reach of the Chilcotin River is home to the Wineglass assemblage and sedimentary rock which

592-529: A number. For example, the numerous variants of the Interior Cedar—Hemlock moist warm subzone are designated as ICHmw1, ICHmw2, etc. A variant may be divided into phases, such as ICHmc1a, the amabilis fir phase of the Interior Cedar—Hemlock moist cold subzone. The biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia are: The Alpine Tundra zone is the harshest and least-populated biozone in the Province. It occupies

666-411: A secondary component. Subalpine fir is a major associate to the north. Black cottonwood , lodgepole pine , trembling aspen , and paper birch are found with spruce in seral communities throughout most of the zone. In the central and southern ICH, spruce may also occur in association with Douglas-fir , western larch , western white pine , and grand fir . A typical spruce or redcedar–spruce stand on

740-584: A seepage ecosystem has a diverse shrub layer dominated by Oplopanax horridus , Ribes lacustre , Cornus sericea , Acer glabrum , Rubus parviflorus , Viburnum edule , and Lonicera involucrata . Characteristic herbs include Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Athyrium filix-femina, Tiarella unifoliata, Viola glabella, Circaea alpina, Streptopus spp., Osmorhiza chilensis, Dryopteris assimilis , and Actaea rubra . On swampier sites, Lysichiton americanum, Equisetum spp., and Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus and Hylocomium splendens are found. Seral communities on mesic sites in

814-698: A tree canopy of pure spruce (Coates et al. 1994). Coastal Douglas-fir is often predominant in southern coastal British Columbia, particularly on eastern Vancouver Island, The Gulf Islands, and the Sechelt Peninsula. The climate is "Csb" Cool Mediterranean , and the droughty summers inhibit development of a climax Western Red Cedar - Grand Fir association. Arbutus or Shore Pine accompany Douglas-Fir on dry, nutrient-poor to medium sites; Garry Oak occupies some dry rich sites, especially around Victoria . Other prominent deciduous trees include Bigleaf Maple and Western Flowering Dogwood . The only official subzone

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888-493: A well-developed carpet of feathermosses ( Pleurozium schreberi, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Hylocomiium splendens, Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus ). Wetter spruce sites have Lonicera involucrata, Cornus sericea, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Tiarella trifoliata, Equisetum arvense and Mnium mosses . Characteristic species of spruce bog, fen, or swamp ecosystems are Salix spp., Betula glandulosa, Ledum groenlandicum, Carex spp. and Sphagnum moss (Coates et al. 1994). In coastal areas

962-556: Is moist maritime (CDFmm). Victoria , Oak Bay , and southern parts of Saanich are drier than other parts of the CDF, and had a much higher proportion of oak-grass vegetation prior to settlement, but they have since become so heavily urbanized that no one has bothered to map a drier subzone for them. The ICH has a greater diversity of tree species than any other interior zone. Western hemlock and western redcedar are climax species in most variants, and interior spruce often accompanies them as

1036-498: Is 2,220 feet below plateau-level when it is joined by Big Creek Canyon. Between the confluence with its main tributary the Chilko River and its final confluence with the Fraser River, it is approximately 83 km. Through this reach, the Chilcotin River flows through Bull Canyon , Farwell Canyon , and Big Creek Canyon . The Chilko-Taseko confluence attracts many visitors because the rivers are coloured differently. Taseko River has

1110-523: Is absent, and any hybrids appear to have mainly white spruce characteristics. Lodgepole pine is the most common associate of white spruce in the SBPS. White spruce also occurs with trembling aspen in seral stands, and mixtures of black and white spruces occupy cold low-lying sites. Floodplain stands of black cottonwood ( Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa ) and white spruce occur uncommonly. Typical understorey vegetation of moist spruce ecosystems includes

1184-475: Is composed of seven major tributaries, the largest is Chilko River which is unique because it has a volume greater than the Chilcotin River. These tributaries are part of the Fraser River tributaries and the rivers in British Columbia . The annual average temperature between 1951 and 1980 was 5.1 °C (41.18 °F) and between 1981 and 2010 was 6 °C (42.8 °F). Climate Data Canada considered

1258-415: Is defined as "a geographic area having similar patterns of energy flow, vegetation and soils as a result of a broadly homogenous macroclimate." All zones are officially abbreviated in capital letters ( AT for A lpine T undra, BWBS for B oreal W hite and B lack S pruce, and so on). Subzones, which are divisions of zones based on more regional climates, have their connotative codes in lower case with

1332-558: Is dominated by Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Pleurozium schreberi , and Hylocomium splendens (Coates et al. 1994). Interior spruce is a common secondary component of Interior Cedar—Hemlock (ICH) forests. It is most abundant in the northern and eastern parts of the zone, close to the Sub-Boreal Spruce Zone, or at high elevations bordering the Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir Zone. It

1406-500: Is dominated by mountain hemlock and Pacific silver fir. Yellow cedar places third in abundance and western hemlock becomes increasingly significant with decreasing elevation. Leeward moist maritime (MHmm2) has all of the windward tree species, plus subalpine fir. Over most of southern British Columbia, spruce dominates the canopy of mature stands in the Engelmann Spruce—Subalpine Fir (ESSF) zone, while subalpine fir

1480-461: Is enclosed by older rocks from the Cache Creek terrane . The assemblage is made up of Late Permian tonalitic rock cut through Late Permian volcanic rock . It is unique because its structure and composition correlates to other assemblages ( Kutcho and Sitlika assemblages ) across British Columbia. The assemblages share similar lithology , an unconformity overlain with sedimentary sequences from

1554-476: Is least abundant in drier parts of the ICH. White spruce , Engelmann spruce , and their hybrids are all present, Engelmann spruce dominating in southeastern British Columbia, particularly at high elevations, and white spruce dominating in the north. In the coast–interior transition of northwestern British Columbia, interior spruce hybridizes with Sitka spruce and their cross is called Roche spruce. In some subzones either

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1628-509: Is most abundant in the understorey. At higher elevations, particularly in the north and in wet, heavy snowfall areas, subalpine fir dominates and spruce is a minor component. In southern British Columbia, the spruce is pure Engelmann , but white spruce characteristics become increasingly evident northward, first only at lower elevations, then at all elevations. At the northern limits of the ESSF, Engelmann spruce characteristics are rare. Subalpine fir

1702-787: Is not abundant. At low elevations in the ESSF, associates of spruce are Douglas-fir, western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ), western hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ) and western white pine. Mountain hemlock and amabilis fir ( Abies amabilis ) are also found with spruce in the ESSF, principally adjacent to the Mountain Hemlock Zone. The dominant plant community in the ESSF has an understorey of ericaceous shrubs, mainly Rhododendron albiflorum, Vaccinium membranaceum , and Menziesia ferruginea , with Vaccinium ovalifolium in high-precipitation areas and V. scoparium in dry areas. Ribes lacustre, Oplopanax horridus and Lonicera involucrata are common shrubs on moist to wet sites. Herbs characteristic of

1776-475: Is of Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Ptilium crista-castrensis , and the lichen Peltigera aphthosa (Coates et al. 1994). White spruce is a distant second in importance to lodgepole pine in the Sub-Boreal Pine-Spruce zone (SBPS). It occurs most commonly in the understorey to pine, but scattered stands dominated by white spruce can be found on moist sites. Pure Engelmann spruce

1850-406: Is officially non-forest, trees may be seen here and there. Groves of trembling aspen are occasional at higher elevations, and riparian areas can be lush with aspen, black cottonwood , mountain alder , willows , and many associated understorey plants. Scattered individuals and groves of ponderosa pine form a parkland in some areas, and Douglas-fir can also be present in a similar way. Despite

1924-453: Is present, especially in warmer microclimates. Western larch is present in some southeastern areas, and western red cedar may be seen in moist sections. This zone provides important summer and fall habitat for deer and moose and important winter habitat for mountain caribou . The Bunchgrass zone is the warmer of the two biogeoclimatic zones in British Columbia which lack trees. It is most commonly found in deeply incised valleys east of

1998-527: Is the main associate of interior spruce on active floodplain sites, and mixtures of white and black spruces are common on wetlands. Understorey vegetation in mesic spruce stands typically includes a moderately well-developed shrub layer dominated by Vaccinium membranaceum, Rubus parviflorus, Viburnum edule , Rosa acicularis, Alnus viridis , a variety of herbs ( Cornus canadensis, Clintonia uniflora, Rubus pubescens, Rubus pedatus, Arnica cordifolia, Maianthemum racemosa, Orthilia secunda, Aralia nudicaulis ) and

2072-564: Is the most abundant and characteristic tree of the IDF. Lodgepole pine is also abundant and often co-dominates with Douglas-fir. Ponderosa pine is co-occurs in the southern, lower elevation parts of the zone. White spruce occurs mainly in wetter subzones and at higher elevations transitional to the Montane Spruce, Sub-Boreal Spruce, and Engelmann Spruce–Subalpine Fir Zones. Western redcedar , western larch , and grand fir ( Abies grandis ) occur in

2146-485: Is the most abundant deciduous tree, and black cottonwood also thrives in most places. In southern parts, bigleaf maple and western flowering dogwood are locally prominent. The Coastal Western Hemlock zone is divided into subzones along gradients of continentality: Bull Canyon Provincial Park Bull Canyon Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia , Canada , protecting Bull Canyon on

2220-532: Is the primary moisture recharge season. Summers are warm in northern parts of the BG, and hot in low-elevation southern areas such as the Thompson River valley between Kamloops and Lytton . The bunchgrass plants tend to be widely spaced. Between them a cryptogam crust is present, and shrub cover under climax conditions may reach 15%. Weeds and cacti often replace bunchgrass on overgrazed land. Although this zone

2294-908: Is the typical associate of white spruce on coarse-textured parent materials, while balsam poplar–spruce mixtures are frequent on floodplains. Subalpine fir is common in western parts of the zone, but is rare east of the Rockies. Wetland black spruce stands often have a minor component of slow-growing white spruce. Typical vegetation in boreal white spruce stands includes the common shrubs Rosa acicularis, Viburnum edule, Shepherdia canadensis, Salix bebbiana , and Alnus viridis , with Ribes triste and Lonicera involucrata on wet sites, and Ledum groenlandicum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea on cold sites. Characteristic herbs are Linnaea borealis, Rubus pubescens, Mertensia paniculata, Petasites palmatus, Pyrola asarifolia, Cornus canadensis and Calamagrostis canadensis , with Equisetum spp. on wet sites. The thick carpet of moss

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2368-444: Is ubiquitous in the ESSF and is the most common associate of spruce throughout. Lodgepole pine is the most common seral species. Deciduous species, such as trembling aspen, paper birch, and black cottonwood, are present but uncommon. Whitebark pine and, in southeastern British Columbia only, limber pine and alpine larch occur in association with spruce, especially in the driest ecosystems, usually at high elevations, where spruce

2442-544: The Bering Sea to the Chilcotin River headwaters every other autumn to spawn, making it one of the longest migrating anadromous trout in Canada. The Chilcotin River steelhead has been classified as endangered and at extreme risk of extinction by COSEWIC . COSEWIC conducted a rarely-used emergency fast-track assessment of the Chilcotin River steelhead in February 2018, after only 58 individuals returned to their spawning grounds in

2516-637: The Chilcotin River , which is 7 km (4 mi) below the confluence of the Chilko River with the Chilcotin. The canyon and park are located just west of the community of Alexis Creek . Bull Canyon is part of a large volcanic plateau called the Chilcotin Group . The park is c.343 ha. in size and lies on the north side of the river. This British Columbia protected areas related article

2590-544: The Chilkat River . Western hemlock is a dominant climax species throughout. Western red cedar is present from the Craig Headwaters Protected Area south. Douglas-fir is often present and sometimes dominant in warmer, drier sections as far north as Kemano , while Sitka spruce is important in wet areas near tidewater. Other wet-climate trees include yellow-cedar and Pacific silver fir . Red alder

2664-599: The Coast Mountains and within their rain shadow . Drought, not cold as in the Alpine Tundra (AT), minimizes forest or woodland development. Winters are moderately cold throughout the BG, with frequent though usually light precipitation. Incidence and quantity of precipitation decrease after January, and spring months see little rain. A second rain peak occurs in June, but the quantity rarely matches evaporation; therefore, winter

2738-780: The Strait of Georgia west of Vancouver, an arm of the Salish Sea of the Pacific Ocean, on August 9. Water quality is complicated and stressors such as climate change and human development can have adverse impacts. Recently, the Chilcotin River monitoring site has seen increases in metal concentrations. There is not a lot of human development in this area but scientists are investigating the cause or driver of this change, noting that increases in sediments because of changes in streamflow could be an element. British Columbia experiences recurring outbreaks of mountain pine beetle (MPB) populations, with

2812-579: The Triassic-Jurassic Periods, and a structural relationship with the overlying Cache Creek Complex . From its headwaters, Chilcotin River has many branches. Some branches are headed towards the western part of Chilcotin Plateau. Approximately 80 km (50 mi) from the Coast Range at altitudes of 3,500 to 4,200 feet, water is gathered from small creeks and lakes. The river flows slightly below

2886-755: The World Wildlife Fund and the other in use by Environment Canada , which is based on one created by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) and also in use by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The system of biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification was partly created for the purpose of managing forestry resources, but is also in use by the British Columbia Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy and other provincial agencies. A biogeoclimatic zone

2960-547: The feather mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens , the forest floor contains a diversity of lichens (Coates et al. 1994). White spruce is the predominant tree species in the Boreal White and Black Spruce (BWBS), except in the Fort Nelson area where the poorly drained lowlands are dominated by black spruce . Engelmann spruce is absent, though some white × Engelmann hybrids may occur at southern margins of

3034-706: The moss layer characteristically includes Aulacomnium palustre and Peltigera, Cladina and Cladonia lichens (Coates et al. 1994). Interior spruce (mostly hybrid white × Engelmann, with some pure white spruce) is dominant throughout the many subzones of the Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS) zone. Lodgepole pine is the most common associate of interior spruce in the SBS. Subalpine fir is abundant in cooler, moister subzones. Trembling aspen and Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca ) are often found with spruce on warmer, drier, more southerly subzones. Black cottonwood

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3108-488: The shrubs Lonicera involucrata, Rosa acicularis, Shepherdia canadensis, Juniperus communis, Salix glauca, Betula glandulosa, Ribes lacustre, R. hudsonianum and Viburnum edule , and the herbs Cornus canadensis, Linnaea borealis, Epilobium angustifolium, Petasites palmatus, Fragaria virginiana, Equisetum arvense, Calamagrostis canadensis and Mitella nuda . In addition to the usual feather mosses ( Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens and Ptilium crista-castrensis )

3182-679: The Bunchgrass zone belong to the Chernozem Order with all four great groups (Brown, Dark Brown, Black, Dark Gray) represented. Ponderosa pine is the most abundant species on mesic or xeric terrain. Douglas-fir is common, and can be dominant on moist sites. White spruce or white × Engelmann hybrids are found only rarely within the Ponderosa Pine (PP) zone, and occur in cool, moist, sheltered situations, e.g., steep, north-facing canyon headwalls (Coates et al. 1994). Two subzones are recognized:

3256-705: The Chilcotin Plateau found that although the dominant tree species were not eradicated, MPB outbreaks in the future would make forests unusable for the timber industry in the long term. Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia The biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia are units of a classification system used by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests for the Canadian province's fourteen different broad, climatic ecosystems. The classification system, termed Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification , exists independently of other ecoregion systems, one created by

3330-436: The Chilcotin River and surrounding communities experienced extreme rainfall. Subsequent flooding led to mudslides, inundated roadways and the destruction of culverts. Residents were cut off, leaving over 300 people stranded, and 120 properties destroyed. On July 31, 2024, a major landslide totally blocked ( 51°50′49.2″N 122°47′18.8″W  /  51.847000°N 122.788556°W  / 51.847000; -122.788556 )

3404-517: The Chilcotin River is roughly 200 feet below the surface. The valley in this reach also widens and deepens. At Alexis Creek, the river flows towards a basin as it forms a divide with the Nazko. At this point, the river joins form the north and turns southeast towards Hanceville. The valley becomes more deep until it is 1,800 feet below the level of the plateau. At the Fraser-Chilcotin confluence, Chilcotin

3478-501: The Chilcotin Watershed falls as snow, causing Chilcotin River to experience a pronounced spring and early summer freshet , which is stream flooding due to melting snow. The highest average monthly discharge is nearly 10 times that of the month with the lowest discharge. The Chilcotin River runs along borders of Bull Canyon Provincial Park , Big Creek Ecological Reserve, and Junction Sheep Range Provincial Park . Chilcotin River

3552-433: The ESSF forest include Valeriana sitchensis, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Rubus pedatus, Streptopus roseus, Veratrum viride, Athyrium filix-femina, Cornus canadensis, Lycopodium annotinum, Tiarella spp. and Arnica cordifolia . Dominant bryophytes are Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum spp., and Barbilophozia spp. Lichens are abundant on the forest floor and include Peltigera spp., Nephroma arcticum , and Cladonia spp. At

3626-495: The Farwell Canyon Bridge) among other things, reached the Fraser River relatively quickly. The risk of fast-moving water and debris, which included mature trees, led to emergency alerts and evacuation orders along both the Chilcotin and Fraser Rivers. NASA reported that by 6 August, the Fraser River water levels had peaked at 3,640 cubic metres per second, which was a sharp increase but not a record breaker. The debris reached

3700-652: The MH is transitional between productive low-elevation forests and treeless alpine tundra (AT). Unlike the interior high-elevation transition zones (SWB, ESSF), spruce is usually scarce or absent and mountain hemlock is abundant. Yellow cedar is also common, especially in the more maritime areas. The most common fir is Pacific silver fir and subalpine fir may also be plentiful. Fir is absent on Haida Gwaii . Some western hemlock may be present, especially at lower elevations where its proportion of hemlock cover may reach 50%. If western hemlock cover exceeds 50% of total hemlock cover,

3774-694: The Sub-Boreal Spruce zone and a Bob Quinn Lake phase (ICHwc(a)) has been proposed. Hemlock is easily seen along the Stewart-Cassiar Highway at Thomas Creek, but drops out within a kilometre northward as the hitherto-scarce lodgepole pine becomes abundant; this marks an abrupt change to the BWBS zone. A very productive rain-fed forest occurs along the British Columbia coast from Haida Gwaii and Stewart south to Metchosin on Vancouver Island. It also extends inland along river valleys from coastal parts of Alaska , crossing into British Columbia as far north as

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3848-483: The TNG to shut down their fishery operations for 2021 and presently, fishing in the Chilcotin River has seized. Subboreal pine-spruce biogeoclimatic zone covers 40% of the Chilcotin River watershed. The headwaters of the Chilcotin River are in a montane-spruce zone, and the lowest reach where it confluences with the Fraser River is dominated by bunchgrass. The river also passes through a zone of interior Douglas fir. Over 40% of

3922-467: The average temperature does not exceed 10 °C (50 °F). The zone sees heavy precipitation, usually in the form of snow. Tree species are rarely found in this zone, and when they do grow, they take the low, sprawling Krummholz form. Shrubs are common, especially dwarf evergreen species like partridgefoot, kinnikinnick, crowberry, lingonberry, and alpine-azalea. Grasses, heath, and sedges are also present. Wetter areas and calcareous substrates see

3996-676: The cedar or the hemlock can be scarce to the point of absence. The ICHdk (dry cool) around Canim Lake and the ICHmk (moist cool) in the Rocky Mountains lack hemlock, while in the northwest the ICHvc (very wet cold) along parts of the Bell-Irving , Iskut and Stikine rivers is beyond the range of cedar. Cedar is also absent, and hemlock locally scarce, in the area mapped as ICHwc (wet cold) around Bob Quinn Lake ; forests tend to strongly resemble those of

4070-454: The first letter denoting relative moistness and the second relative temperature; thus the northeastern BWBS with its warm thundery summers has been mapped as BWBSmw for "moist warm" while the Alsek Ranges subzone in the northwestern panhandle, stormy in all seasons with winds blowing from glaciers, is BWBSvk for "very wet cool." Subzones may be divided into variants, each of which is denoted by

4144-508: The high elevations of mountainous areas, and is especially common in the Coast Range . The elevation range of this zone varies by area and is influenced both by latitude and by snowfall: in the extremely snowy southwest it starts at 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) and in the less snowy southeast, 2,250 metres (7,380 ft). In the relatively dry north, the AT starts at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft), and in

4218-478: The largest infestations occurring in central BC. MPB causes widespread tree mortality that also raise the risk of wildfire and poses a substantial threat to the timber supply industry. Within central BC, the Chilcotin Plateau has already experienced two major MPB outbreaks, first in the mid-1970s–1980s, and the second in the early 2000s ending in 2010. A team of researchers studying post-MPB infested forests in

4292-644: The limited extent of the BG, wildlife density and diversity are very high. This is credited to the juxtaposition of different habitat types—grassland, shrub-steppe, riparian, and forest. The BG represents "fingers into Canada" of the intermontane steppe which is extensive in the Great Basin of the western United States, and as such it is frequented by animal species at their northern limits. These include pallid bat , burrowing owl and short-horned lizard . Their ranges overlap Canadian species near their southern limits, most prominently snowy owl and gyrfalcon . Soils in

4366-485: The more snowy northwest it can start as low as 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). Most life is found in the lower ranges of the zone. The terrain in this zone is dominated by ice, snow, rock, and glaciers. Glacier-related features like cirques , talus , alpine lakes and moraine are common. Climate is a major barrier to life; the growing season is extremely short. Mean average temperature usually ranges from 0 °C (32 °F) to 4 °C (39 °F), and even in summer

4440-529: The north of the ICH have a mixed overstorey of spruce, subalpine fir, lodgepole pine, paper birch, and trembling aspen. Typical shrubs are: Rubus parviflorus, Viburnum edule, Rosa acicularis, Paxistima myrsinites, Amelanchier alnifolia, Shepherdia canadensis, Alnus viridis , and Vaccinium membranaceum . Major herbs include: Cornus canadensis, Clintonia uniflora, Aralia nudicaulis, Lathyrus nevadensis, Rubus pubescens, Smilacina spp., Orthilia secunda, Osmorhiza chilensis , and Petasites palmatus . The moss carpet

4514-674: The previous fall, representing a decline of 81% and an all-time low. Despite this, the recommendation to add them to the Government of Canada's List of Wildlife Species at Risk was not approved, and the Chilcotin steelhead remain unprotected by the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Population declines are a result of factors such as interception by fisheries and competition with hatchery species while out at sea, as well as predation by pinnipeds . Declining habitat quality and interference in spawning pathways by landslides are other contributors. In July 2019,

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4588-582: The remainder of the century. The data collected does not reflect the entire river, therefore climate can vary across the entire river length. The Chilcotin River and its tributaries, most notably the Chilko and Taseko Rivers, are significant for the Indigenous people of the Tŝilhqot’in Nation. The annual migration of salmon in these rivers are relied upon by the Tŝilhqot’in to sustain their communities year round; as

4662-532: The river a few kilometres west above the Farwell Canyon  – around 55 km southwest of Williams Lake and 22 km upstream of the Farwell Canyon Bridge crossing the River. The resulting natural dam was estimated to be roughly 600 to 800 m in length, 300 to 600 m in width and 30 m in depth. As of August 2, a temporary lake was forming behind the dam caused by the slide; it grew up to

4736-455: The site is considered to be within the CWH. The westernmost subzone, wet hypermaritime (MHwh) on Haida Gwaii, is atypical for its absence of fir and relative abundance of spruce. In this case the spruce is Sitka spruce , which forms a site series with mountain hemlock and reedgrass on fresh rich sites. Mainland sites formerly mapped as MHwh are being reevaluated. Windward moist maritime (MHmm1)

4810-785: The site is mapped as ESSF. Subalpine fir is the most common associate of white spruce in the SWB zone. Black spruce ( Picea mariana ), lodgepole pine and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) are relatively minor associates. Many spruce stands are quite open, with a well-developed shrub layer dominated by a variety of willows ( Salix glauca, S. planifolia, S. scouleriana, S. bebbiana ) and scrub birch ( Betula glandulosa ). Other common shrubs include Potentilla fruticosa, Shepherdia canadensis, Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, V. caespitosum and Ledum groenlandicum . Common herbs are Linnaea borealis, Festuca altaica, Epilobium angustifolium, Lupinus arcticu and Mertensia paniculata . In addition to

4884-646: The snow bunting and rosy finch venture upwards from the treeline. Found only in the north of the province, this zone occurs in the sub-alpine of the Interior Mountains . White spruce is the most abundant conifer in the Spruce—Willow—Birch (SWB) zone, except at the upper (parkland) elevations, where subalpine fir dominates. Spruces with Engelmann spruce or hybrid white × Engelmann spruce characteristics may be present, especially in areas transitional to ESSF; if they are more abundant than white spruce,

4958-431: The south and central interior in the lee of the coast mountains. Its climate is characterized by cold winters and short warm summers, and is warmer in all seasons than in the Engelmann Spruce—Subalpine Fir zone. Hybrid spruce and subalpine fir dominate climax forests. Younger (seral) stands are thick with lodgepole pine to such a degree that the species is one of the zone's most important natural resources. Douglas-fir

5032-810: The southeastern part of the zone. Trembling aspen , paper birch , and black cottonwood are common seral species, and bigleaf maple is present in some parts of the southwestern coastal transition area (wet warm subzone or IDFww). Mixed shrub or horsetail-dominated plant communities are typical of moist, rich ecosystems that include spruce. Common shrub associates include: Ribes lacustre, Lonicera involucrata, Cornus sericea, Rosa acicularis, Symphoricarpos albus and Acer glabrum . The well-developed herb layer contains Linnaea borealis, Cornus canadensis, Aralia nudicaulis, Actaea rubra , and Osmorhiza chilensis , together with Equisetum and Carex spp. on wetter sites. Bog forests with Sphagnum spp., Ledum groenlandicum , and Gaultheria hispidula are infrequent but usually have

5106-455: The ungulates. Bears, such as black and grizzly, enjoy the many berries of the alpine meadows in the zone. Smaller mammals like the wolverine, hoary marmot, the endangered Vancouver Island marmot, Arctic ground squirrel, and the Siberian lemming are present. Birds of prey include the golden eagle and gyrfalcon. Ground birds such as the ptarmigan nest in the alpine zone, while other bird species like

5180-614: The upland region of Punkutlaenkut Lake, then westerly towards the Chezakut where the Clusko comes from the north, flowing southwest and south of Chilcotin Lake . The Chilcotin River flows southwest through a deepening valley where it is met by the outlet of Puntzi Lakes . This occurs at Redstone by Chilanko River. The confluence of Chilko River and its main tributary Taseko River meet the Chilcotin River between Redstone and Alexis Creek. At this point,

5254-648: The upper parkland elevations of the ESSF, closed forest and tree islands of spruce and subalpine fir are interspersed with moist herb meadows and drier ericaceous heath. The meadows typically include the herbs : Valeriana sitchensis, Veratrum viride, Senecio triangularis, Lupinus arcticus, Thalictrum occidentale, Epilobium angustifolium, Pedicularis bracteosum, Castelleja miniata, Erigeron peregrinus, Carex spp. and Luzula spp. Subalpine heath includes Empetrum nigrum, Cassiope mertensiana, C. tetragona, Phyllodoce empetriformis, P. glandulifera , and Vaccinium caespitosum (Coates et al. 1994). The MS occurs at mid elevations in

5328-635: The very dry hot (PPxh) around Lytton , Lillooet , Kamloops and the Okanagan Valley south of Vernon , and the dry hot (PPdh) found in or near Midway , Grand Forks , and parts of the Rocky Mountain Trench from just north of Cranbrook south to the Koocanusa Reservoir . Soils of the PP zone are usually Dark Brown Chernozems, Orthic Eutric Brunisols, or Eluviated Eutric Brunisols. Douglas-fir

5402-416: The watershed area is covered by pine tree species. The Chilcotin River supports populations of coho , chinook , and sockeye salmon, the first two of which are considered threatened by COSEWIC . Salmon are an important cultural, food, and economic resource for the Tŝilhqot’in Nation. The Chilcotin River hosts a genetically distinct population of steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). It migrates from

5476-435: The zone bordering the SBS zone. Mixed stands of white spruce and trembling aspen (often with a minor component of balsam poplar [ Populus balsamifera ] , birch ( Betula papyrifera, B. neoalaskana ) or lodgepole pine) are the most common components of forest cover on warm mesic sites in the BWBS. On colder sites, e.g., on north-facing slopes, pure white spruce or mixtures of white and black spruces dominate. Lodgepole pine

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