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68-492: Taffy is a type of candy invented in the United States , made by stretching and/or pulling a sticky mass of a soft candy base, made of boiled sugar , butter , vegetable oil , flavorings , and colorings , until it becomes aerated (tiny air bubbles produced), resulting in a light, fluffy and chewy candy. When this process is complete, the taffy is rolled, cut into small pieces and wrapped in wax paper to keep it soft. It

136-400: A = m 1 g − T {\displaystyle m_{1}a=m_{1}g-T} . In an extensible string, Hooke's law applies. String-like objects in relativistic theories, such as the strings used in some models of interactions between quarks , or those used in the modern string theory , also possess tension. These strings are analyzed in terms of their world sheet , and

204-791: A net force on that segment of the string, causing an acceleration. This net force is a restoring force , and the motion of the string can include transverse waves that solve the equation central to Sturm–Liouville theory : − d d x [ τ ( x ) d ρ ( x ) d x ] + v ( x ) ρ ( x ) = ω 2 σ ( x ) ρ ( x ) {\displaystyle -{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg [}\tau (x){\frac {\mathrm {d} \rho (x)}{\mathrm {d} x}}{\bigg ]}+v(x)\rho (x)=\omega ^{2}\sigma (x)\rho (x)} where v ( x ) {\displaystyle v(x)}

272-449: A cake or loaf of bread that would be shared among many people, candies are usually made in smaller pieces. However, the definition of candy also depends upon how people treat the food. Unlike sweet pastries served for a dessert course at the end of a meal, candies are normally eaten casually, often with the fingers, as a snack between meals. Each culture has its own ideas of what constitutes candy rather than dessert. The same food may be

340-609: A candy in one culture and a dessert in another. The word candy entered the English language from the Old French çucre candi ("sugar candy"). The French term probably has earlier roots in the Arabic qandi , Persian qand and Sanskrit khanda , all words for sugar. Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical South and Southeast Asia . Pieces of sugar were produced by boiling sugarcane juice in ancient India and consumed as khanda . Between

408-400: A candy. Candy is the source of several cultural themes. Adults worry that other people will use candy to poison or entice children into harmful situations. Stranger danger warnings include telling children not to take candy from strangers, for fear of the child being abducted. Poisoned candy myths persist in popular culture, especially around trick-or-treating at Halloween , despite

476-488: A frictionless pulley. There are two forces acting on the body A: its weight ( w 1 = m 1 g {\displaystyle w_{1}=m_{1}g} ) pulling down, and the tension T {\displaystyle T} in the string pulling up. Therefore, the net force F 1 {\displaystyle F_{1}} on body A is w 1 − T {\displaystyle w_{1}-T} , so m 1

544-408: A hard sugar coating. In 1847, the invention of the candy press (also known under the surprising name of a toy machine ) made it possible to produce multiple shapes and sizes of candy at once. In 1851, confectioners began to use a revolving steam pan to assist in boiling sugar. This transformation meant that the candy maker was no longer required to continuously stir the boiling sugar. The heat from

612-431: A high glycemic index (GI), which means that it causes a rapid rise in blood sugar levels after ingestion. This is chiefly a concern for people with diabetes , but could also be dangerous to the health of non-diabetics. Some kinds of candy have been contaminated with an excessive amount of lead in it. Claims of contamination have been made since shortly after industrial-scale candy factories began producing candy in

680-511: A mixture of water. Participants would coat their hands with butter and working with a partner pull the hot mixture apart, and then fold it back together and repeat. This process would add air to the candy, resulting in a soft chewable texture. Salt water taffy is a variety of soft taffy originally produced and marketed in the Atlantic City , New Jersey area of the Jersey Shore starting in

748-705: A net force somewhere in the system. In this case, negative acceleration would indicate that | m g | > | T | {\displaystyle |mg|>|T|} . ∑ F → = T → − m g → ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \sum {\vec {F}}={\vec {T}}-m{\vec {g}}\neq 0} In another example, suppose that two bodies A and B having masses m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} and m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} , respectively, are connected with each other by an inextensible string over

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816-454: A net force when an unbalanced force is exerted on it, in other words the sum of all forces is not zero. Acceleration and net force always exist together. ∑ F → ≠ 0 {\displaystyle \sum {\vec {F}}\neq 0} For example, consider the same system as above but suppose the object is now being lowered with an increasing velocity downwards (positive acceleration) therefore there exists

884-456: A particular sugar concentration. These are called sugar stages . In general, higher temperatures and greater sugar concentrations result in hard, brittle candies, and lower temperatures result in softer candies. Once the syrup reaches 171 °C (340 °F) or higher, the sucrose molecules break down into many simpler sugars, creating an amber -colored substance known as caramel . This should not be confused with caramel candy , although it

952-463: A protein found in skin and bones, and is thus avoided by vegans and some vegetarians . " Kosher gelatin " is also unsuitable for vegetarians and vegans, as it is derived from fish bones. Other substances, such as agar , pectin , starch and gum arabic may also be used as setting and gelling agents, and can be used in place of gelatin. Other ingredients commonly found in candy that are not suitable for vegetarian or vegan diets include carmine ,

1020-435: A recognizable name brand on it became a sign of safety. Packaging helps market the product as well. Manufacturers know that candy must be hygienic and attractive to customers. In the children's market quantity, novelty, large size and bright colors are the top sellers. Many companies redesign the packaging to maintain consumer appeal. Because of its high sugar concentration, bacteria are not usually able to grow in candy. As

1088-482: A red dye made from cochineal beetles, and confectioner's glaze , which contains shellac , a resin excreted by female lac bugs . Candy generally contains sugar, which is a key environmental factor in the formation of dental caries (cavities). Several types of bacteria commonly found in the mouth consume sugar, particularly Streptococcus mutans . When these bacteria metabolize the sugar found in most candies, juice, or other sugary foods, they produce acids in

1156-533: A replacement for unsweetened breakfast cereals and also for eating as a snack or as candy, using three animated cartoon bears as the mascots: Candy, Handy, and Dandy. The early slogans said, "As a cereal it's dandy—for snacks it's so handy—or eat it like candy!" In more recent times, a variety of snack bars have been marketed. These include bars that are intended as meal replacements as well as snack bars that are marketed as having nutritional advantages when compared to candy bars, such as granola bars . However,

1224-584: A restoring force) is measured in newtons in the International System of Units (or pounds-force in Imperial units ). The ends of a string or other object transmitting tension will exert forces on the objects to which the string or rod is connected, in the direction of the string at the point of attachment. These forces due to tension are also called "passive forces". There are two basic possibilities for systems of objects held by strings: either acceleration

1292-404: A result, the shelf life is longer for candy than for many other foods. Most candies can be safely stored in their original packaging at room temperature in a dry, dark cupboard for months or years. As a rule, the softer the candy or the damper the storage area, the sooner it goes stale. Shelf life considerations with most candies are focused on appearance, taste, and texture, rather than about

1360-457: A role in its adoption as the most popular treat given away during trick-or-treating for Halloween in the US. In the 1940s, most treats were homemade. During the 1950s, small, individually wrapped candies were recognized as convenient and inexpensive. By the 1970s, after widely publicized but largely false stories of poisoned candy myths circulating in the popular press, factory-sealed packaging with

1428-413: A set of frequencies that depend on the string's tension. These frequencies can be derived from Newton's laws of motion . Each microscopic segment of the string pulls on and is pulled upon by its neighboring segments, with a force equal to the tension at that position along the string. If the string has curvature, then the two pulls on a segment by its two neighbors will not add to zero, and there will be

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1496-476: A similar tensile quality. Salt water taffy is composed of sugar , cornstarch , corn syrup , glycerine , water , butter , salt , natural and/or artificial flavor, and food color. Some examples of flavoring include vanilla, lemon, maple, banana, red licorice, watermelon, raspberry or mint extracts. In the United Kingdom , taffy pieces are known as "chewy sweets", "chews" or "fruit chews"—the term "taffy"

1564-560: A string with tension, T , at a constant velocity . The system has a constant velocity and is therefore in equilibrium because the tension in the string, which is pulling up on the object, is equal to the weight force , mg ("m" is mass, "g" is the acceleration caused by the gravity of Earth ), which is pulling down on the object. ∑ F → = T → + m g → = 0 {\displaystyle \sum {\vec {F}}={\vec {T}}+m{\vec {g}}=0} A system has

1632-432: A transfer of water vapor while being lightweight, non-toxic and odor proof. Vegetable parchment lines boxes of high-quality confections like gourmet chocolates. Cardboard cartons are less common, though they offer many options concerning thickness and movement of water and oil. Packages are often sealed with a starch-based adhesive derived from tapioca, potato, wheat, sago, or sweet potato. Occasionally, glues are made from

1700-406: A wide variety of textures, from soft and chewy to hard and brittle. The texture of candy depends on the ingredients and the temperatures that the candy is processed at. The final texture of sugar candy depends primarily on the concentration of sugar. As the syrup is heated, it boils, water evaporates, the sugar concentration increases and the boiling point rises. A given temperature corresponds to

1768-429: Is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. The category, also called sugar confectionery , encompasses any sweet confection, including chocolate , chewing gum , and sugar candy . Vegetables , fruit , or nuts which have been glazed and coated with sugar are said to be candied . Physically, candy is characterized by the use of a significant amount of sugar or sugar substitutes . Unlike

1836-516: Is a common term for this packaging. Packaging preserves aroma and flavor and eases shipping and dispensation. Wax paper seals against air, moisture, dust, and germs, while cellophane is valued by packagers for its transparency and resistance to grease, odors and moisture. In addition, it is often resealable. Polyethylene is another form of film sealed with heat, and this material is often used to make bags in bulk packaging. Plastic wraps are also common. Aluminum foils wrap chocolate bars and prevent

1904-451: Is a constant along the string, equal to the magnitude of the forces applied by the ends of the string. By Newton's third law , these are the same forces exerted on the ends of the string by the objects to which the ends are attached. If the string curves around one or more pulleys, it will still have constant tension along its length in the idealized situation that the pulleys are massless and frictionless . A vibrating string vibrates with

1972-644: Is banned by some countries. Non-nutritive toy products such as chocolate eggs containing packaging with a toy inside are banned from sale in the US. If the material attached to confectionery has a function and will not cause any injury to the consumer, it is allowed to be marketed. In the EU, however, the Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC specifies that toys contained in food only need separate packaging that cannot be swallowed. Global sales of candies were estimated to have been approximately US$ 118 billion in 2012. In

2040-462: Is cooked in large kettles fashioned for melting and molded, dried and sugared like gum drops . They are soaked for a time in sugar syrup to allow crystals to form. Sugar candies can be classified into noncrystalline and crystalline types. Noncrystalline candies are homogeneous and may be chewy or hard; they include hard candies, caramels, toffees, and nougats. Crystalline candies incorporate small crystals in their structure, are creamy that melt in

2108-399: Is made primarily from corn syrup , glycerin and butter. The pulling process, which makes the candy lighter and chewier, consists of stretching out the mixture, folding it over, and stretching it again. Although it is called "salt water" taffy, it does not include any seawater ; it does contain both salt and water in its manufacture. However, in the dialect of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ,

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2176-441: Is not a significant source of nutrition or food energy for most people. The average American eats about 1.1 kg (2.5 pounds) of sugar or similar sweeteners each week, but almost 95% of that sugar—all but about 70 grams (2.5 ounces)—comes from non-candy sources, especially soft drinks and processed foods. Candy is considered a source of empty calories , because it provides little or no nutritional value beyond food energy. At

2244-510: Is not widely used. Popular brands of chew include Chewits and Starburst . In Canada , a form of molasses taffy candy, known as "halloween kisses", is produced in time for Halloween . The candy was first offered by the Kerr's Canadian candy company in the 1940s. At the time, a molasses candy was made by Stewart and Young in Glasgow. Candy Candy , alternatively called sweets or lollies ,

2312-689: Is still served in this form today, though now it is more typically seen as a type of garnish . Before the Industrial Revolution , candy was often considered a form of medicine , either used to calm the digestive system or cool a sore throat . In the Middle Ages candy appeared on the tables of only the most wealthy at first. At that time, it began as a combination of spices and sugar used as an aid to digestion . Banquet hosts typically served these types of 'candies' at banquets for their guests. One of these candies, sometimes called chamber spice ,

2380-438: Is the candy's main flavoring. Most candies are made commercially. The industry relies significantly on trade secret protection, because candy recipes cannot be copyrighted or patented effectively, but are very difficult to duplicate exactly. Seemingly minor differences in the machinery, temperature, or timing of the candy-making process can cause noticeable differences in the final product. Candy wrapper or sweets wrapper

2448-465: Is the force constant per unit length [units force per area], σ ( x ) {\displaystyle \sigma (x)} is the ...., τ ( x ) {\displaystyle \tau (x)} is the ...., and ω 2 {\displaystyle \omega ^{2}} are the eigenvalues for resonances of transverse displacement ρ ( x ) {\displaystyle \rho (x)} on

2516-430: Is treated as a separate branch, it also includes confections whose classification is otherwise difficult, being neither exactly candies nor exactly baked goods, like chocolate-dipped foods, tarts with chocolate shells, and chocolate-coated cookies. Sugar candy is made by dissolving sugar in water or milk to form a syrup , which is boiled until it reaches the desired concentration or starts to caramelize . Candy comes in

2584-455: Is usually pastel -colored and fruit-flavored, but other flavors are common as well, including molasses and the "classic" (unflavored) taffy. The word taffy , referring to the boiled candy, is first known to have appeared in the United States circa 1817. The word is also used metaphorically to refer to insincere flattery. The Oxford English Dictionary dates the first written record of

2652-424: Is zero and the system is therefore in equilibrium, or there is acceleration, and therefore a net force is present in the system. Tension in a string is a non-negative vector quantity . Zero tension is slack. A string or rope is often idealized as one dimension, having fixed length but being massless with zero cross section . If there are no bends in the string, as occur with vibrations or pulleys , then tension

2720-478: The candy store became a favorite of the child of the American working class . Penny candies epitomized this transformation of candy. Penny candy became the first material good that children spent their own money on. For this reason, candy store-owners relied almost entirely on the business of children to keep them running. Even penny candies were directly descended from medicated lozenges that held bitter medicine in

2788-632: The 1880s. Its late 19th century appellation most likely originated in New Jersey. Salt water taffy is still sold widely on the boardwalks in Atlantic City (including shops in existence since the 19th century), nearby Ocean City , elsewhere at the Jersey Shore, and other beaches throughout the US like Cape Cod . It is also popular in Atlantic Canada and Salt Lake City , Utah . Modern commercial taffy

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2856-611: The 1920s and 1930s, candy bars selling for five cents were often marketed as replacements for lunch. At the 1904 World Fair, the Quaker Oats Company made a candy-coated puffed cereal, a wheat-based product similar to Cracker Jack 's candy-coated popcorn. The product concept was re-introduced unsuccessfully in 1939 by another business as Ranger Joe , the first pre-sweetened, candy-coated breakfast cereal . Post Foods introduced their own version in 1948, originally called Happy Jax and later Sugar Crisp . They marketed it as both

2924-776: The 6th and 4th centuries BCE, the Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the people in India and their "reeds that produce honey without bees ". They adopted and then spread sugar and sugarcane agriculture . Before sugar was readily available, candy was based on honey . Honey was used in Ancient China , the Middle East , Egypt , Greece and the Roman Empire to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create forms of candy. Candy

2992-458: The Atlantic City boardwalk. On August 21, 1923, John Edmiston obtained a trademark for the name "salt water taffy" (number 172,016), then demanded royalties from companies using his newly acquired name. He was sued over this demand, and in 1925, the trademark was invalidated as being in common use. Caramel candies are sometimes referred to as taffy (taffy apples), but the caramel is very different from common salt water taffy, though they share

3060-503: The United States, $ 2 is spent on chocolate for every $ 1 spent on non-chocolate candy. Because each culture varies in how it treats some foods, a food may be considered a candy in one place and a dessert in another. For example, in Western countries, baklava is served on a plate and eaten with a fork as a dessert, but in the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Eastern Europe, it is treated as

3128-716: The actual nutritional value is often not very different from candy bars, except for usually a higher sodium content, and the flavors (most popularly, chocolate, fudge, and caramel) and the presentation mimic candy bars. Among the Bengali people , candy may be eaten for an entire meal, especially during festivals. Candy may also be offered to vegetarian guests in lieu of fish or meat dishes in India. Most candy contains no meat or other animal parts, and many contain no milk or other animal products. Some candy, including marshmallows and gummi bears , contains gelatin derived from animal collagen,

3196-461: The addition of hazardous substances for which there was no legal regulation: green ( chromium(III) oxide and copper acetate ), red ( lead(II,IV) oxide and mercury sulfide ), yellow ( lead chromate ) and white ( chalk , arsenic trioxide ). In an 1885 cover cartoon for Puck , Joseph Keppler satirized the dangers of additives in candy by depicting the "mutual friendship" between striped candy, doctors, and gravediggers . By 1906, research into

3264-445: The amount of sugar they contain and their chemical structure . Hard-boiled candies made by the vacuum cooking process include stick candy , lemon drops and horehound drops . Open-fire candy, like molasses taffy and cream taffy, is cooked in open kettles and then pulled. Pan work candies include nuts and other candies like jelly beans and sugar-coated almonds, made by coating with sugar in revolving copper kettles. Gum work candy

3332-433: The atomic level, when atoms or molecules are pulled apart from each other and gain potential energy with a restoring force still existing, the restoring force might create what is also called tension. Each end of a string or rod under such tension could pull on the object it is attached to, in order to restore the string/rod to its relaxed length. Tension (as a transmitted force, as an action-reaction pair of forces, or as

3400-452: The bones and skin of cattle and hogs for a stronger and more flexible product, but this is not as common because of the expense. Prior to the 1900s, candy was commonly sold unwrapped from carts in the street, where it was exposed to dirt and insects. By 1914, there were some machines to wrap gum and stick candies, but this was not the common practice. After the polio outbreak in 1916, unwrapped candies garnered widespread censure because of

3468-554: The candy by boxing it and selling it in Atlantic City. Fralinger's first major competition came from candy maker Enoch James, who refined the recipe, making it less sticky and easier to unwrap. James also cut the candy into bite-sized pieces, and is credited with mechanizing the "pulling" process. The candy was also sold mail order ; in 1926 sheet music was commissioned by James with the title "Send Home Some Taffy Today!" The Glaser family acquired James' stores in 1947, and Fralinger's stores in 1992. Stores under each brand still operate on

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3536-477: The dangers of additives, exposés of the food industry, and public pressure led to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act , the first federal United States law to regulate food and drugs, including candy. Sugar candies include hard candies, soft candies, caramels , marshmallows , taffy , and other candies whose principal ingredient is sugar. Commercially, sugar candies are often divided into groups according to

3604-414: The dirt and germs. At the time, only upscale candy stores used glass jars. With advancements in technology, wax paper was adopted, and foil and cellophane were imported to the U.S. from France by DuPont in 1925. Necco packagers were one of the first companies to package without human touch. Kiosks and vending machines were introduced around the beginning of the 20th century. Candy packaging played

3672-432: The force per cross-sectional area rather than the force alone, so stress = axial force / cross sectional area is more useful for engineering purposes than tension. Stress is a 3x3 matrix called a tensor , and the σ 11 {\displaystyle \sigma _{11}} element of the stress tensor is tensile force per area, or compression force per area, denoted as a negative number for this element, if

3740-501: The mid-19th century, although these early claims were rarely true. Contamination by infectious agents such as virus or bacteria is unlikely through sweets, including unwrapped sweets. This is in part because bacteria can not replicate in the very dry and sweet environment of candy. Hard, round candies are a leading cause of choking deaths in children. Some types of candy, such as Lychee Mini Fruity Gels , have been associated with so many choking deaths that their import or manufacture

3808-428: The mouth or are easily chewed; they include fondant and fudge. In 2022, flavorless candy was developed that was hard but not sweet. Chocolate is sometimes treated as a separate branch of confectionery. In this model, chocolate candies like chocolate candy bars and chocolate truffles are included. Hot chocolate or other cocoa-based drinks are excluded, as is candy made from white chocolate . When chocolate

3876-520: The mouth that demineralize the tooth enamel and can lead to dental caries. Heavy or frequent consumption of high-sugar foods, especially lollipops, sugary cough drops , and other sugar-based candies that stay in the mouth for a long time, increases the risk of tooth decay. Candies that also contain enamel-dissolving acids, such as acid drops , increase the risk. Cleaning the teeth and mouth shortly after eating any type of sugary food, and allowing several hours to pass between eating such foods, reduces

3944-410: The potential for food poisoning ; that is, old candy may not look appealing or taste very good, even though it is very unlikely to make the eater sick. Candy can be made unsafe by storing it badly, such as in a wet, moldy area. Typical recommendations are these: Most sugar candies are defined in US law as a food of minimal nutritional value . Even in a culture that eats sweets frequently, candy

4012-485: The rarity of actual incidents. The phrase like taking candy from a baby is a common simile , and means that something is very easy to do. A 1959 Swedish dental health campaign encouraged people to reduce the risk of dental problems by limiting consumption of candy to once a week. The slogan, "All the sweets you want, but only once a week", started a tradition of buying candy every Saturday, called lördagsgodis (literally "Saturday candy"). Tensile At

4080-616: The risk and improves oral health . However, frequent consumption of fruits and fruit juice, which contain both acid and sugars, may be a more significant factor in dental decay than candies. The link between candy and caries was formally identified through the Vipeholm experiments , where intellectually disabled people were fed copious amounts of candy and were found to develop poor dental health. The experiments are today considered to have violated multiple principles of medical ethics . Most candy, particularly low-fat and fat-free candy, has

4148-416: The rod is being compressed rather than elongated. Thus, one can obtain a scalar analogous to tension by taking the trace of the stress tensor. A system is in equilibrium when the sum of all forces is zero. ∑ F → = 0 {\displaystyle \sum {\vec {F}}=0} For example, consider a system consisting of an object that is being lowered vertically by

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4216-441: The start of the 20th century, when undernutrition was a serious problem, especially among poor and working-class people, and when nutrition science was a new field, the high calorie content was promoted as a virtue. Researchers suggested that candy, especially candy made with milk and nuts, was a low-cost alternative to normal meals. To get the food energy necessary for a day of labor, candy might cost half as much as eggs. During

4284-409: The string, with solutions that include the various harmonics on a stringed instrument . Tension is also used to describe the force exerted by the ends of a three-dimensional, continuous material such as a rod or truss member. In this context, tension is analogous to negative pressure . A rod under tension elongates . The amount of elongation and the load that will cause failure both depend on

4352-523: The surface of the pan was also much more evenly distributed and made it less likely the sugar would burn. These innovations made it possible for only one or two people to successfully run a candy business. As the path from producer to market became increasingly complicated, many foods were affected by adulteration and the addition of additives which ranged from relatively harmless ingredients, such as cheap cornstarch and corn syrup , to poisonous ones. Some manufacturers produced bright colors in candy by

4420-451: The term taffy without "salt water" refers to a lollipop . The original invention of the candy has several different stories circulating, likely all apocryphal. One relates to an assistant who substituted fresh water with seawater—either through laziness or accident. Another cites a storm which caused seawater to wash over the candy, which was consequently (and successfully) marketed with the appropriate name. Joseph Fralinger popularized

4488-461: The very wealthy. Even the simplest form of candy – rock candy , made from crystallized sugar – was considered a luxury. The candy business underwent a drastic change in the 1830s when technological advances and the availability of sugar opened up the market. The new market was not only for the enjoyment of the rich but also for the pleasure of the working class. There was also an increasing market for children. While some fine confectioners remained,

4556-411: The word toffee in the forms tuffy, toughy to 1825 and identifies it as a southern British dialectal variant of taffy (first recorded use in 1817), whose modern spelling is first recorded from 1843. A taffy pull is a social event around the pulling of taffy that was popular in the 1840s through at least 1870s. The host would prepare the taffy recipe by melting molasses and sorghum or sugar with

4624-402: Was made with cloves , ginger, aniseed , juniper berries , almonds and pine kernels dipped in melted sugar. The Middle English word candy began to be used in the late 13th century. The first candy came to America during the early 18th century from Britain and France . Only a few of the early colonists were proficient in sugar work and sugary treats were generally only enjoyed by

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