The Charms Candy Company was a candy company founded in 1912 and sold to Tootsie Roll Industries in 1988. It was known for candies including Blow Pops and Charms.
61-515: Walter W. Reid Jr. founded the Charms Candy Company in 1912. The company was originally called Tropical Charms, a reference to the individually wrapped square-shaped hard candies, which were one of the first of their kind to be individually wrapped in cellophane . Tropical Charms was founded in Bloomfield, New Jersey . The company name was eventually shortened to Charms. During World War II ,
122-545: A nitrocellulose lacquer that, when applied to Cellophane, made it moisture proof. Following the introduction of moisture-proof Cellophane in 1927, the material's sales tripled between 1928 and 1930, and in 1938, Cellophane accounted for 10% of DuPont's sales and 25% of its profits. Cellophane played a crucial role in developing the self-service retailing of fresh meat. Cellophane visibility helped customers know quality of meat before buying. Cellophane also worked to consumers' disadvantage when manufacturers learned to manipulate
183-566: A century. Cuprammonium rayon has properties similar to viscose; however, during its production, the cellulose is combined with copper and ammonia ( Schweizer's reagent ). Due to the detrimental environmental effects of this production method, cuprammonium rayon is no longer being produced in the United States . The process has been described as obsolete, but cuprammonium rayon is still made by one company in Japan. Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate
244-419: A certain type of battery , as dialysis tubing (Visking tubing), and as a release agent in the manufacture of fibreglass and rubber products. Cellophane is the most popular material for manufacturing cigar packaging; its permeability to water vapor makes cellophane a good product for this application as cigars must be allowed to "breathe" while wrapped and in storage. Cellophane sales have dwindled since
305-409: A discrepancy in the ability to identify natural fibers in a marine environment via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy . Later research of oceanic microfibers instead found cotton being the most frequent match (50% of all fibers), followed by other cellulosic fibers at 29.5% (e.g., rayon/viscose, linen, jute, kenaf, hemp, etc.). Further analysis of the specific contribution of rayon to ocean fibers
366-820: A highly viscous solution. Cross and Bevan took out British Patent No. 8,700, "Improvements in Dissolving Cellulose and Allied Compounds" in May, 1892. In 1893, they formed the Viscose Syndicate to grant licences and, in 1896, formed the British Viscoid Co. Ltd. The first commercial viscose rayon was produced by the UK company Courtaulds Fibres in November 1905. Courtaulds formed an American division, American Viscose (later known as Avtex Fibers), to produce their formulation in
427-551: A less environmentally-harmful process for making Rayon led to the development of the lyocell method for producing Rayon. The lyocell process was developed in 1972 by a team at the now defunct American Enka fibers facility at Enka, North Carolina . In 2003, the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) awarded Neal E. Franks their Henry E. Millson Award for Invention for lyocell. In 1966–1968, D. L. Johnson of Eastman Kodak Inc. studied NMMO solutions. In
488-493: A peanut butter-filled hard candy in the shape of a peanut. On November 28, 1966, Thomas T. Tidwell, founder of Triple T. Co. Inc., filed a patent for “Method for making candy with gum inside.” Triple T initially marketed the product as the Triple Treat. In 1973, Triple Treat sold the idea to Charms, where it was renamed Blow Pop. Blow Pops come in watermelon , strawberry , cherry , grape , and sour apple flavors (sour apple
549-502: A pilot plant in 1990, and commercial production in 1997, with 12 metric tonnes/year made in a plant in Heiligenkreuz im Lafnitztal , Austria. When an explosion hit the plant in 2003 it was producing 20,000 tonnes/year, and planning to double capacity by the end of the year. In 2004 Lenzing was producing 40,000 tons [sic, probably metric tonnes]. In 1998, Lenzing and Courtaulds reached a patent dispute settlement. In 1998 Courtaulds
610-578: A restaurant's tablecloth, he decided to create a cloth that could repel liquids rather than absorb them. His first step was to spray a waterproof coating onto fabric, and he opted to try viscose . The resultant coated fabric was far too stiff, but the diaphanous film coating could be separated from the backing cloth easily and in one undamaged piece. Seeing the possibilities of this new material on its own, Brandenberger soon abandoned his original idea. It took ten years for Brandenberger to perfect his film. His chief improvement over earlier work with such films
671-603: A resurgence in recent times due to its being biosourced, compostable, and biodegradable. Its sustainability record is clouded by its energy-intensive manufacturing process and the potential negative impact of some of the chemicals used, but significant progress in recent years has been made by leading manufacturers in reducing their environmental footprint. When placed between two plane polarizing filters, cellophane produces prismatic colours due to its birefringent nature. Artists have used this effect to create stained glass-like creations that are kinetic and interactive. Cellophane
SECTION 10
#1732858379076732-408: A soft, silky feel. They are sometimes identified by the trade name Modal. Modal is used alone or with other fibers (often cotton or spandex ) in clothing and household items like pajamas, underwear, bathrobes, towels, and bedsheets. Modal can be tumble-dried without damage. The fabric has been known to pill less than cotton due to fiber properties and lower surface friction. The trademarked Modal
793-414: A solvent, N-methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO). The process starts with cellulose and involves dry jet-wet spinning. It was developed at the now defunct American Enka Company and Courtaulds Fibres. Lenzing's Tencel is an example of a lyocell fiber. Unlike the viscose process, the lycocell process does not use highly toxic carbon disulfide. "Lyocell" has become a genericized trademark, used to refer to
854-424: A starting material. The use of woody sources of cellulose makes viscose cheaper, so it was traditionally used on a larger scale than the other methods. On the other hand, the original viscose process generates large amounts of contaminated wastewater. Newer technologies use less water and have improved the quality of the wastewater. The raw material for viscose is primarily wood pulp (sometimes bamboo pulp ), which
915-480: A wide range of colors. Rayon fabrics are soft, smooth, cool, comfortable, and highly absorbent, but they do not always insulate body heat, making them ideal for use in hot and humid climates, although also making their "hand" (feel) cool and sometimes almost slimy to the touch. The durability and appearance retention of regular viscose rayons are low, especially when wet; also, rayon has the lowest elastic recovery of any fiber. However, HWM rayon (high-wet-modulus rayon)
976-469: Is a generic term in some countries, while in other countries it is a registered trademark . Cellulose from wood , cotton , hemp , or other sources is dissolved in alkali and carbon disulfide to make a solution called viscose , which is then extruded through a slit into a bath of dilute sulfuric acid and sodium sulfate to reconvert the viscose into cellulose. The film is then passed through several more baths, one to remove sulfur , one to bleach
1037-408: Is also used as a solvent. The viscose process builds on the reaction of cellulose with a strong base, followed by treatment of that solution with carbon disulfide to give a xanthate derivative. The xanthate is then converted back to a cellulose fiber in a subsequent step. The viscose method can use wood as a source of cellulose, whereas other routes to rayon require lignin -free cellulose as
1098-506: Is biodegradable, but highly toxic carbon disulfide is used in most cellophane production. Viscose factories vary widely in the amount of CS 2 they expose their workers to , and most give no information about their quantitative safety limits or how well they keep to them. In the UK and in many other countries, "Cellophane" is a registered trademark and the property of Futamura Chemical UK Ltd , based in Wigton , Cumbria , United Kingdom. In
1159-477: Is chemically converted into a soluble compound. It is then dissolved and forced through a spinneret to produce filaments, which are chemically solidified, resulting in fibers of nearly pure cellulose. Unless the chemicals are handled carefully, workers can be seriously harmed by the carbon disulfide used to manufacture most rayon. To prepare viscose, pulp is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide (typically 16–19% by mass ) to form " alkali cellulose ", which has
1220-437: Is emitted per kilogram of rayon produced. Control technologies have enabled improved collection of carbon disulfide and reuse of it, resulting in a lower emissions of carbon disulfide. These have not always been implemented in places where it was not legally required and profitable. Carbon disulfide is volatile and is lost before the rayon gets to the consumer; the rayon itself is basically pure cellulose . Studies from
1281-541: Is highly permeable to water vapour , but may be coated with nitrocellulose lacquer to prevent this. Cellophane is also used in transparent pressure-sensitive tape , tubing, and many other similar applications. Cellophane is compostable and biodegradable, and can be obtained from biomaterials. The original production process uses carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), which has been found to be highly toxic to workers. The newer lyocell process can be used to produce cellulose film without involving carbon disulfide. "Cellophane"
SECTION 20
#17328583790761342-584: Is made by a slightly different solvent recovery process, and is considered a different fiber by the US FTC. Tencel lyocell was first produced commercially by Courtaulds' Grimsby plant in England. The process, which dissolves cellulose without a chemical reaction, was developed by Courtaulds Research. Birla Cellulose is also a volume manufacturer of rayon. They have plants located in India , Indonesia and China . Accordis
1403-413: Is made by spinning beech-tree cellulose and is considered a more eco-friendly alternative to cotton, as the production process uses on average 10–20 times less water. In 2018, viscose fiber production in the world was approximately 5.8 million tons, and China was the largest producer with about 65% of total global production. Trade names are used within the rayon industry to label the type of rayon in
1464-576: Is much stronger and exhibits higher durability and appearance retention. Recommended care for regular viscose rayon is dry-cleaning only. HWM rayon can be machine-washed. Regular rayon has lengthwise lines called striations and its cross-section is an indented circular shape. The cross-sections of HWM and cupra rayon are rounder. Filament rayon yarns vary from 80 to 980 filaments per yarn and vary in size from 40 to 5000 denier . Staple fibers range from 1.5 to 15 denier and are mechanically or chemically crimped. Rayon fibers are naturally very bright, but
1525-401: Is produced from the ripened solutions by treatment with a mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid . In this step, the xanthate groups are hydrolyzed to regenerate cellulose and carbon disulfide: Aside from regenerated cellulose, acidification gives hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), sulfur, and carbon disulfide. The thread made from the regenerated cellulose is washed to remove residual acid. The sulfur
1586-475: Is stretched as it is made, aligning the molecules along the fibers. Two forms are available: "polynosics" and "high wet modulus" (HWM). High-wet-modulus rayon is a modified version of viscose that is stronger when wet. It can be mercerized like cotton. HWM rayons are also known as "polynosic". Polynosic fibers are dimensionally stable and do not shrink or get pulled out of shape when wet like many rayons. They are also wear-resistant and strong while maintaining
1647-403: Is then removed by the addition of sodium sulfide solution, and impurities are oxidized by bleaching with sodium hypochlorite solution or hydrogen peroxide solution. Production begins with processed cellulose obtained from wood pulp and plant fibers. The cellulose content in the pulp should be around 87–97%. The steps: The lyocell process relies on dissolution of cellulose products in
1708-463: The U.S. Army began including Charms candies in combat rations as a supplemental energy form. Charms candies would continue to be included in MREs until 2007. Over the intervening years, the candies came to be associated with bad luck; in 2007, the U.S. Department of Defense removed them from all MREs due to the negative associations many service members had with the candies. After the war, Walter Reid III,
1769-526: The Vereinigte Glanzstoff Fabriken AG in Oberbruch (near Aachen ). Improvement by J. P. Bemberg AG in 1904 made the artificial silk a product comparable to real silk. English chemist Charles Frederick Cross and his collaborators, Edward John Bevan and Clayton Beadle, patented their artificial silk in 1894. They named it "viscose" because its production involved the intermediacy of
1830-422: The firebrat —can eat rayon, but damage was found to be minor, potentially due to the heavy, slick texture of the tested rayon. Another study states that "artificial silk [...] [was] readily eaten" by the grey silverfish . A 2014 ocean survey found that rayon contributed to 56.9% of the total fibers found in deep ocean areas, the rest being polyester , polyamides , acetate and acrylic . A 2016 study found
1891-694: The 1930s show that 30% of American rayon workers experienced significant health impacts due to carbon disulfide exposure. Courtaulds worked hard to prevent this information being published in Britain. During the Second World War , political prisoners in Nazi Germany were made to work in appalling conditions at the Phrix rayon factory in Krefeld . Nazis used forced labour to produce rayon across occupied Europe. In
Charms Candy Company - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-409: The 1950s Charms produced pecan-filled chocolate bars called "25 Carats" made with The Hershey Company top grade chocolate (at that time, Hershey had 3 grades of chocolate). The chocolate candy was discontinued due to the high production costs and internal problems. In the 1960s besides making other Holiday candy lollipops they also produced Charms "Jellies" and Chuckles Gum Drops. Later they created
2013-418: The 1960s, due to alternative packaging options. The polluting effects of carbon disulfide and other by-products of the process used to make viscose may have also contributed to its falling behind lower cost petrochemical-based films such as biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BoPET) and biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) in the 1980s and 1990s. However, as of 2017, it has made something of
2074-502: The 1980s the patent was licensed by Akzo to Courtaulds and Lenzing. The fibre was developed by Courtaulds Fibres under the brand name "Tencel" in the 1980s. In 1982, a 100 kg/week pilot plant was built in Coventry, UK, and production was increased tenfold (to a ton/week) in 1984. In 1988, a 25 ton/week semi-commercial production line opened at the Grimsby, UK, pilot plant . The process
2135-491: The Charms Candy Company was sold to Tootsie Roll Industries . With the addition of Blow Pops to their product line, which included Tootsie Pops , the Tootsie Roll Company became the largest lollipop manufacturer in the world. Charms developed a wide variety of confections. Tropical Charms, later renamed Charms, are square candies that come in cherry, grape, lemon, lime, orange, and raspberry flavors. From 1937 until
2196-611: The US in 1910. The name "rayon" was adopted in 1924 , with "viscose" being used for the viscous organic liquid used to make both rayon and cellophane . In Europe, though, the fabric itself became known as "viscose", which has been ruled an acceptable alternative term for rayon by the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Rayon was produced only as a filament fiber until the 1930s, when methods were developed to utilize "broken waste rayon" as staple fiber. Manufacturers' search for
2257-534: The USA and some other countries "cellophane" has become genericized , and is often used informally to refer to a wide variety of plastic film products, even those not made of cellulose, such as PVC -based plastic wrap . Viscose Rayon , also called viscose and commercialised in some countries as sabra silk or cactus silk , is a semi-synthetic fiber , made from natural sources of regenerated cellulose , such as wood and related agricultural products. It has
2318-610: The United States in 1912 for their Whitman's Sampler . They remained the largest user of imported cellophane from France until nearly 1924, when DuPont built the first cellophane manufacturing plant in the US. Cellophane saw limited sales in the US at first since while it was waterproof, it was not moisture proof—it held or repelled water but was permeable to water vapor. This meant that it was unsuited to packaging products that required moisture proofing. DuPont hired chemist William Hale Charch (1898–1958), who spent three years developing
2379-459: The addition of delustering pigments cuts down on this natural brightness. The physical properties of rayon remained unchanged until the development of high-tenacity rayon in the 1940s. Further research and development led to high-wet-modulus rayon (HWM rayon) in the 1950s. Research in the UK was centred on the government-funded British Rayon Research Association . High-tenacity rayon is another modified version of viscose that has almost twice
2440-500: The appearance of a product by controlling oxygen and moisture levels to prevent discolouration of food. It was considered such a useful invention that cellophane was listed alongside other modern marvels in the 1934 song " You're the Top " (from Anything Goes ). The British textile company Courtaulds ' viscose technology had allowed it to diversify in 1930 into viscose film, which it named "Viscacelle". However, competition with Cellophane
2501-474: The approximate formula [C 6 H 9 O 4 −ONa] n . This material is allowed to depolymerize to an extent. The rate of depolymerization (ripening or maturing) depends on temperature and is affected by the presence of various inorganic additives, such as metal oxides and hydroxides. Air also affects the ripening process, since oxygen causes depolymerization. The alkali cellulose is then treated with carbon disulfide to form sodium cellulose xanthate : Rayon fiber
Charms Candy Company - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-510: The decade 1969 to 1979, American Enka tried unsuccessfully to commercialize the process. The operating name for the fibre inside the Enka organization was "Newcell", and the development was carried through pilot plant scale before the work was stopped. The basic process of dissolving cellulose in NMMO was first described in a 1981 patent by Mcorsley for Akzona Incorporated (the holding company of Akzo). In
2623-522: The fibers into required form. Three common solubilization methods are: French scientist and industrialist Hilaire de Chardonnet (1838–1924) invented the first artificial textile fiber, artificial silk . Swiss chemist Matthias Eduard Schweizer (1818–1860) discovered that cellulose dissolved in tetraamminecopper dihydroxide . Max Fremery and Johann Urban developed a method to produce carbon fibers for use in light bulbs in 1897. Production of cuprammonium rayon for textiles started in 1899 in
2684-510: The film, and one to add softening materials such as glycerin to prevent the film from becoming brittle. A similar process, using a hole (a spinneret ) instead of a slit, is used to make a fibre called rayon . Chemically, cellophane, rayon, and cellulose are polymers of glucose ; they differ structurally rather than chemically. Cellophane was invented by Swiss chemist Jacques E. Brandenberger while employed by Blanchisserie et Teinturerie de Thaon . In 1900, inspired by seeing wine spill on
2745-541: The health of people living near rayon plants and their livestock. Rates of disability in modern factories (mainly in China, Indonesia, and India) are unknown. This has raised ethical concerns over viscose rayon production. As of 2016 , production facilities located in developing countries generally do not provide environmental or worker safety data. Most global carbon disulfide emissions come from rayon production, as of 2008. As of 2004 , about 250 g of carbon disulfide
2806-401: The largest lyocell producer at 130,000 tonnes/year. Rayon is produced by dissolving cellulose, then converting this solution back to insoluble fibrous cellulose. Various processes have been developed for this regeneration. The most common methods for creating rayon are the cuprammonium method, the viscose method, and the lyocell process. The first two methods have been practiced for more than
2867-449: The largest producers of rayon in the world, and Asia Pacific Rayon (APR) of the country has an annual production capacity of 0.24 million tons. The biodegradability of various fibers in soil burial and sewage sludge was evaluated by Korean researchers. Rayon was found to be more biodegradable than cotton, and cotton more than acetate . The more water-repellent the rayon-based fabric, the more slowly it will decompose. Silverfish —like
2928-468: The lyocell process for making cellulose fibers. As of 2018 , the lyocell process is not widely used, because it is still more expensive than the viscose process. Rayon is a versatile fiber and is widely claimed to have the same comfort properties as natural fibers, although the drape and slipperiness of rayon textiles are often more like nylon . It can imitate the feel and texture of silk , wool , cotton , and linen . The fibers are easily dyed in
2989-412: The man-made cellulosics manufacturers globally on the same scoring platform. The scoring from the 2020 report scores all such manufacturers on a scale of 35, the highest scores having been achieved by Birla Cellulose (33) and Lenzing (30.5). Carbon disulfide is highly toxic . It is well documented to have seriously harmed the health of rayon workers in developed countries, and emissions may also harm
3050-466: The product. Viscose rayon was first produced in Coventry, England in 1905 by Courtaulds. Bemberg is a trade name for cuprammonium rayon developed by J. P. Bemberg . Bemberg performs much like viscose but has a smaller diameter and comes closest to silk in feel. Bemberg is now only produced in Japan. The fibers are finer than viscose rayon. Modal and Tencel are widely used forms of rayon produced by Lenzing AG . Tencel, generic name lyocell ,
3111-410: The same molecular structure as cellulose. Many types and grades of viscose fibers and films exist. Some imitate the feel and texture of natural fibers such as silk , wool , cotton , and linen . The types that resemble silk are often called artificial silk . It can be woven or knit to make textiles for clothing and other purposes. Rayon production involves solubilizing cellulose to allow turning
SECTION 50
#17328583790763172-456: The son of the founder, took control of the company. The company was led by Reid III, Ross B. Cameron Sr. (Walter W. Reid Jr.’s son-in-law) and his two sons, Ross B. Cameron Jr. and Reid B. Cameron. The Charms Candy Company moved its manufacturing plant from Bloomfield, NJ to Freehold, NJ in 1973. The company eventually purchased and built a manufacturing plant in Covington, Tennessee . In 1988,
3233-435: The strength of HWM. This type of rayon is typically used for industrial purposes such as tire cord. Industrial applications of rayon emerged around 1935. Substituting cotton fiber in tires and belts, industrial types of rayon developed a totally different set of properties, amongst which tensile strength and elastic modulus were paramount. Modal is a genericized trademark of Lenzing AG , used for (viscose) rayon which
3294-409: The viscose solution), and in 1957 at Barrow-in-Furness , Cumbria. The latter two plants were closed in the 1990s. Cellulose film has been manufactured continuously since the mid-1930s and is still used today. As well as packaging a variety of food items, there are also industrial applications, such as a base for such self-adhesive tapes as Sellotape and Scotch Tape , a semi-permeable membrane in
3355-406: Was a major manufacturer of cellulose-based fibers and yarns. Production facilities can be found throughout Europe, the U.S. and Brazil . Visil rayon and HOPE FR are flame retardant forms of viscose that have silica embedded in the fiber during manufacturing. North American Rayon Corporation of Tennessee produced viscose rayon until its closure in the year 2000. Indonesia is one of
3416-548: Was acquired by competitor Akzo Nobel , which combined the Tencel division with other fibre divisions under the Accordis banner, then sold them to private equity firm CVC Partners . In 2000, CVC sold the Tencel division to Lenzing AG , which combined it with their "Lenzing Lyocell" business, but maintained the brand name Tencel. It took over the plants in Mobile and Grimsby, and by 2015 were
3477-598: Was adding glycerin to soften the material. By 1912 he had constructed a machine to manufacture the film, which he had named Cellophane, from the words cellulose and diaphane ("transparent"). Cellophane was patented that year. The following year, the company Comptoir des Textiles Artificiels (CTA) bought the Thaon firm's interest in Cellophane and established Brandenberger in a new company, La Cellophane SA. Whitman's candy company initiated use of cellophane for candy wrapping in
3538-565: Was an obstacle to its sales, and in 1935 it founded British Cellophane Limited (BCL) in conjunction with the Cellophane Company and its French parent company CTA. A major production facility was constructed at Bridgwater , Somerset , England, from 1935 to 1937, employing 3,000 workers. BCL subsequently constructed plants in Cornwall, Ontario (BCL Canada), as an adjunct to the existing Courtaulds viscose rayon plant there (from which it bought
3599-584: Was first commercialized at Courtaulds' rayon factories at Mobile, Alabama (1990 ), and at the Grimsby plant (1998) . In January 1993, the Mobile Tencel plant reached full production levels of 20,000 tons per year, by which time Courtaulds had spent £100 million and 10 years on Tencel development. Tencel revenues for 1993 were estimated as likely to be £50 million. A second plant in Mobile was planned. By 2004, production had quadrupled to 80,000 tons. Lenzing began
3660-560: Was introduced later and was initially round like an apple). Blow Pops became the Charms Candy Company's best-selling product of all time. Besides the Blow Pop, the candy company produced Charms Squares, Sweet & Sour Pops, Sour Balls and many other smaller candy products. Cellophane Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose . Its low permeability to air , oils , greases , bacteria , and liquid water makes it useful for food packaging . Cellophane
3721-435: Was not performed due to the difficulty in distinguishing between natural and man-made cellulosic fibers using FTIR spectra. For several years, there have been concerns about links between rayon manufacturers and deforestation. As a result of these concerns, FSC and PEFC came on the same platform with CanopyPlanet to focus on these issues. CanopyPlanet subsequently started publishing a yearly Hot Button report, which puts all
SECTION 60
#1732858379076#75924