The Cherokee Trail was a historic overland trail through the present-day U.S. states of Oklahoma , Kansas , Colorado , and Wyoming that was used from the late 1840s up through the early 1890s. The route was established in 1849 by a wagon train headed to the gold fields in California . Among the members of the expedition were a group of Cherokee . When the train formed in Indian Territory, Lewis Evans of Evansville, Arkansas , was elected Captain. Thus, this expedition is sometimes written as the Evans/Cherokee Train. In 1850 four wagon trains turned west on the Laramie Plains , along Wyoming's southern border to Fort Bridger .
58-569: According to one source, "Neither the number of wagons nor the number of people that eventually used this road to cross the Sierra Madres makes this trail significant. What makes this road unique is that Native Americans and their traveling companions did not just cross the Continental Divide ; they made a path over the mountains and through the Wyoming Basin." The trail was also known as
116-570: A homestead , which was untaxable and inalienable (ineligible to be sold) for twenty-one years, and seventy acres of surplus land which was inalienable for five years. In response to these actions, the leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes sought to gain approval for a new State of Sequoyah in 1905 that would have a Native American constitution and government. The proposal received a cool reception in Congress and failed. The tribal government of
174-654: A member of a wagon train en route to California discovered gold in Ralston Creek , a tributary of Clear Creek north of present-day Denver . Stories of this discovery led to further expeditions in 1858, and the subsequent 1859 Colorado Gold Rush . In the 1860s portions of the trail from northern Colorado to Fort Bridger in Wyoming were incorporated as part of the Overland Trail and stage route between Kansas and Salt Lake City , Utah. The outlaw L. H. Musgrove traveled on
232-627: A mountainous area in what later became the northeastern part of the future state of Alabama . U.S. president George Washington sought to " civilize " the southeastern American Indians, through programs overseen by US Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins . Facilitated by the destruction of many Indian towns during the American Revolutionary War , U.S. land agents encouraged Native Americans to abandon their historic communal-land tenure and settle on isolated subsistence farmsteads. Over-harvesting by
290-690: A network of horse thieves known as the Musgrove Gang, who raided government posts and wagon trains along the Colorado Front Range, following the Cherokee Trail. Musgrove was finally captured and taken to jail in Denver. He started a rumor from his cell that friends were planning to help him escape, and that the citizens could not prevent this. Instead, a group of vigilantes demanded that the guards release Musgrove to them. The guards offered no resistance, so
348-769: A state and the Civil War ended, European-American settlers pushed out the Native Americans. Like the Delaware, the two Chippewa bands were relocated to the Cherokee Nation in 1866. They were so few in number that they eventually merged with the Cherokee. The Cherokee Freedmen were former African American slaves who had been owned by citizens of the Cherokee Nation during the Antebellum Period . In 1863, President Lincoln issued
406-709: A tributary of Cherry Creek (Colorado) , following the latter to the South Platte River . It went on north along the eastern base of the Rockies to the Cache la Poudre in the vicinity of Laporte and Virginia Dale then over to the Laramie Plains ." The name of the trail originated from the 1849 trek to California of 130 Cherokees, with their 40 wagons, led by Captain Lewis Evans. In 1850 four Cherokee/white wagon train crossed
464-820: The Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ —pronounced Tsalagi or Cha-la-gee ) people of the Qualla Boundary and the southeastern United States; those who relocated voluntarily from the southeastern United States to the Indian Territory (circa 1820 —known as the "Old Settlers"); those who were forced by the Federal government of the United States to relocate (through the Indian Removal Act ) by way of the Trail of Tears (1830s); and descendants of
522-625: The Curtis Act which extended the Dawes Act of 1887 over the Five Civilized Tribes , forcing dissolution of tribally held lands in favor of individual allotments of private property . It terminated the tribal courts, made tribal members subject to federal legislation, and gave the federal government the authority to determine tribal membership. The Curtis Act provided that residents of Indian Territory had voting rights in local elections and gave
580-602: The Emancipation Proclamation which granted citizenship to all freedmen in the Confederate States, including those held by the Cherokee. In reaching peace with the Cherokee, the U.S. government required the freedom of their slaves and full Cherokee citizenship for those who wanted to stay with the nation. This was later guaranteed in 1866 under a treaty with the United States. This list of historic people includes only documented Cherokee living in, or born into,
638-517: The Five Civilized Tribes . All Five Tribes acknowledged "in writing that, because of the agreements they had made with the Confederate States during the Civil War, previous treaties made with the United States would no longer be upheld, thus prompting the need for a new treaty and an opportunity for the United States to fulfill its goal of wrenching more land" from their grasp. The new treaty established peace and requiring them to emancipate their slaves and to offer them citizenship and territory within
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#1732848490738696-676: The Natchez , the Lenape and the Shawnee peoples, and, after the Civil War and emancipation of slaves, Cherokee Freedmen and their descendants. The nation was recognized as a sovereign government; because the majority of its leaders allied with the Confederacy, the United States required a new peace treaty after the American Civil War, which also provided for emancipation of Cherokee slaves. The territory
754-867: The Park Range of Colorado. South of the Great Divide Basin , the US Continental Divide runs along the Sierre Madre high points. Its western basins drain into the Colorado River and its eastern into the North Platte River . Buck Mountain, elevation 11,396 feet (3,474 meters), is the highest peak in the range and lies within Colorado. Bridger Peak, elevation 11,004 feet (3,354 meters), is the range's highest elevation in Wyoming. Copper resources within
812-641: The Trappers' Trail , but the Trapper's Trail from 1820 in Colorado often varied from Cherokee Trail and took a different route in Wyoming. It also went to Taos, New Mexico . The route originated in Grand River near present-day Salina, Oklahoma . According to Erb, Brown, and Hughes, "The Cherokee Trail came west out of Oklahoma along the Arkansas River Valley in Colorado to the mouth of Black Squirrel Creek ,
870-536: The U.S. federal government promised representatives of the state of Georgia to extinguish Native American titles to internal Georgia lands in return for the state's formal cession of its unincorporated western claim (which was made part of the Mississippi Territory ). Negotiating with states to give up western claims was part of the unfinished business from the American Revolution and establishing of
928-514: The War of 1812 against Great Britain. He was the de facto principal chief from 1813–1827. The Cherokee Nation—East had first created electoral districts in 1817. By 1822, the Cherokee Supreme Court was founded. Lastly, the Cherokee Nation adopted a written constitution in 1827 that created a government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The Principal Chief was elected by
986-406: The deerskin trade had brought white-tailed deer in the region to the brink of extinction. Americans introduced pig and cattle raising, and these animals replaced deer as the principal sources of meat. The Americans supplied the tribes with spinning wheels and cotton -seed, and men were taught to fence and plow the land. (In the Cherokee traditional division of labor, most cultivation for farming
1044-619: The 'arts of civilized life.' The Moravian, and later Congregationalist , missionaries also ran boarding schools. A select few students were chosen to be educated at the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions school in Connecticut . These men continued to be leaders in the tribe. Hicks participated in the Red Stick War , a civil war between traditional and progressive Creek factions. This coincided with part of US involvement in
1102-429: The 1854 trail can be seen on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land in Wyoming. In Sweetwater County the trail on BLM sections is marked with 4-foot-high (1.2 m) concrete posts. Parts of this trail had been traveled and reported earlier in the 19th century. According to Gardner, General William Ashley had used part of this route as early as 1824. Gardner also mentions that emigrants heading for Oregon wrote about
1160-625: The 20th century. In 1866, some Delaware ( Lenape ) were relocated to the Cherokee Nation from Kansas, where they had been sent in the 1830s. Assigned to the northeast area of the Indian Territory, they united with the Cherokee Nation in 1867. The Delaware Tribes operated autonomously within the lands of the Cherokee Nation. The Natchez are a Native American people who originally lived in the Natchez Bluffs area. The present-day city of Natchez, Mississippi developed in their former territory. By
1218-468: The Cherokee Nation was dissolved in 1906. After this, the structure and function of the tribal government were not formally defined. The federal government occasionally designated chiefs of a provisional "Cherokee Nation", but usually just long enough to sign treaties. As the shortcomings of the arrangement became increasingly evident to the Cherokee, a demand arose for the formation of a more permanent and accountable tribal government. New administrations at
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#17328484907381276-489: The Cherokee Nation–West. There were seven officially recognized battles involving Native American units, who were either allied with the Confederate States of America or loyal to the United States government. 3,000 out of 21,000 members served as a soldier in the Confederacy. Several prominent members of the Cherokee Nation made contributions during the war: After the war, the United States negotiated new treaties with
1334-468: The Cherokee Outlet to cattlemen . The lease income had supported the Cherokee Nation in its efforts to prevent further encroachments on tribal lands. All Native people residing in Indian Territory were granted US citizenship under an act (31 Stat. 1447) of March 3, 1901. The Cherokee Nation entered an allotment agreement in 1902, which provided that each tribal citizen would receive forty acres as
1392-530: The Cherokee Trail from Colorado into Wyoming during the 1860s. A native of Mississippi , he came to California at the time of the Gold Rush. Apparently deciding that crime was more profitable than panning for gold, he was arrested and charged with murder in Fort Halleck , Wyoming, during 1863. Taken to Denver for trial, he was released on an unexplained technicality, and returned to a life of crime. Musgrove assembled
1450-745: The Cherokee exchanged remaining communal lands in Georgia (north of the Hiwassee River ), Tennessee, and North Carolina for lands in the Arkansaw Territory west of the Mississippi River . A majority of the remaining Cherokee resisted these treaties and refused to leave their lands east of the Mississippi. Finally, in 1830, the United States Congress enacted the Indian Removal Act to bolster
1508-466: The Cherokee had no standing national government. Its people were highly decentralized and lived in bands and clans according to a matrilineal kinship system. The people lived in towns located in scattered autonomous tribal areas related by kinship throughout the southern Appalachia region. Various leaders were periodically appointed (by mutual consent of the towns) to represent the towns or bands to French, British and, later, United States authorities as
1566-603: The Cherokee reunification council of 1809. Three important veterans of the Cherokee–American wars, James Vann (a successful businessman) and his two protégés, The Ridge (also called Ganundalegi or "Major" Ridge) and Charles R. Hicks , made up the younger 'Cherokee Triumvirate.' These leaders advocated acculturation of the people, formal education of the young, and introduction of European-American farming methods. In 1801 they invited Moravian missionaries to their territory from North Carolina to teach Christianity and
1624-575: The Cherokee to move there voluntarily. The reservation boundaries extended from north of the Arkansas River to the southern bank of the White River . The Cherokee who moved to this reservation became known as the "Old Settlers" or Western Cherokee. By additional treaties signed with the U.S., in 1817 ( Treaty of the Cherokee Agency, 8 July 1817 ) and 1819 ( Treaty of Washington, 27 February 1819 ),
1682-576: The Cherokee to side with the Confederacy, while Ross thought it better to remain neutral. This split was due to the Union's and Southern state's involvement of the Trail of Tears, which complicated the nation's political outlook. Within the first year of the war, general consensus in the nation moved towards siding with the Confederacy. Numerous skirmishes took place in the Trans-Mississippi area, which included
1740-455: The Confederacy free land. The study found that even though levels of inequality in 1860 were similar in the Cherokee Nation and the Confederacy, former black slaves prospered in the Cherokee Nation over the next decades. The Cherokee Nation had lower levels of racial inequality where blacks saw higher incomes, higher literacy rates, and greater school attendance. In 1898, the US Congress passed
1798-643: The National Council, which was the legislature of the Nation. A similar constitution was adopted by the Cherokee Nation—West in 1833. The Constitution of the reunited Cherokee Nation was ratified at Tahlequah, Oklahoma on September 6, 1839, at the conclusion of " The Removal ". The signing is commemorated every Labor Day weekend with the celebration of the Cherokee National Holiday . In 1802,
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1856-518: The South Platte River near present Denver, turned north pioneering a new wagon road to the Laramie Plains (US Hwy 270) . Then west along the present Wyoming/Colorado border to Green River then NW to Fort Bridger. This route sometimes referred to as the "disease free" or "middle" route increased each year in numbers of Emigrants and cattle drives until by 1857 becoming the most heavily traveled or
1914-589: The US Department of Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark . The Nation was made up of scattered peoples mostly living in the Cherokee Nation–West and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (both residing in the Indian Territory by the 1840s), and the Cherokee Nation–East ( Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians ); these became the three federally recognized tribes of Cherokee in
1972-594: The Union army during the American Civil War . European Americans encroached and settled on their lands after the war. In 1869, the Cherokee Nation and Loyal Shawnee agreed that 722 of the Shawnee would be granted Cherokee citizenship. They settled in Craig and Rogers counties . The Anishinaabe -speaking Swan Creek and Black River Chippewa bands were removed from southeast Michigan to Kansas in 1839. After Kansas became
2030-650: The United States. European Americans were seeking more land in what became known as the Deep South because of the expansion of cotton plantations. Invention of the cotton gin had made short-staple cotton profitable, and it could be cultivated in the uplands of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. In 1815, the US government established a Cherokee Reservation in the Arkansaw district of the Missouri Territory and tried to convince
2088-671: The admission of Oklahoma as a state. During the late 20th century, the Cherokee people reorganized, instituting a government with sovereign jurisdiction known as the Cherokee Nation . On July 9, 2020, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Muscogee (Creek) Nation (and by extension the Cherokee Nation) had never been disestablished in the years before allotment and Oklahoma Statehood. The Cherokee Nation consisted of
2146-413: The area be withdrawn. Cherokee Nation (19th century) The Cherokee Nation ( Cherokee : ᏣᎳᎩᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ, pronounced Tsalagihi Ayeli ) was a legal, autonomous , tribal government in North America recognized from 1794 to 1907. It was often referred to simply as " The Nation " by its inhabitants. The government was effectively disbanded in 1907, after its land rights had been extinguished, prior to
2204-477: The federal government the authority to determine who were members of each tribe. The Curtis Act provided that residents of Indian Territory had voting rights in local elections. Cherokee people, who were living in Indian Territory in 1901, were granted United States citizenship by virtue of a federal act (31 Stat. 1447) of March 3, 1901. The Cherokee called themselves the Ani-Yun' wiya . In their language ; this meant "leading" or "principal" people. Before 1794,
2262-406: The federal government the right to incorporate towns and establish public educational facilities. Under its terms tribal governments of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Nations would be abolished on March 6, 1906 in preparation for uniting Indian and Oklahoma Territories into the State of Oklahoma. President Benjamin Harrison September 19, 1890, stopped the leasing of land in
2320-410: The federal level also recognized this issue, and the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration gained passage of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, encouraging tribes to re-establish governments and supporting more self-determination. The Cherokee convened a general convention on 8 August 1938 in Fairfield, Oklahoma , to elect a new Chief and reconstitute the Cherokee Nation . The Cherokee Nation
2378-429: The last wagon train from Wise County, Texas to Oregon was documented. In 1854, an additional route was blazed on the west side of the South Platte River, crossing the Cache la Poudre River , and then to the Laramie Plains. There the trail turned west near present-day Tie Siding , and proceeded along the Colorado/Wyoming border to Green River and to Fort Bridger where it struck the other emigrant trails. Parts of
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2436-449: The late 20th and early 21st centuries. Much of the range lies within the Medicine Bow – Routt National Forest . Protected areas include the Encampment River Wilderness , the Huston Park Wilderness , and parts of the Mount Zirkel Wilderness . The range is traversed by Wyoming Highway 70 , which (except in winter when the road is closed ) crosses the Continental Divide at an elevation of 9,915 feet (3,022 m) at Battle Pass near
2494-479: The legal basis for the forcible removal known as the Trail of Tears. Most of the settlements were established in the area around the western capital of Tahlontiskee (near present-day Gore, Oklahoma ). Within the Cherokee Nation, there were advocates for neutrality, a Union alliance, and a Confederate alliance. Two prominent Cherokee, John Ross and Stand Watie were slaveholders and shared some values with Southern plantation owners. Watie thought it best for
2552-438: The major trail to California. In 1857 a new cutoff of the Cherokee Trail was established when the US Army built a road over Bridger Pass to Fort Bridger. By 1862 the Bridger Pass route of the Cherokee Trail was a well wore road when the Overland Mail and Stage moved from South Pass route on to it. In 1869 the rail road reached Utah ending the Overland Mail. The Cherokee Trail continued as an emigrant route as late as 1883 when
2610-459: The mid-eighteenth century, the Natchez people were defeated by French colonists and dispersed from there. Many survivors had been sold (by the French) into slavery in the West Indies. Others took refuge with allied tribes, one of which was the Cherokee. Known as the Loyal Shawnee or Cherokee Shawnee, one band of Shawnee people relocated to Indian Territory with the Seneca people (Iroquois) in July 1831. The term "Loyal" came from their serving in
2668-429: The old Battle mining site. The range supports a number of popular game species, including elk , mule deer , and grouse , along with other species mentioned in the state's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy Report. In 2009 the state's Game and Fish Department, describing its wildlife as "world class", issued a report recommending that the area's natural values be analyzed and that energy development leases in
2726-403: The range were extracted during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by the Ferris-Haggarty Mine which lies about two miles west of Bridger Peak. Its operations were centered near Encampment 15 miles to the east. Gold findings in the range during the 1890s sparked a short-lived gold rush that attracted thousands of prospectors. The possibility of further discoveries renewed interest during
2784-424: The recently blazed Evans/Cherokee Trail with Captain Lewis Evans and Lieutenant Captain Peter Mankins, with 2nd Lieutenant George Van Hoose leading the expedition Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, and then connected with another trail to nearby Fort Smith, Arkansas . Starting in 1850 the trail was used continuously by gold seekers, emigrants and cattle drovers from Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, and the Cherokee Nation . In 1850,
2842-424: The reservation if the freedmen chose to stay with the tribe, as the US had done for enslaved African Americans. The area was made part of the reconstruction of the former Confederate States overseen by military officers and governors appointed by the federal government. A 2020 study contrasted the successful distribution of free land to former slaves in the Cherokee Nation with the failure to give former slaves in
2900-425: The routes in and out of Browns Park in 1839. By 1849, three routes suitable for crossing the Continental Divide had been identified: Twin Groves, Wyoming , an unnamed location near present-day Rawlings, Wyoming and Bridger's Pass. The Cherokee Trail followed the Twin Groves route. In 1849, Lieutenant Abraham Buford , escorting the mail from Santa Fe to the east, turned south at McPherson, Kansas , to follow
2958-438: The site. Indications of Cherokee influence found in and about Tahlequah. For example, street signs appear in both the Cherokee language—in the syllabary alphabet created by Sequoyah (ca. 1767–1843) —and in English. Designed by architect C. W. Goodlander in the 'late Italianate' style, the Cherokee National Capitol was constructed between 1867 and 1869. Originally, it housed the nation's court as well as other offices. In 1961,
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#17328484907383016-431: The treaties and forcibly free up title to the lands desired by the states. At this time, one-third of the remaining Native Americans left voluntarily, especially because the act was being enforced by use of government troops and the Georgia militia. Although The Treaty of New Echota was not approved by the Cherokee National Council nor signed by Principal Chief John Ross, it was amended and ratified in March 1836, and became
3074-423: The vigilantes took possession of the prisoner. Quickly they moved him to the Larimer Street bridge and ended his criminal career by hanging him beneath the bridge on November 23, 1868. Sierra Madre Range (Wyoming) The Sierra Madre Range is a mountain range in the western United States , located in south-central Wyoming and north-central Colorado . Geologically, it may be considered an extension of
3132-502: Was divided into nine districts [1] named Canadian, Cooweescoowee, Delaware, Flint, Goingsnake, Illinois, Saline, Sequoyah, and Tahlequah (capital). Founded in 1838, Tahlequah was developed as the new capital of a united Cherokee Nation. It was named after the historic Great Tellico , an important Cherokee town and cultural center in present-day Tennessee that was one of the largest Cherokee towns ever established. The mostly European-American settlement of Tellico Plains later developed at
3190-509: Was done by women.) Women were instructed in weaving. Eventually, blacksmiths, gristmills and cotton plantations (along with slave labor) were established. Succeeding Little Turkey as Principal Chief were Black Fox (1801–1811) and Pathkiller (1811–1827), both former warriors of Dragging Canoe. "The separation", a phrase which the Cherokee used to describe the period after 1776, when the Chickamauga had left other bands that were in close proximity to Anglo-American settlements, officially ended at
3248-409: Was needed. The Cherokee knew this leader as "First Beloved Man" —or Uku. The English had translated this as " chief ". The chief's function was to serve as focal point for negotiations with the encroaching Europeans. Hanging Maw was recognized as a chief by the United States government, but not by the majority of Cherokee peoples. At the end of the Cherokee–American wars (1794), Little Turkey
3306-444: Was partially occupied by United States. In the late 19th century, Congress passed the Dawes Act , intended to promote assimilation and extinguish Indian governments, but it exempted the Five Civilized Tribes . The Curtis Act of 1898 extended the provisions of the Dawes Act to the Five Tribes, in preparation for the admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. It provided for the distribution of tribal lands to individuals and also gave
3364-421: Was recognized as " Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation " by all the towns. At that time, Cherokee communities were on lands claimed by the states of North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , and the Overhill area, located in present-day eastern Tennessee . The break-away Chickamauga band (or Lower Cherokee), under War Chief Dragging Canoe ( Tsiyugunsini , 1738–1792), had retreated to and inhabited
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