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55-546: Stigand was the son of William Stigand and Agnes Catherine Senior. His father was British vice-consul at Boulogne-sur-Mer when he was born there on 25 October 1877. He was educated at Radley and gazetted as a second lieutenant in the Royal West Kent Regiment on 4 January 1899. Serving with them in Burma and British Somaliland , he was promoted to lieutenant on 13 March 1901. He transferred to British East Africa and

110-475: A 17 km long water pipeline. The source is in the Vienna Woods around today's Kalksburg . Wells, latrines and the thermae were supplied with water. Central buildings such as the commander's office and the hospital had their own supplies, as did the settlement outside the camp, where households had their own groundwater wells . Archaeological excavations done over the last 100 years have discovered

165-608: A French civilian guided the Canadians to a "secret passage" leading into the walled old town and by-passing the German defenders. To replace the destroyed urban infrastructure, affordable housing and public facility projects in functional, brutalist building styles were carried out in the 1950s and 60s. Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of

220-498: A castle museum) of Boulogne, in the fortified town, houses the most important exhibition of masks from Alaska in the world, the second largest collection of Greek ceramics in France (after the Louvre), collections of Roman and medieval sculptures, paintings (15th–20th century), an Egyptian collection, African Arts etc. As these collections are exhibited in a medieval castle, one can also discover

275-516: A church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne , " Our Lady of Boulogne[-sur-Mer]". The foundation of the city known to the Romans as Gesoriacum is credited to the Celtic Boii . In the past, it was sometimes conflated with Caesar 's Portus Itius , but that is now thought to have been a site near Calais which has since silted up. A tall lighthouse was built at Gesoriacum circa 39 AD by order of

330-466: A prolific writer. Boulogne-sur-Mer Boulogne-sur-Mer ( French: [bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ] ; Picard : Boulonne-su-Mér ; Dutch : Bonen ; Latin : Gesoriacum or Bononia ), often called just Boulogne ( UK : / b ʊ ˈ l ɔɪ n / , US : / b uː ˈ l oʊ n , b uː ˈ l ɔɪ n / ), is a coastal city in Northern France . It is a sub-prefecture of

385-572: Is also higher than in said southern English locations. Between 1981 and 2010 the precipitation days averaged 125.3 annually, although overall precipitation increased somewhat in the next averages of 1991 to 2020. Boulogne is close to the A16 motorway (Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque). Metropolitan bus services are operated by "Marinéo". The company Flixbus proposed establishing a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque. The city has several railway stations, of which

440-646: Is an ancient town and was the main Roman port for trade and communication with its Province of Britain . After a period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was integrated into the County of Boulogne of the Kingdom of France during the Middle Ages . It was occupied by the Kingdom of England numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it

495-501: Is one of 56 listed Belfries of Belgium and France , all in northeastern France and Belgium, with shared World Heritage Site status because of their architecture and testimony to the rise of municipal power in the region. It is the oldest building in the upper city of Boulogne, and currently serves as the home to a museum of Celtic remains from the Roman occupation. Founded as the Count's dungeon,

550-533: Is situated in the town centre, about 5 minutes from the Boulogne Tintelleries railway station. Two health centres are located in Boulogne, the public Hospital Duchenne and the private Clinique de la côte d'opale. Boulogne's football club, US Boulogne Côte d'Opale (US refers to Union Sportive), is one of the oldest in France due to the city's proximity to England, founded in 1898. The club currently play in

605-517: Is still recognisable in Vienna's street plan: Graben, Naglergasse, Tiefer Graben, Salzgries, Rabensteig, Rotenturmstraße. The oblique camp border along today's street Salzgries was probably caused by a tremendous flood of the River Danube that occurred during the 3rd century and eroded a considerable part of the camp. The name “Graben” (English: ditch) is believed to hark back to the defensive ditches of

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660-458: The English Channel ( La Manche ), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include: Boulogne-sur-Mer is twinned with: Vindobona Vindobona ( Latin pronunciation: [wɪnˈdɔbɔna] ; from Gaulish windo- "white" and bona "base/bottom") was a Roman military camp (or castra ) in the province of Pannonia , located on

715-635: The Pas-de-Calais department in 1800 due to the territorial re-organisation in Revolutionary France. France became the French Empire in 1804; in 1803 Boulogne became an Imperial City (Ville Impériale) . The 19th century was a prosperous one for Boulogne, which became a bathing resort for wealthy Parisians after the 1848 completion of the Longueau–Boulogne railway connecting the town with

770-582: The Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne harbour to suppress German naval activity following D-Day . Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs and the harbour and the surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August 1944 the town was declared a "fortress" by Adolf Hitler but it succumbed to Operation Wellhit , the assault and liberation by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September. In one incident,

825-517: The department of Pas-de-Calais . Boulogne lies on the Côte d'Opale , a touristic stretch of French coast on the English Channel between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after the Lille conurbation. Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after Calais , and the 183rd-largest in France. It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in herring . Boulogne

880-487: The 430s and the settlement was abandoned for several centuries. Remains of the Roman military camp have been found at many sites in the centre of Vienna. The centre of the Michaelerplatz has been widely investigated by archaeologists. Here, traces of a Roman legionary outpost ( canabae legionis ) and of a crossroad have been found. The centrepiece of the current design of the square is a rectangular opening that evokes

935-554: The Danube, including Vindobona with an estimated population of 15,000 to 20,000. Early references to Vindobona are made by the geographer Ptolemy in his Geographica and the historian Aurelius Victor , who recounts that emperor Marcus Aurelius died in Vindobona on 17 March 180 from an unknown illness while on a military campaign against invading Germanic tribes. Today, there is a Marc-Aurelstraße (English: Marcus Aurelius street) near

990-585: The Emperor Caligula , possibly in preparation for an invasion of Britain. Known as the Tour d'Ordre, coastal erosion caused it to topple into the sea in 1644. From the time of Claudius 's invasion in AD ;43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to Britain . It was the chief base of the Roman navy 's Britannic fleet until the rebellion of its admiral Carausius in 286. As part of

1045-630: The French capital. In the 19th century, the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne was reconstructed by the priest Benoît Haffreingue , who claimed to have received a call from God in 1820 to reconstruct the town's ruined basilica . During the Napoleonic Wars , Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade the United Kingdom in 1805. However, his plans were halted by other European matters and by

1100-457: The Hoher Markt in Vienna. However, Sirmium (province of Pannonia Inferior , modern Sremska Mitrovica ) as Marc Aurel's death place is mentioned by Tertullian in his Apologeticum . It is possible that Vindobona as a legionary fortress was built around the year of 100, because from the archeological records there are no building inscriptions dating earlier than the year of 103. Vindobona

1155-519: The Roman walls (in the underground) as well as rooms built in the 13th century (La Barbière, banqueting hall, chapel, covered parapet walk...) La Casa San Martin is currently a museum where José de San Martín the leader of independence struggle in Argentina (also Chile and Peru) died in 1850, from 1930 to 1967 this house was the consulate of Argentina in France. There is a statue dedicated to his colleague Simón Bolívar , other liberator of South America in

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1210-418: The archaeological excavations at the site and shows wall remains that have been preserved from different epochs. Part of a Roman canal system is underneath the fire station am Hof. Directly under the Hoher Markt are the remains of two buildings unearthed during the canalisation works of 1948/49 and made accessible to the public. After further excavation, a showroom was opened in 1961. For this purpose some of

1265-495: The camps of Carnuntum , Brigetio and Aquincum . By the time of Emperor Commodus , four legions ( X Gemina , XIV Gemina Martia Victrix , I Adiutrix and II Adiutrix ) were stationed in Pannonia. Vindobona was provisioned by the surrounding Roman country estates ( Villae rusticae ). A centre of trade with a developed infrastructure as well as agriculture and forestry developed around Vindobona. Civic communities developed outside

1320-410: The capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like Wimereux , Wissant , Hardelot and Le Touquet . The hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural. The city is divided into several parts : Boulogne-sur-Mer has an oceanic climate that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to

1375-573: The dead from the hospitals at Boulogne were buried in the Cimetiere de L'Est, one of the town's cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a long, narrow strip along the right hand edge of the cemetery. In the spring of 1918, it was found that space was running short in the Eastern Cemetery in spite of repeated extensions to the south and the site of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen. It also

1430-518: The end of the 4th century. In the Middle Ages Boulogne was the capital of an eponymous county , founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, Eustace II , assisted William the Conqueror in his conquest of England. His wife founded the city's Notre Dame cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It

1485-489: The first World Esperanto Congress was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where the historic Declaration of Boulogne was ratified. L. L. Zamenhof , the creator of Esperanto , was among the attendees. In 2005, there was an anniversary celebration to mark the centenary with more than 500 attendees. In 2018, 40,664 people lived in the city, while its metropolitan area had a population of 160,130. Boulogne-sur-Mer hosts one of

1540-530: The following Roman water supply fragment locations: Waste from the Roman camp was transported through an elaborate subterranean sewerage system that was planned from the beginning. The sewers were lined with brick walls and plates and ran beneath the main roads. Gradients were used in such a way that the waste water descended through the canals into the River Danube . Since the canals were up to two meters deep, they could be cleaned out regularly. Large waste

1595-407: The fortifications ( canabae legionis ), as well another community that was independent of the military authorities in today's third district. It has also been proven that a Germanic settlement with a large marketplace existed on the far side of the Danube from the second century onwards. The asymmetrical layout of the military camp, which was unusual for the otherwise standardised Roman encampments,

1650-540: The imperial response, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293. The name of the settlement was changed to Bononia at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community. The city was an important town of the Morini (the 'sea people'), and Zosimus called it Germanorum ("Germanic-speaking") at

1705-523: The military camp. It is thought that at least parts of the walls still stood in the Middle Ages, when these streets were laid out, and thus determined their routes. The Berghof was later erected in one corner of the camp. Rebuilt after Germanic invasions in the second century, the town remained a seat of Roman government through the third and fourth centuries. The population fled after the Huns invaded Pannonia in

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1760-697: The most important is Boulogne-Ville station , located in the south of the city. Boulogne-Tintelleries station is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city centre. The former Boulogne-Maritime and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection (to England) for the railway. Boulogne-Ville was the terminus of the Chemin de fer de Boulogne à Bonningues (CF de BB), which extended their line from Saint-Martin-Boulogne on 12 May 1902. Within Boulogne were also halts at Rue de la Lampe, Rue de la Liane, Abbatoir and La Madelaine. The CF de BB closed to passenger traffic on 31 December 1935. It

1815-635: The oldest Universités de l'été – summer courses in French language and culture. It is known as the Université d'été de Boulogne-sur-Mer . The Saint-Louis building of the University of the Côte d'Opale's Boulogne campus opened its doors in 1991, on the site of the former St. Louis Hospital, the front entrance to which remains a predominant architectural feature. Its 6 major specialisms are Modern Languages, French Literature, Sport, Law, History and Economics. The university

1870-457: The original walls had to be removed; white marks on the floor show the spots where. The buildings, which are separated from one another by a road, housed an officer and his family. In 2008 this Roman ruins exhibit was expanded into the Museum of the Romans . Only a small portion can today be seen, for the majority of the remains are still located underneath the square and south of it. The remains of

1925-549: The revolutions against Spanish colonial rule in the 1810s. Bolivar planned to head in exile to this very part of France before his death in 1830. Historic emigration in the 19th century from the Nord-Pas de Calais region to Argentina and Chile can explain some cultural ties with South America of the Boulognais and Latino /Ibero-American culture. Nausicaä , the French national sealife centre. As an international maritime port on

1980-614: The river Liane . In a direct line, Boulogne is approximately at 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Calais , 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Folkestone , 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Lille and Amiens , 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Rouen and London and 215 kilometres (134 miles) from Paris. Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the Boulonnais territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like

2035-524: The sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relation to south and east coast locations in England year round. Due to warm winds originating inland, the record temperatures in summer are well above the averages and the warmest day of the year is averaging about 31 °C (88 °F). Summer diurnal temperature variation is low, with normals varying between nights of 15 °C (59 °F) with days at about 20 °C (68 °F). Precipitation

2090-605: The site of the modern city of Vienna in Austria . The settlement area took on a new name in the 13th century, being changed to Berghof, or now simply known as Alter Berghof (the Old Berghof). Around 1 CE, the kingdom of Noricum was included in the Roman Empire . Henceforth, the Danube marked the border of the empire, and the Romans built fortifications and settlements on the banks of

2145-554: The supply of goods and for the production and maintenance of weapons and commodities. They also extracted stone from quarries and wood from forests, produced bricks, and maintained the streets, bridges and the water system. Administrating the camp and ensuring its security required additional manpower. The Romans provided their cities, including Vindobona, with clean potable water through an elaborate systems of Roman aqueducts , canals , and large subterranean pipes . Excavations have revealed that Vindobona received its supply through

2200-796: The supremacy of the Royal Navy . A nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (subsequently the emperor Napoleon III ), returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was later jailed for trying to lead a revolt in Strasbourg . During the First World War , this was the entrepôt for the first unit of the British Expeditionary Force to land in France and for many others thereafter. Boulogne

2255-530: The third tier, the Championnat National , and host home matches at the 14,500-capacity Stade de la Libération . Boulogne native and FIFA World Cup finalist Franck Ribéry began his career at the club. Basketball teams in Boulogne include Stade Olympique Maritime Boulonnais and ESSM Le Portel of Pro A (first-tier men's professional basketball league in France). The Château de Boulogne-sur-Mer (now

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2310-739: The top floor was added in the 13th century. Damage by a fire in 1712 was built over by 1734. Other than the belfry there are also the following sights: Boulogne-sur-Mer is an important fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving part, or all, of their livelihoods from fishing. IFREMER (the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) and the Pasteur Institute are located in Boulogne Port. Certain brands, including Crown and Findus , have regional offices in Boulogne. In 1905,

2365-616: The walls date from different phases from the 1st to the 5th century AD. The houses were typical Roman villas, with living quarters and space for working set around a middle courtyard with columned halls. During drillings for the U5 underground line, new brick kiln and metal smelting sites were discovered that revealed further reaching suburbs of the ancient Roman settlement. Over 3,000 stamped bricks, several stone monuments and written sources prove that several legions, cavalry units and marines were stationed in Vindobona. Around 97 AD, Legio XIII Gemina

2420-614: Was Inspector at Nasir from 1915 -16 and governor of the Upper Nile province from 1917 to 1918. Stigand was appointed governor of Mongalla Province in 1919. He was killed on 8 December 1919 by tribesmen of the Aliyab Dinka at Pap, between the Lau River and the White Nile. He married in 1913 Nancy Yulee Neff of Washington, D.C., and had one child, Florida Yulee Agnes, born 1917. Stigand was

2475-459: Was a staging area for Napoleon 's troops for several months during his planned invasion of the United Kingdom . The city's 12th-century belfry is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site (along with other belfries of Belgium and France ), while another popular attraction is the marine conservation centre Nausicaa . The French name Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia , which

2530-601: Was again occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in Flanders from the Treaty of the Pyrenees moved the border northwards. Boulogne received its current status as a subprefecture of

2585-562: Was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places – and Vindobona ( Vienna ) – are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames , with bona possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary". The French epithet sur - Mer ("on sea") distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from

2640-522: Was an important whaling center prior to 1121. The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count Renaud of Dammartin in 1203. The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during the course of the Hundred Years War . In 1492 Henry VII laid siege to Boulogne before the conflict was ended by the Peace of Étaples . Boulogne

2695-616: Was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the Western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the German advance, but was opened again in October and from that month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the chief hospital areas. Until June 1918,

2750-407: Was part of the Roman province Pannonia , of which the regional administrative centre was Carnuntum . Vindobona was a military camp with an attached civilian city ( Canabae ). The military complex covered an area of some 20 hectares, housing about 6000 men where Vienna's first district now stands. The Danube marked the border of the Roman Empire, and Vindobona was part of a defensive network including

2805-405: Was probably deposed at the slope of the river. In the civilian settlement, waste was deposed in former water wells and dumps. The layout of a Roman camp ( castra ) was normally standardised. This has helped archaeologists to reconstruct what the camp must have looked like, despite the heavy rebuilding that has taken place in Vienna throughout the centuries. The basic contours of the camp, which

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2860-400: Was reopened in November 1942, and closed in 1948. Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to Dover by LD Lines in 2010. The regional trains are TER Hauts-de-France run by SNCF . The principal service runs from Gare de Boulogne-Ville via Gare de Calais-Fréthun , Gare de Calais-Ville to Gare de Lille-Flandres . Boulogne's 12th-century belfry

2915-475: Was responsible for construction of the legionary camps. Because of the wars in Dacia, they were pulled out and redeployed in 101 AD. A decade later, Legio XIIII Gemina Martia Victrix followed. Legio X Gemina from Aquincum arrived in 114 AD and remained in Vindobona until the 5th century. About 6,000 soldiers were stationed in the Roman camp. Many of them were free from active duty during peaceful times and had other jobs. These so-called immunes were needed for

2970-406: Was seconded to serve with the King's African Rifles in December 1902. He entered the Egyptian army in 1910 and was posted to the Upper White Nile , assuming control of the Lado Enclave from the Belgians in accordance with an agreement. He was placed in charge of the Kajo Kaji district. In 1915 Stigand was promoted to major. In 1916 he served in the campaign against 'Ali Dinar in Darfur . He

3025-535: Was the site of an Allied (French and British) armaments production conference. On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France , two British Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Boulogne against an attack by the German 2nd Panzer Division . Despite fierce fighting, the British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire. On 15 June 1944, 297 aircraft (155 Avro Lancasters , 130 Handley Page Halifaxes , and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos ) of

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