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78-476: Due to its popularity, the term has become a genericized trademark . It popularly refers to any lip balm contained in a lipstick-style tube and applied in the same manner as lipstick. However, the term is still a registered trademark , with rights exclusively owned by Suave Brands Company. ChapStick generated $ 142m in revenue in 2023. In the early 1880s, Charles Browne Fleet , a physician and pharmacological thinker from Lynchburg, Virginia , invented ChapStick as

156-427: A lookup table that maps from position on the ruler as each function's input. Calculations that can be reduced to simple addition or subtraction using those precomputed functions can be solved by aligning the two rulers and reading the approximate result. For example, a number to be multiplied on one logarithmic-scale ruler can be aligned with the start of another such ruler to sum their logarithms. Then by applying

234-409: A 10 cm (3.9 in) circular would have a maximum precision approximately equal to a 31.4 cm (12.4 in) ordinary slide rule. Circular slide rules also eliminate "off-scale" calculations, because the scales were designed to "wrap around"; they never have to be reoriented when results are near 1.0—the rule is always on scale. However, for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S, T, and LL's,

312-438: A calculation are generally done mentally or on paper, not on the slide rule. Most slide rules consist of three parts: Some slide rules ("duplex" models) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip, others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip (which can usually be pulled out, flipped over and reinserted for convenience), still others on one side only ("simplex" rules). A sliding cursor with

390-677: A commercial artist from Lynchburg, Virginia, was commissioned to design the CHET ChapStick logo that is still used today. He was paid a one-time fee of $ 15. In 1963, The A.H. Robins Company acquired ChapStick from Morton Manufacturing Corporation. At that time, only the ChapStick Lip Balm regular stick was being marketed to consumers; subsequently, many more varieties were introduced. This includes ChapStick four-flavored sticks in 1971, ChapStick Sunblock 15 in 1981, ChapStick Petroleum Jelly Plus in 1985, and ChapStick Medicated in 1992. Robins

468-400: A common name for the product or service rather than an indication of source). Among distinctive trademarks the scale goes from strong to weak: Slide rule A slide rule is a hand -operated mechanical calculator consisting of slidable rulers for evaluating mathematical operations such as multiplication , division , exponents , roots , logarithms , and trigonometry . It

546-443: A free dish and one cursor. The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by holding a constant angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial. The onefold cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales. The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the widest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π ). For example,

624-547: A generic name as soon as a novel pharmaceutical enters the market. For example, aripiprazole , the nonproprietary name for Abilify, was well-documented since its invention. Warfarin , originally introduced as a rat poison , was approved for human use under the brand name Coumadin. Examples of genericization before the modern system of generic drugs include aspirin , introduced to the market in 1897, and heroin , introduced in 1898. Both were originally trademarks of Bayer AG . However, U.S. court rulings in 1918 and 1921 found

702-473: A generic term for the product to be used in descriptive contexts, to avoid inappropriate use of the "house" mark. Such a term is called a generic descriptor and is frequently used immediately after the trademark to provide a description of the product or service. For example, " Kleenex tissues" ("facial tissues" being the generic descriptor) or " Velcro -brand fasteners" for Velcro brand name hook-and-loop fasteners. Another common practice among trademark owners

780-422: A geographical indication for specialty food or drink may be generic, it is not a trademark because it does not serve to identify exclusively a specific commercial enterprise and therefore cannot constitute a genericized trademark. The extension of protection for geographical indications is somewhat controversial. A geographical indication may have been registered as a trademark elsewhere; for example, if "Parma Ham"

858-419: A lack of alternative names in common use: as a result, consumers may not realize that the term is a brand name rather than a medical eponym or generic term. Pharmaceutical trade names are somewhat protected from genericization due to the modern practice of assigning nonproprietary names based on a drug's chemical structure. This circumvents the problem of a trademarked name entering common use by providing

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936-531: A lip balm product. The handmade product, which resembled a wickless candle wrapped in tin foil, was sold locally and did not have much success. In 1912, John Morton, also a Lynchburg resident, bought the rights to the product for five dollars. Mrs. Morton melted the pink ChapStick mixture in their kitchen, cooled it, and cut it into sticks. Their lucrative sales were used to found the Morton Manufacturing Corporation. In 1935, Frank Wright, Jr. ,

1014-512: A new consumer health company named Haleon . In January 2024, it was announced that Suave Brands Co. (SBC) would acquire the brand from Haleon for $ 510 million. SBC had been formed a year earlier by Yellow Wood Partners, a Boston -based private equity firm, to purchase the North American rights to the Suave brand previously owned by Unilever . In June 2024, it was reported that SBC had completed

1092-416: A regular-flavored ChapStick is: arachidyl propionate, camphor , carnauba wax , cetyl alcohol , D&C red no. 6 barium lake, FD&C yellow no. 5 aluminum lake, fragrance, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl myristate , lanolin , light mineral oil , methylparaben , octyldodecanol , oleyl alcohol , paraffin , phenyl trimethicone, propylparaben , titanium dioxide , white wax , propanol . Its net weight

1170-483: A result of common use in the marketplace is known as genericization . This process typically occurs over a period of time in which a mark is not used as a trademark (i.e., where it is not used to exclusively identify the products or services of a particular business), where a mark falls into disuse entirely, or where the trademark owner does not enforce its rights through actions for passing off or trademark infringement . One risk factor that may lead to genericization

1248-495: A standard ruler , the slide rule is not meant to be used for measuring length or drawing straight lines. Nor is it designed for addition or subtraction, which is usually performed using other methods, like using an abacus . Maximum accuracy for standard linear slide rules is about three decimal significant digits, while scientific notation is used to keep track of the order of magnitude of results. English mathematician and clergyman Reverend William Oughtred and others developed

1326-402: A trademark owner may need to take aggressive measures to retain exclusive rights to the trademark. Xerox Corporation attempted to prevent the genericization of its core trademark through an extensive public relations campaign advising consumers to " photocopy " instead of "xerox" documents. The Lego Company has worked to prevent the genericization of its plastic building blocks following

1404-399: A vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not adjacent to each other or, in duplex models, are on the other side of the rule. The cursor can also record an intermediate result on any of the scales. Scales may be grouped in decades , where each decade corresponds to a range of numbers that spans a ratio of 10 (i.e. a range from 10 to 10 ). For example,

1482-425: Is again positioned to start at the 2 on the bottom scale. Since 2 represents 20 , all numbers in that scale are multiplied by 10 . Thus, any answer in the second set of numbers is multiplied by 100 . Since 8.8 in the top scale represents 88 , the answer must additionally be multiplied by 10 . The answer directly reads 1.76 . Multiply by 100 and then by 10 to get the actual answer: 1,760 . In general,

1560-483: Is at risk of being challenged or revoked, unless the trademark owner works sufficiently to correct and prevent such broad use. Trademark owners can inadvertently contribute to genericization by failing to provide an alternative generic name for their product or service or using the trademark in similar fashion to generic terms . In one example, the Otis Elevator Company 's trademark of the word " escalator "

1638-617: Is donated for each stick sold (as in the Susan G. Komen Pink Pack). The Flava-Craze line is marketed to preteens and young teens, with colorful applicators and "fun" flavors such as Grape Craze and Blue Crazeberry. US Olympic skier Suzy Chaffee starred in ChapStick television commercials in which she dubbed herself "Suzy ChapStick". Another very famous ChapStick advertisement includes basketball legend Julius Erving (commonly known as Dr. J) naming himself Dr. ChapStick and telling young children about

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1716-500: Is for base e. Logarithms to any other base can be calculated by reversing the procedure for calculating powers of a number. For example, log2 values can be determined by lining up either leftmost or rightmost 1 on the C scale with 2 on the LL2 scale, finding the number whose logarithm is to be calculated on the corresponding LL scale, and reading the log2 value on the C scale. Addition and subtraction aren't typically performed on slide rules, but

1794-625: Is no longer possible to legally enforce rights in relation to the mark, the mark may have become generic. In many legal systems (e.g., in the United States but not in Germany ) a generic mark forms part of the public domain and can be commercially exploited by anyone. Nevertheless, there exists the possibility of a trademark becoming a revocable generic term in German (and European) trademark law. The process by which trademark rights are diminished or lost as

1872-468: Is one of the simplest analog computers . Slide rules exist in a diverse range of styles and generally appear in a linear, circular or cylindrical form. Slide rules manufactured for specialized fields such as aviation or finance typically feature additional scales that aid in specialized calculations particular to those fields. The slide rule is closely related to nomograms used for application-specific computations. Though similar in name and appearance to

1950-613: Is possible using either of the following two techniques: Using (almost) any strictly monotonic scales , other calculations can also be made with one movement. For example, reciprocal scales can be used for the equality 1 x + 1 y = 1 z {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{x}}+{\frac {1}{y}}={\frac {1}{z}}} (calculating parallel resistances , harmonic mean , etc.), and quadratic scales can be used to solve x 2 + y 2 = z 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}+y^{2}=z^{2}} . The width of

2028-418: Is the use of a trademark as a verb , plural or possessive , unless the mark itself is possessive or plural (e.g., "Friendly's" restaurants). However, in highly inflected languages, a tradename may have to carry case endings in usage. An example is Finnish , where " Microsoftin " is the genitive case and " Facebookista " is the elative case . Generic use of a trademark presents an inherent risk to

2106-405: Is to follow their trademark with the word brand to help define the word as a trademark. Johnson & Johnson changed the lyrics of their Band-Aid television commercial jingle from, "I am stuck on Band-Aids, 'cause Band-Aid's stuck on me" to "I am stuck on Band-Aid brand , 'cause Band-Aid's stuck on me." Google has gone to lengths to prevent this process, discouraging publications from using

2184-418: Is usually 4 grams (0.14 oz). When manufactured by Wyeth, Chapstick contained no parabens . ChapStick functions as both a sunscreen , available with SPFs as high as 50, and a skin lubricant to help prevent and protect chafed, chapped, sunburned, cracked, and windburned lips. "Medicated" varieties also contain analgesics to relieve sore lips. In addition to medical uses, ChapStick has had other uses;

2262-553: Is why companies try hard not to let their trademark become too common, a phenomenon that could otherwise be considered a successful move since it would mean that the company gained an exceptional recognition. An example of trademark erosion is the verb "to hoover" (used with the meaning of "vacuum cleaning"), which originated from the Hoover company brand name. Nintendo is an example of a brand that successfully fought trademark erosion, having managed to replace excessive use of its name with

2340-452: The 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom, and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top. This works because the distances from the 1 mark are proportional to the logarithms of the marked values. The illustration below demonstrates the computation of ⁠ 5.5 / 2 ⁠ . The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale. The resulting quotient, 2.75 , can then be read below

2418-479: The generic term for, or synonymous with, a general class of products or services , usually against the intentions of the trademark's owner. A trademark is prone to genericization, or "genericide", when a brand name acquires substantial market dominance or mind share , becoming so widely used for similar products or services that it is no longer associated with the trademark owner, e.g., linoleum , bubble wrap , thermos , taser . A trademark thus popularized

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2496-481: The law of the logarithm of a product , the product of the two numbers can be read. More elaborate slide rules can perform other calculations, such as square roots , exponentials , logarithms , and trigonometric functions . The user may estimate the location of the decimal point in the result by mentally interpolating between labeled graduations. Scientific notation is used to track the decimal point for more precise calculations. Addition and subtraction steps in

2574-478: The 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning . With the aid of scales printed on the frame it also helps with such miscellaneous tasks as converting time, distance, speed, and temperature values, compass errors, and calculating fuel use. The so-called "prayer wheel" is still available in flight shops, and remains widely used. While GPS has reduced the use of dead reckoning for aerial navigation, and handheld calculators have taken over many of its functions,

2652-483: The 1950s and 1960s, even as desktop electronic computers were gradually introduced. But after the handheld scientific calculator was introduced in 1972 and became inexpensive in the mid-1970s, slide rules became largely obsolete , so most suppliers departed the business. In the United States , the slide rule is colloquially called a slipstick . Each ruler's scale has graduations labeled with precomputed outputs of various mathematical functions , acting as

2730-551: The 1990s, the Parma consortium successfully sued the Asda supermarket chain to prevent it using the description "Parma ham" on prosciutto produced in Parma but sliced outside the Parma region. The European Court ruled that pre-packaged ham must be produced, sliced, and packaged in Parma in order to be labeled for sale as "Parma ham". A trademark is said to fall somewhere along a scale from being " distinctive " to "generic" (used primarily as

2808-406: The 2 of the bottom scale, and then reading the marking 1.4 off the bottom two-decade scale where 7 is on the top scale: [REDACTED] But since the 7 is above the second set of numbers that number must be multiplied by 10 . Thus, even though the answer directly reads 1.4 , the correct answer is 1.4×10 = 14 . For an example with even larger numbers, to multiply 88×20 , the top scale

2886-419: The A scale). Slide the slide until the number on the D scale which is against 1 on the C cursor is the same as the number on the B cursor which is against the base number on the A scale. (Examples: A 8, B 2, C 1, D 2; A 27, B 3, C 1, D 3.) Quadratic equations of the form a x 2 + b x + c = 0 {\displaystyle ax^{2}+bx+c=0} can be solved by first reducing

2964-579: The CI scale is used. Common forms such as k sin ⁡ x {\displaystyle k\sin x} can be read directly from x on the S scale to the result on the D scale, when the C scale index is set at  k . For angles below 5.7 degrees, sines, tangents, and radians are approximately equal, and are found on the ST or SRT (sines, radians, and tangents) scale, or simply divided by 57.3 degrees/ radian . Inverse trigonometric functions are found by reversing

3042-466: The D scale and read its square on the A scale. Inverting this process allows square roots to be found, and similarly for the powers 3, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/2. Care must be taken when the base, x, is found in more than one place on its scale. For instance, there are two nines on the A scale; to find the square root of nine, use the first one; the second one gives the square root of 90. For x y {\displaystyle x^{y}} problems, use

3120-411: The D scale. The cursor is then moved along the rule until a position is found where the numbers on the CI and D scales add up to p {\displaystyle p} . These two values are the roots of the equation. The LLN scales can be used to compute and compare the cost or return on a fixed rate loan or investment. The simplest case is for continuously compounded interest. Example: Taking D as

3198-478: The E6B remains widely used as a primary or backup device and the majority of flight schools demand that their students have some degree of proficiency in its use. Proportion wheels are simple circular slide rules used in graphic design to calculate aspect ratios . Lining up the original and desired size values on the inner and outer wheels will display their ratio as a percentage in a small window. Though not as common since

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3276-463: The Internet". The Swedish Language Council received a complaint from Google for its inclusion of ogooglebar (meaning 'ungoogleable') on its list of new Swedish words from 2012. The Language Council chose to remove the word to avoid a legal process, but in return wrote that "[w]e decide together which words should be and how they are defined, used and spelled". Where a trademark is used generically,

3354-492: The LL scales. When several LL scales are present, use the one with x on it. First, align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale. Then, find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it. That scale will indicate the answer. If y is "off the scale", locate x y / 2 {\displaystyle x^{y/2}} and square it using the A and B scales as described above. Alternatively, use

3432-480: The S scale with C (or D) scale. (On many closed-body rules the S scale relates to the A and B scales instead and covers angles from around 0.57 up to 90 degrees; what follows must be adjusted appropriately.) The S scale has a second set of angles (sometimes in a different color), which run in the opposite direction, and are used for cosines. Tangents are found by comparing the T scale with the C (or D) scale for angles less than 45 degrees. For angles greater than 45 degrees

3510-632: The United States continue to use "Legos" as the plural form of "Lego," but competing and interchangeable products, such as those manufactured by Mega Brands , are often referred to simply as building blocks or construction blocks. The company has successfully put legal pressure on the Swedish Academy and the Institute for Language and Folklore to remove the noun lego from their dictionaries. Adobe Inc. has experienced mixed success with preventing

3588-452: The act of positioning the top scale to start at the bottom scale's label for x {\displaystyle x} corresponds to shifting the top logarithmic scale by a distance of log ⁡ ( x ) {\displaystyle \log(x)} . This aligns each top scale's number y {\displaystyle y} at offset log ⁡ ( y ) {\displaystyle \log(y)} with

3666-564: The bottom scale's number at position log ⁡ ( x ) + log ⁡ ( y ) {\displaystyle \log(x)+\log(y)} . Because log ⁡ ( x ) + log ⁡ ( y ) = log ⁡ ( x × y ) {\displaystyle \log(x)+\log(y)=\log(x\times y)} , the mark on the bottom scale at that position corresponds to x × y {\displaystyle x\times y} . With x=2 and y=3 for example, by positioning

3744-464: The difficulty in locating figures along a dish, and limited number of scales. Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less-important scales are closer to the center, and have lower precisions. Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules, and did not find reason to switch. One slide rule remaining in daily use around the world is the E6B . This is a circular slide rule first created in

3822-474: The divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures , and the user estimates the third figure. Some high-end slide rules have magnifier cursors that make the markings easier to see. Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings, permitting a 10-inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20-inch model. Various other conveniences have been developed. Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual-labeled, in black and red, with complementary angles,

3900-445: The effective enforcement of trademark rights and may ultimately lead to genericization. Trademark owners may take various steps to reduce the risk, including educating businesses and consumers on appropriate trademark use, avoiding use of their marks in a generic manner, and systematically and effectively enforcing their trademark rights. If a trademark is associated with a new invention , the trademark owner may also consider developing

3978-423: The equation to the form x 2 − p x + q = 0 {\displaystyle x^{2}-px+q=0} (where p = − b / a {\displaystyle p=-b/a} and q = c / a {\displaystyle q=c/a} ), and then aligning the index ("1") of the C scale to the value q {\displaystyle q} on

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4056-543: The expiration of Lego's last major patents in 1978. Lego manuals and catalogs throughout the 1980s included a message imploring customers to preserve the brand name by "referring to [their] bricks as 'LEGO Bricks or Toys', and not just 'LEGOS'." In the early 2000s, the company acquired the Legos.com URL in order to redirect customers to the Lego.com website and deliver a similar message. Despite these efforts, many children and adults in

4134-536: The genericization of their trademarked software, Adobe Photoshop . This is shown via recurring use of "photoshop" as a noun, verb, or general adjective for all photo manipulation throughout the Internet and mass media. Since 2003, the European Union has actively sought to restrict the use of geographical indications by third parties outside the EU by enforcing laws regarding " protected designation of origin ". Although

4212-424: The great things that ChapStick can do. Diana Golden , a U.S. Olympic gold medal-winning skier and 1988, Ski Racing Magazine and United States Olympic Committee female skier of the year, was also a spokesperson for ChapStick. Former ski racer Picabo Street , for a time, was seen on television commercials as one of the company's endorsers. Its main competitors in the United States — Carmex and Blistex —also use

4290-520: The interest rate in percent, slide the index (the "1" at the right or left end of the scale) of C to the percent on D. The corresponding value on LL2 directly below the index will be the multiplier for 10 cycles of interest (typically years). The value on LL2 below 2 on the C scale will be the multiplier after 20 cycles, and so on. The S, T, and ST scales are used for trig functions and multiples of trig functions, for angles in degrees. For angles from around 5.7 up to 90 degrees, sines are found by comparing

4368-647: The log of a value on a multiplier scale), natural logarithm (ln) and exponential ( e ) scales. Others feature scales for calculating hyperbolic functions . On linear rules, the scales and their labeling are highly standardized, with variation usually occurring only in terms of which scales are included and in what order. The Binary Slide Rule manufactured by Gilson in 1931 performed an addition and subtraction function limited to fractions. There are single-decade (C and D), double-decade (A and B), and triple-decade (K) scales. To compute x 2 {\displaystyle x^{2}} , for example, locate x on

4446-521: The lubricating properties have been useful on precision instruments such as slide rules . Other lubricants, while appropriate to the instruments, might have been harmful to the skin, while ChapStick is not. ChapStick is sometimes available in special flavors developed in connection with marketing partners such as Disney (as in cross-promotions with Winnie the Pooh or the movie Cars ) or with charitable causes such as breast cancer awareness , in which 30¢

4524-593: The other scale, the user can see that at the same time 1.5 is over 2, 2.25 is over 3, 3 is over 4, 3.75 is over 6, 4.5 is over 6, and 6 is over 8, among other pairs. For a real-life situation where 750 represents a whole 100%, these readings could be interpreted to suggest that 150 is 20%, 225 is 30%, 300 is 40%, 375 is 50%, 450 is 60%, and 600 is 80%. In addition to the logarithmic scales, some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales. The most popular are trigonometric , usually sine and tangent , common logarithm (log 10 ) (for taking

4602-458: The outer rings. Rather than "split" scales, high-end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log-of-log scales. One eight-inch premium circular rule had a 50-inch spiral log-log scale. Around 1970, an inexpensive model from B. C. Boykin (Model 510) featured 20 scales, including 50-inch C-D (multiplication) and log scales. The RotaRule featured a friction brake for the cursor. The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are

4680-502: The popular lipstick-style tube for their lip balm products. In Iceland and in the United Kingdom , the product's main competitor is Lypsyl , made by Novartis Consumer Health and distributed in similar packaging to ChapStick. Genericized trademark A generic trademark , also known as a genericized trademark or proprietary eponym , is a trademark or brand name that, because of its popularity or significance, has become

4758-404: The process. Many slide rules have S, T, and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes (e.g. some Keuffel and Esser models (Doric duplex 5" models, for example), late-model Teledyne-Post Mannheim-type rules). So-called decitrig models use decimal fractions of degrees instead. Base-10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale, which is linear. Some slide rules have a Ln scale, which

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4836-469: The purchase of the brand in a deal valued at approximately $ 430 million. Ingredients commonly include camphor , beeswax , menthol , petrolatum , phenol , vitamin E , aloe and oxybenzone . However, there are many variants of ChapStick, each with its composition. Due to safety concerns, phenol is banned from use in cosmetic products in the European Union and Canada. The full list of ingredients in

4914-888: The range 1 to 10 is a single decade, and the range from 10 to 100 is another decade. Thus, single-decade scales (named C and D) range from 1 to 10 across the entire length of the slide rule, while double-decade scales (named A and B) range from 1 to 100 over the length of the slide rule. The following logarithmic identities transform the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction, respectively: log ⁡ ( x × y ) = log ⁡ ( x ) + log ⁡ ( y ) , {\displaystyle \log(x\times y)=\log(x)+\log(y)\,,} log ⁡ ( x / y ) = log ⁡ ( x ) − log ⁡ ( y ) . {\displaystyle \log(x/y)=\log(x)-\log(y)\,.} With two logarithmic scales,

4992-456: The result, 8.25 , can be read beneath the 3 in the top scale in the figure above, without the need to register the intermediate result for ⁠ 5.5 / 2 ⁠ . Because pairs of numbers that are aligned on the logarithmic scales form constant ratios, no matter how the scales are offset, slide rules can be used to generate equivalent fractions that solve proportion and percent problems. For example, setting 7.5 on one scale over 10 on

5070-466: The rightmost 1 on the C scale, and read the answer off the next higher LL scale. For example, aligning the rightmost 1 on the C scale with 2 on the LL2 scale, 3 on the C scale lines up with 8 on the LL3 scale. To extract a cube root using a slide rule with only C/D and A/B scales, align 1 on the B cursor with the base number on the A scale (taking care as always to distinguish between the lower and upper halves of

5148-453: The scale width is narrowed to make room for end margins. Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother-moving, but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot; a minute 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) off-centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) worst case alignment error. The pivot does prevent scratching of the face and cursors. The highest accuracy scales are placed on

5226-413: The slide rule in the 17th century based on the emerging work on logarithms by John Napier . It made calculations faster and less error-prone than evaluating on paper . Before the advent of the scientific pocket calculator , it was the most commonly used calculation tool in science and engineering . The slide rule's ease of use, ready availability, and low cost caused its use to continue to grow through

5304-440: The slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal width of the scales. Scales on the most common "10-inch" models are actually 25 cm, as they were made to metric standards, though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflows. Pocket rules are typically 5 inches (12 cm). Models a couple of metres (yards) wide were made to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes. Typically

5382-582: The so-called "Darmstadt" style. Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back. Scales are often "split" to get higher accuracy. For example, instead of reading from an A scale to a D scale to find a square root, it may be possible to read from a D scale to an R1 scale running from 1 to square root of 10 or to an R2 scale running from square root of 10 to 10, where having more subdivisions marked can result in being able to read an answer with one more significant digit. Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors, and another with

5460-439: The term genericization refers to the process of a brand drug losing market exclusivity to generics. Trademark erosion , or genericization , is a special case of antonomasia related to trademarks . It happens when a trademark becomes so common that it starts being used as a common name and the original company has failed to prevent such use. Once it has become an appellative, the word cannot be registered any more; this

5538-437: The term " game console ", at that time a neologism . Whether or not a mark is popularly identified as genericized, the owner of the mark may still be able to enforce the proprietary rights that attach to the use or registration of the mark, as long as the mark continues to exclusively identify the owner as the commercial origin of the applicable products or services. If the mark does not perform this essential function and it

5616-623: The term ' googling ' in reference to Web searches. In 2006, both the Oxford English Dictionary and the Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary struck a balance between acknowledging widespread use of the verb coinage and preserving the particular search engine's association with the coinage, defining google (all lower case, with - le ending) as a verb meaning "use the Google search engine to obtain information on

5694-515: The terms to be genericized, stating the company's failure to reinforce the brand's connection with their product as the reason. A different sense of the word genericized in the pharmaceutical industry refers to products whose patent protection has expired. For example, Lipitor was genericized in the U.S. when the first competing generic version was approved by the FDA in November 2011. In this same context,

5772-405: The top scale to start at the bottom scale's 2 , the result of the multiplication 3×2=6 can then be read on the bottom scale under the top scale's 3 : [REDACTED] While the above example lies within one decade, users must mentally account for additional zeroes when dealing with multiple decades. For example, the answer to 7×2=14 is found by first positioning the top scale to start above

5850-534: The top scale's 1 : [REDACTED] There is more than one method for doing division, and the method presented here has the advantage that the final result cannot be off-scale, because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end. With more complex calculations involving multiple factors in the numerator and denominator of an expression, movement of the scales can be minimized by alternating divisions and multiplications. Thus ⁠ 5.5×3 / 2 ⁠ would be computed as ⁠ 5.5 / 2 ⁠ ×3 and

5928-732: Was cancelled following a petition from Toledo -based Haughton Elevator Company . In rejecting an appeal from Otis, an examiner from the United States Patent and Trademark Office cited the company's own use of the term "escalator" alongside the generic term " elevator " in multiple advertisements without any trademark significance. Therefore, trademark owners go to extensive lengths to avoid genericization and trademark erosion. Genericization may be specific to certain professions and other subpopulations. For example, Luer-Lok (Luer lock) , Phoroptor (phoropter) , and Port-a-Cath (portacath) have genericized mind share among physicians due to

6006-647: Was part of a trademark registered in Canada by a Canadian manufacturer, then ham manufacturers in Parma , Italy, might be unable to use this name in Canada. Wines (such as Bordeaux , Port and Champagne ), cheeses (such as Roquefort , Parmesan , Gouda , and Feta ), Pisco liquor, and Scotch whisky are examples of geographical indications. Compare Russian use of "Шампанское" (= Shampanskoye) for champagne -type wine made in Russia. In

6084-551: Was purchased by American Home Products (AHP) in 1988. AHP later changed its name to Wyeth . ChapStick was a Wyeth product until 2009 when Wyeth was acquired by Pfizer . Pfizer sold the manufacturing facility in Richmond, Virginia, on October 3, 2011, to Fareva Richmond, which now manufactures and packages ChapStick for Pfizer. In 2019, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare acquired ChapStick from Pfizer. In July 2022, GlaxoSmithKline spun off its consumer brands, including ChapStick, into

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