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46-726: Chiana may refer to: Chiana Valley , or Valdichiana, in Tuscany and Umbria, Italy Chiana (river) , or Chiani, the river of the Valdichiana, Italy Chiana, Iran , or Chianeh, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran Chiana, a community in Kassena-Nankana West District , Upper East Region, Ghana Chiana Senior High School , in Chiana, Ghana Chiana ( Farscape ) ,

92-452: A corporal, the small cloth upon which the host and chalice rest during the canon of the Mass. From the 11th century onward, the popes maintained political presence in the papal territory which occupied central Italy. Together with his court, the pope moved from palace to palace in the manner of his European secular counterparts. Several central Italian cities hosted the pope and his retinue during

138-567: A fictional character in the TV series Farscape Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chiana . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chiana&oldid=1134138396 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

184-569: A granite bottleneck along the course of the Arno, near Arezzo , to prevent the floods of the Arno from touching the (inhabited) plain of Arezzo and also the Clanis river whose bed was very hollow and had a slope sufficient to ensure the transport of solid components (245 MT above sea level in the plain of Chiani [west of Arezzo], to the north, and 110 MT above sea level in Ciconia (in the municipality of Orvieto ) at

230-505: A temple known by the Latin name Augurale . Originally known as the Rocca di San Martino, construction on this massive fortress started either in 1359 or 1353 near the town's cemetery. Its aim was to provide the church a secure site in the city and allow the cardinal and his captains to consolidate recent military victories. In its original square plan the fortress was flanked by a small building near

276-526: Is a city and comune in the Province of Terni , southwestern Umbria , Italy, situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff . The city rises dramatically above the almost-vertical faces of tuff cliffs that are completed by defensive walls built of the same stone. The ancient city ( urbs vetus in Latin, whence "Orvieto"), populated since Etruscan times, has usually been associated with Etruscan Velzna , but some modern scholars differ. Orvieto

322-535: Is believed to be of Celtic origin (derived from "Catacos"). This interesting artifact might show the complexity of ethnic relations in ancient Italy, and how such relations could be peaceful. Also in the area is the Golini Tomb , which was constructed in the fourth century BCE. Its wall paintings depict a funeral banquet, giving some insight into the real-life gatherings held after the deaths of aristocratic Etruscans. The pictures include scenes of servants preparing for

368-579: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chiana Valley The valley, of tectonic origin with extension on the western side and compression on the eastern one, was mainly formed during the Miocene . In the Pliocene it was almost entirely submerged by the great Pliocene sea. Once it had withdrawn, in the upper Villafranchiano (about two million years ago) central Italy hosted large lakes, including that of

414-548: Is particularly striking and includes some remarkable sculpture by Lorenzo Maitani (14th century). Inside the cathedral, the Chapel of San Brizio is frescoed by Fra Angelico and with Luca Signorelli 's masterpiece, his Last Judgment (1449–51). The Corporal of Bolsena , on view in the Duomo , dates from a eucharistic miracle in Bolsena in 1263, when a consecrated host began to bleed onto

460-498: The Arno ) until 150,000 years ago, being along its course the Lake of Montepulciano and the Lake of Chiusi , very deep, whose hydrometric "zero" was located at a lower altitude (20-25 meters) than the current one. Its valley floor was very hollow in the centre, with a "V" shape due to western tectonic extension, eastern compression and progressive erosion determined by the transit of water towards

506-600: The Curia in 1291–92, establishing the meeting of the Curia in Orvieto as a tradition. He was rewarded by the Orvietans by being elected Podestà and Capitano del Popolo, the first pope to hold civic offices in the city. His successor Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303) continued the papal tie to Orvieto. Although often criticized by historians for nepotism and greed, the Orvietans were recipients of

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552-581: The Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum . The territory of Orvieto was under papal control long before it was officially added to the Papal States (various dates are quoted). It remained a papal possession until 1860, when it was annexed to unified Italy . On 15 November 1290, Pope Nicholas IV laid the cornerstone for the present building and dedicated it to the Assumption of

598-522: The Tiber near Orte (lowest point), incorporating the area of Trasimeno . The actual Val di Chiana is about 104 kilometres (65 mi) long, and covers about 2,300 square kilometres (890 sq mi) valley floor. It runs north to south between the plain of Arezzo and the plain of Orvieto and includes the watershed of the Canale Maestro della Chiana , its main watercourse, and the northern part of

644-532: The province of Terni ), as well as raising the valley floor itself by several metres, making the Chiusi Scalo area the highest in the Val di Chiana with 250 mt s.l.v., with almost "zero" slope of the waters and with very high hydraulic and hydrogeological risks. From a geological point of view, the tectonic Chiana basin or "mother rock" is an inclined plane that starts from Chiani West of Arezzo (highest point) and reaches

690-506: The studium there. A small university (now part of the University of Perugia ), had its origins in a studium generale that was granted to the city by Pope Gregory IX in 1236. After teaching in Orvieto, Aquinas was called to Rome in 1265 to serve as papal theologian to the newly elected Pope Clement IV , and as Regent master of the Santa Sabina studium provinciale , the forerunner of

736-452: The Chiana basin which was short-lived as it was drained (at the beginning of the Pleistocene ) by the erosion of the hilly threshold of its waters, to take the form of a canyon crossed by a river, tributary of the waters of Lake Trasimeno (whose formation ended 110,000 years ago). During the Pleistocene , the Chiana valley was a tributary of the waters of the ancient Lake of Quarata (i.e. of

782-510: The Coriglia excavation site, just outside town. The underground city boasts more than 1200 tunnels, galleries, wells, stairs, quarries, cellars, unexpected passageways, cisterns, superimposed rooms with numerous small square niches for pigeon roosts, detailing its creation over the centuries. Many of the homes of noble families were equipped with a means of escape from the elevated city during times of siege through secret escape tunnels carved from

828-686: The Dominican studium generale in Orvieto, a school of theology, and one of the first in Europe. Pope Urban IV (1261–64), a Frenchman who was crowned in the Dominican church in Viterbo and who spent most of his papacy in Orvieto, also left important legacies in the city. In 1263, he began a papal palace, perhaps the first outside Rome, and consecrated the new Dominican church in Orvieto . The Pope Nicholas IV (1288–92) chose Orvieto over his hometown of Rome as seat of

874-632: The German Pope Leo IX in the Orvieto area (located near the castle of Carnaiola), in 1338 the Republic of Florence ordered the people of Arezzo (just subdued) to build an artificial canal to drain the waters of the large artificial lake (so-called Chiana) towards the Arno , dug into the rock. This canal was initially 400 meters long, but the Republic of Florence ordered its extension, so as to drain ever greater quantities of water, drainage which however

920-691: The Roman Val di Chiana is the Chiani (in its stretch initial called Chianetta canal, then Chiani torrent, then Chiani river). From the Pleistocene to the middle of the 11th century the Clanis river was suitable for boats from Arezzo to the connection with the Tevere river (110 km). After the flooding of the Clanis Valley caused by a gigantic dam in 1052-1055, built on the orders of the Holy Roman Emperor and

966-625: The Studium Curiae of Orvieto. Pope Nicholas V (1447–55) gave support to the city. In a letter of 1449, the pope gave money for the restoration of the episcopal palace that originally had been a project of Nicholas IV. He also allowed Fra Angelico to begin painting in the Cappella Nuova of the cathedral. During the sack of Rome in 1527 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , Pope Clement VII took refuge at Orvieto. Fearing that in

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1012-495: The Virgin, a feast for which the city had a long history of special devotion. The design has often been attributed to Arnolfo di Cambio , but the prevailing modern opinion is that the master mason was an obscure monk named Fra' Bevignate from Perugia. The church is striped in white travertine and greenish-black basalt in narrow bands, similar in many ways to the cathedral of Siena and other central Italian cathedrals of that era. In

1058-484: The Younger . The central well shaft was surrounded by ramps in a double helix , similar to Saladin's Well. These ramps were each designed for one-way traffic, so that mules laden with water-jars might pass down and then up unobstructed. An inscription on the well boasts that QUOD NATURA MUNIMENTO INVIDERAT INDUSTRIA ADIECIT ("what nature stinted for provision, application has supplied"). The city of Orvieto has long kept

1104-537: The city would be sufficiently supplied with water in the event of a siege, he gave orders for the digging of the now famous artesian well Pozzo di San Patrizio (1528–1537). For added security, the pope ordered that a second well be dug to supply the fortress alone. The Orvieto funicular provides a link from Orvieto to the historic city centre. Since December 2016, Orvieto station has been served by Austrian railways ÖBB overnight sleeper services to Munich and Vienna. Alongside Saint Anselm College, Orvieto also hosts

1150-583: The confluence of the Paglia river, to the south, over a distance of 104 km. The Clanis, a tributary of the Tiber , was navigable and through its bed the ancient Italic peoples and the Etruscans reached Rumon ( Rome ) and the Tyrrhenian Sea , and vice versa, navigable rivers being the "highways" and the main roads communication in the archaic age. The geological maps show that the alluvial residues, abundantly present in

1196-518: The event of siege by Charles's troops the city's water might prove insufficient, he commissioned a spectacular 62 meter deep well , the Pozzo di San Patrizio or "Well of St. Patrick". This Italian name, inspired by medieval legends that St. Patrick's Purgatory in Ireland gave access down to Purgatory , was used to indicate something very deep. The construction was by the architect-engineer Antonio da Sangallo

1242-463: The feast in various ways. Orvieto was annexed by Rome in the third century BC. Because of its site on a high, steep bluff of tuff, a volcanic rock, the city was virtually impregnable. After the collapse of the Roman Empire its defensible site gained new importance: the episcopal seat was transferred from Bolsena , and the city was held by Goths and by Lombards before its self-governing commune

1288-401: The following decade, cathedral authorities called Sienese architect and sculptor Lorenzo Maitani to stabilize the building and design a façade. He enlarged the choir and planned a transept with two chapels (c. 1308–1330), spaces that were not finished until long after his death. The cathedral has five bells, tuned in E flat, which date back to the renaissance. The façade ( illustration above )

1334-432: The main entrance and surrounded by a moat, crossed by a drawbridge. However, the Rocca was almost completely razed to the ground in 1395 and successive attempts to rebuild it were unsuccessful. The fortress was finally rebuilt during the mid-15th century, using original plans and an additional circular line of fortifications. After the sack of Rome at the end of 1527 Pope Clement VII took refuge in Orvieto. To ensure that

1380-507: The month of March. Flax too, is already sown; buried into the ground throughout the winter, it is toughened by the freezing cold." To the northeast it is bounded by the Tuscan pre-Apennines crowned by the Alta Sant'Egidio at 1,057 metres (3,468 ft), monte Lignano at 837 metres (2,746 ft), and monte Corneta at 744 metres (2,441 ft). To the southeast, it reaches Lake Trasimeno and

1426-410: The original ingredient for the "Bistecca alla Fiorentina" Aglione della Valdichiana. A special local giant garlic with an aromatic and gentle taste. From 2019 is a DOP Vinsanto Valdichiana Toscana DOC Grechetto Valdichiana Toscana DOC 43°15′N 11°49′E  /  43.250°N 11.817°E  / 43.250; 11.817 Orvieto Orvieto ( Italian: [orˈvjɛːto] )

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1472-618: The pope more frequently than Rome, and discussions continued as to whether or not Rome should remain the papal city. Urban IV with the Bolla Transiturus established and promulgated in 1264 from Orvieto to the Christian universe the solemnity of Corpus Domini which the entire Catholic world celebrates. Supporting pillars of the institution of the universal Christian Eucharistic solemnity were Saints Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, who together with Hugues de St-Cher were readers in

1518-611: The pope's generosity, and honored Boniface by electing him city Capitano and Podestà in 1297 and Capitano again in 1298. He built the third and final papal palace, the Palazzo Soliano . He also donated statues of himself at the main city gates, which earned him some criticism from his many enemies. Benedict XI (1288–1305) was the last pope to live in Italy before the Avignon papacy. During the years from Nicholas IV until Benedict XI Orvieto hosted

1564-405: The road between Florence and Rome where it crossed the Chiana, was a large town: its population numbered about 30,000 at the end of the 13th century. Its municipal institutions already recognized in a papal bull of 1157, from 1201 Orvieto governed itself through a podestà , who was as often as not the bishop, however, acting in concert with a military governor, the "captain of the people". The city

1610-425: The secret of its labyrinth of caves and tunnels that lie beneath the surface. Dug deep into the tuff , a volcanic rock, these secret hidden tunnels are now open to view only through guided tours. Their spectacular nature has also yielded many historical and archeological finds. Saint Anselm College has set up a program where each summer, students travel to Italy to work at the college's archaeology site located at

1656-531: The soft rock. The tunnels would lead from the city palazzo to emerge at a safe exit point some distance away from city walls. In Piazza Cahen stands the Fortezza dell'Albornoz. It was built by order of the Spanish Cardinal Albornoz under orders from Pope Innocent VI and designed by condottiero and military engineer Ugolino di Montemarte. The Albornoz fortress stands on an area that was once occupied by

1702-475: The south, as evidenced by core samples and geological studies, even recent ones, and was furrowed by the so-called "Arno Tiberino" before that its waters were captured by the current riverbed towards Incisa and Florence . About one hundred and fifty thousand years ago the Arno naturally found a new route (the current one towards Florence ) following a landslide which caused the natural continuation of its body of water in that direction. The Etruscans probably filed

1748-440: The valley floor, today completely filled and flat, date back to the late Holocene (geological period in which we live), being very recent. The underground waters of the valley follow the tectonic trend from North ( Arezzo ) to South ( Tevere ), while the direction of the surface waters has been modified by man in recent centuries. Human interventions have made the valley floor totally flat, between San Zeno ( Arezzo ) and Parrano (in

1794-673: The valley of the Nestore River . To the west, it extends to the Val d'Orcia , where it reaches its highest elevation at 1,148 metres (3,766 ft) on ( Monte Cetona ). The landscape is mostly hilly, with a plain around the Canale Maestro della Chiana. Its mean elevation is around 405 metres (1,329 ft). Valdichiana is near traditional local products such as wines, local wheat variety, olive oil, truffle, fruit, cattle breed and others. The most known local products are: Chianina cattle breed ,

1840-576: The watershed of the Chiana River. It is divided into two hydrographic basins: the "Val di Chiana Toscana" (tributary of the Arno ) and the "Val di Chiana Romana" (tributary of the Tiber ), being the watershed located (since 1780) in Chiusi Scalo. The main watercourse of the Tuscan Val di Chiana is the Canale Maestro della Chiana , which receives the waters of the Val di Tresa, while the main watercourse of

1886-488: The years of wandering, housing them in the bishop's palace. Outside Rome, only Orvieto and Viterbo (and eventually Avignon ) had papal palaces. Pope Adrian IV (1154–59) was the first pope to spend significant time in Orvieto. His successor, Pope Innocent III (1198–1216), was a militant opponent of the Cathar heresy, which had infiltrated the city, and took measures to eradicate that heresy. In 1227, Pope Gregory IX confirmed

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1932-526: Was certainly a major centre of Etruscan civilization ; the archaeological museum (Museo Claudio Faina e Museo Civico) houses some of the Etruscan artifacts that have been recovered in the immediate area. A tomb in the Orvieto Cannicella necropolis bears the inscription mi aviles katacinas , "I am of Avile Katacina"; the tomb's occupant thus bore an Etruscan-Latin first name, Aulus , and a family name that

1978-403: Was divided into four rione or districts: Serancia, San Giovenale, Postierla, and Santa pace. In the 13th century bitter feuds divided the city, which was at the apogée of its wealth but found itself often at odds with the papacy, even under interdict . Pope Urban IV stayed at Orvieto from 1262 to 1264. The city became one of the major cultural centers of its time when Thomas Aquinas taught at

2024-463: Was established in the tenth century, in which consuls governed under a feudal oath of fealty to the bishop. Orvieto's relationship to the papacy has been a close one; in the tenth century Pope Benedict VII visited the city of Orvieto with his nephew, Filippo Alberici, who later settled there and became Consul of the city-state in 1016. By the thirteenth century, three papal palaces had been built. Orvieto, sitting on its impregnable rock controlling

2070-461: Was hindered by the milling industry of the powerful Arezzo Monastery of Ss. Flora and Lucilla, which hindered the outflow of water with a 12 meters high dam, placed in the 19 meters deep channel. There is a map drawn by Leonardo da Vinci about this lake ( Map RCIN 912278 Royal Collection ). The beauty of the valley (whose waters flowed naturally from Arezzo to the Tiber) and the excellent farming activity

2116-581: Was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia (Book III, 52-54). Goethe a few centuries later wrote about Valdichiana in his Italian Journey : "Fields of such beauty are impossible to find elsewhere; every lump of earth has been tilled to perfection, prepared for sowing. Wheat grows lushly on this soil, where it seems to find all the necessary conditions to thrive. Every other year they plant horsebean, because oat does not flourish here. They also plant lupines, now already green, which will ripen by

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