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80-600: Chandler Park is an American physician, medical journalist, and clinical researcher . In June 2021, his cancer research was published in prominent medical journals including the New England Journal of Medicine and Journal of Clinical Oncology. Park also contributes regularly as an expert physician for popular newspapers and magazines such as Newsweek , Reader's Digest , U.S. News & World Report , The Exponent-Telegram , College of St. Scholastica , and Medscape and writes medical news for Doximity . Park

160-557: A brain imaging technique. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles , magnetic particle imaging ( MPI ) is a developing diagnostic imaging technique used for tracking superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles . The primary advantage is the high sensitivity and specificity , along with the lack of signal decrease with tissue depth. MPI has been used in medical research to image cardiovascular performance, neuroperfusion , and cell tracking. Medical imaging may be indicated in pregnancy because of pregnancy complications ,

240-453: A pre-existing disease or an acquired disease in pregnancy, or routine prenatal care . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without MRI contrast agents as well as obstetric ultrasonography are not associated with any risk for the mother or the fetus, and are the imaging techniques of choice for pregnant women. Projectional radiography , CT scan and nuclear medicine imaging result some degree of ionizing radiation exposure, but have with

320-587: A visiting fellow at University of Pittsburgh in cancer immunotherapy . He is a practicing cancer physician at Norton Cancer Institute and a physician member of the molecular tumor board at the University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center. Park is triple-board-certified in internal medicine , hematology and oncology . Park has participated in multiple cancer clinical trials in lung, melanoma, thyroid, and bone marrow transplant. He has been nationally recognized as an exceptional doctor by his physician colleagues and

400-401: A 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician. 3D ultrasounds are produced using a somewhat similar technique. In diagnosing disease of the viscera of the abdomen, ultrasound is particularly sensitive on imaging of biliary tract, urinary tract and female reproductive organs (ovary, fallopian tubes). As for example, diagnosis of gallstone by dilatation of common bile duct and stone in

480-472: A Problem Resident. He has also written cancer news at the American Society of Clinical Oncology and American Society of Hematology annual meetings, and has volunteered on the editorial board of Journal of Hospital Practice and helps select cancer journal articles for hospital physicians. Park is the founder of Cancervisit a company dedicated to helping cancer patients and their families. In April 2020, Park

560-509: A clinical trial, members of the public can actively collaborate with researchers in designing and conducting clinical research. This is known as patient and public involvement (PPI). Public involvement involves a working partnership between patients, caregivers, people with lived experience, and researchers to shape and influence what is researched and how. PPI can improve the quality of research and make it more relevant and accessible. People with current or past experience of illness can provide

640-430: A different perspective than professionals and compliment their knowledge. Through their personal knowledge they can identify research topics that are relevant and important to those living with an illness or using a service. They can also help to make the research more grounded in the needs of the specific communities they are part of. Public contributors can also ensure that the research is presented in plain language that

720-433: A disease. Relatively short-lived isotope , such as Tc is administered to the patient. Isotopes are often preferentially absorbed by biologically active tissue in the body, and can be used to identify tumors or fracture points in bone. Images are acquired after collimated photons are detected by a crystal that gives off a light signal, which is in turn amplified and converted into count data. Fiduciary markers are used in

800-467: A few exceptions much lower absorbed doses than what are associated with fetal harm. At higher dosages, effects can include miscarriage , birth defects and intellectual disability . The amount of data obtained in a single MR or CT scan is very extensive. Some of the data that radiologists discard could save patients time and money, while reducing their exposure to radiation and risk of complications from invasive procedures. Another approach for making

880-507: A human author" including "Medical imaging produced by X-rays, ultrasounds, magnetic resonance imaging, or other diagnostic equipment." This position differs from the broad copyright protections afforded to photographs. While the Copyright Compendium is an agency statutory interpretation and not legally binding, courts are likely to give deference to it if they find it reasonable. Yet, there is no U.S. federal case law directly addressing

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960-589: A large signal. This nucleus, present in water molecules, allows the excellent soft-tissue contrast achievable with MRI. A number of different pulse sequences can be used for specific MRI diagnostic imaging (multiparametric MRI or mpMRI). It is possible to differentiate tissue characteristics by combining two or more of the following imaging sequences, depending on the information being sought: T1-weighted (T1-MRI), T2-weighted (T2-MRI), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI-MRI), dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE-MRI), and spectroscopy (MRI-S). For example, imaging of prostate tumors

1040-419: A parameter graph versus time or maps that contain data about the measurement locations. In a limited comparison, these technologies can be considered forms of medical imaging in another discipline of medical instrumentation . As of 2010, 5 billion medical imaging studies had been conducted worldwide. Radiation exposure from medical imaging in 2006 made up about 50% of total ionizing radiation exposure in

1120-439: A patient. As such, one should be particularly careful about the anonymity of a recordings of an X-ray image before using or publishing them without consent in journals and other learning materials, whether they are printed or in an electronic format. Organizations in the medical imaging industry include manufacturers of imaging equipment, freestanding radiology facilities, and hospitals. The global market for manufactured devices

1200-495: A person, and so may qualify as PHI. The UK General Medical Council's ethical guidelines indicate that the Council does not require consent prior to making recordings of X-ray images. However, the same guidance indicates that the images and recordings need to be anonimized, and acknowledges that in deciding whether a recording is anonymised, one should bear in mind that apparently insignificant details may still be capable of identifying

1280-506: A person, while in clinical research, evidence is collected under rigorous study conditions on groups of people to determine the efficacy and safety of a treatment. The term "clinical research" refers to the entire process of studying and writing about a drug, a medical device or a form of treatment, which includes conducting interventional studies ( clinical trials ) or observational studies on human participants. Clinical research can cover any medical method or product from its inception in

1360-585: A research stage and not yet used in clinical routines. Neuroimaging has also been used in experimental circumstances to allow people (especially disabled persons) to control outside devices, acting as a brain computer interface . Many medical imaging software applications are used for non-diagnostic imaging, specifically because they do not have an FDA approval and not allowed to use in clinical research for patient diagnosis. Note that many clinical research studies are not designed for patient diagnosis anyway. Used primarily in ultrasound imaging, capturing

1440-463: A result, storage and communications of electronic image data are prohibitive without the use of compression. JPEG 2000 image compression is used by the DICOM standard for storage and transmission of medical images. The cost and feasibility of accessing large image data sets over low or various bandwidths are further addressed by use of another DICOM standard, called JPIP , to enable efficient streaming of

1520-492: A spinning magnetic dipole (of which protons are one example) is called the Larmor frequency and is determined by the strength of the main magnetic field and the chemical environment of the nuclei of interest. MRI uses three electromagnetic fields : a very strong (typically 1.5 to 3 teslas ) static magnetic field to polarize the hydrogen nuclei, called the primary field; gradient fields that can be modified to vary in space and time (on

1600-428: A sub-discipline of biomedical engineering , medical physics or medicine depending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, image acquisition (e.g., radiography), modeling and quantification are usually the preserve of biomedical engineering, medical physics, and computer science ; Research into the application and interpretation of medical images is usually the preserve of radiology and

1680-408: A whole, represent an original work of authorship, is a "derivative work". 17 U.S.C.   § 103(b) provides: The copyright in a compilation or derivative work extends only to the material contributed by the author of such work, as distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work, and does not imply any exclusive right in the preexisting material. The copyright in such work

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1760-644: A wide range of medical imaging applications. Images of the same subject produced with two different imaging systems may be correlated (called image registration) by placing a fiduciary marker in the area imaged by both systems. In this case, a marker which is visible in the images produced by both imaging modalities must be used. By this method, functional information from SPECT or positron emission tomography can be related to anatomical information provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Similarly, fiducial points established during MRI can be correlated with brain images generated by magnetoencephalography to localize

1840-538: Is a clinical professor that teaches biochemistry, physiology, hematology, and medical oncology at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He also works as an advisory Dean at the University of Louisville School of Medicine and plays a vital role in the transition into medical school and the development into a physician. Park was selected as a teaching faculty to provide new cancer information at American Society of Clinical Oncology . In February 2019, he helped develop

1920-549: Is better accomplished using T2-MRI and DWI-MRI than T2-weighted imaging alone. The number of applications of mpMRI for detecting disease in various organs continues to expand, including liver studies, breast tumors , pancreatic tumors , and assessing the effects of vascular disruption agents on cancer tumors. Nuclear medicine encompasses both diagnostic imaging and treatment of disease, and may also be referred to as molecular medicine or molecular imaging and therapeutics. Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and

2000-413: Is clear to the wider society and the specific groups it is most relevant for. Following preclinical research , clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into four phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial . If the drug successfully passes through Phases I, II, and III, it will be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in

2080-417: Is generally undertaken by a physician specialising in radiology known as a radiologist ; however, this may be undertaken by any healthcare professional who is trained and certified in radiological clinical evaluation. Increasingly interpretation is being undertaken by non-physicians, for example radiographers frequently train in interpretation as part of expanded practice. Diagnostic radiography designates

2160-574: Is growing. An imaging-based trial will usually be made up of three components: Medical imaging can lead to patient and healthcare provider harm through exposure to ionizing radiation , iodinated contrast , magnetic fields , and other hazards. Lead is the main material used for radiographic shielding against scattered X-rays. In magnetic resonance imaging , there is MRI RF shielding as well as magnetic shielding to prevent external disturbance of image quality. Medical imaging are generally covered by laws of medical privacy . For example, in

2240-512: Is no limit to the number of scans to which an individual can be subjected, in contrast with X-ray and CT . However, there are well-identified health risks associated with tissue heating from exposure to the RF field and the presence of implanted devices in the body, such as pacemakers. These risks are strictly controlled as part of the design of the instrument and the scanning protocols used. Because CT and MRI are sensitive to different tissue properties,

2320-428: Is objectively measured by an imaging technique, which is used as an indicator of pharmacological response to a therapy) and surrogate endpoints have shown to facilitate the use of small group sizes, obtaining quick results with good statistical power. Imaging is able to reveal subtle change that is indicative of the progression of therapy that may be missed out by more subjective, traditional approaches. Statistical bias

2400-428: Is often conducted at academic medical centers and affiliated research study sites. These centers and sites provide the prestige of the academic institution as well as access to larger metropolitan areas, providing a larger pool of medical participants. These academic medical centers often have their internal Institutional Review Boards that oversee the ethical conduct of medical research. Besides being participants in

2480-471: Is one of the most commonly used imaging modalities in the world due to its portability and use in a variety of applications. In emergency situations, echocardiography is quick, easily accessible, and able to be performed at the bedside, making it the modality of choice for many physicians. FNIR Is a relatively new non-invasive imaging technique. NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy) is used for the purpose of functional neuroimaging and has been widely accepted as

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2560-418: Is reduced as the findings are evaluated without any direct patient contact. Imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are routinely used in oncology and neuroscience areas. For example, measurement of tumour shrinkage is a commonly used surrogate endpoint in solid tumour response evaluation. This allows for faster and more objective assessment of

2640-437: Is the imaging by sections or sectioning. The main such methods in medical imaging are: When ultrasound is used to image the heart it is referred to as an echocardiogram . Echocardiography allows detailed structures of the heart, including chamber size, heart function, the valves of the heart, as well as the pericardium (the sac around the heart) to be seen. Echocardiography uses 2D, 3D, and Doppler imaging to create pictures of

2720-486: Is used to denote a procedure where no instrument is introduced into a patient's body, which is the case for most imaging techniques used. In the clinical context, "invisible light" medical imaging is generally equated to radiology or "clinical imaging". "Visible light" medical imaging involves digital video or still pictures that can be seen without special equipment. Dermatology and wound care are two modalities that use visible light imagery. Interpretation of medical images

2800-568: The European Union , the European Medicines Agency acts in a similar fashion for studies conducted in their region. These human studies are conducted in four phases in research subjects that give consent to participate in the clinical trials. Diagnostic radiology Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of

2880-458: The JPEG 2000 compressed image data. There has been growing trend to migrate from on-premise PACS to a cloud-based PACS. A recent article by Applied Radiology said, "As the digital-imaging realm is embraced across the healthcare enterprise, the swift transition from terabytes to petabytes of data has put radiology on the brink of information overload . Cloud computing offers the imaging department of

2960-752: The University of Louisville School of Medicine . He also acquired medical science research training at the University of Louisville in Louisville, Kentucky and received a master's degree in science in biophysics . After his medical school and graduate school research training, Park served his surgery transitional internship at Cleveland Clinic Foundation Health Systems. Next, he did his residency training in diagnostic radiology and internal medicine at IU Medical Center . Afterwards he finished subspecialist medical training in Hematology and Oncology at WVU Cancer Institute and received additional medical training as

3040-525: The American Registry company with patient care awards in Patient's choice and Compassionate Doctor. In June 2020, he received the 5 year Patient's Choice award as one of Kentucky's Favorite Physicians and top 1% of America's Most Honored Doctors. Clinical research Clinical research is different from clinical practice: in clinical practice, established treatments are used to improve the condition of

3120-607: The FDA in support of an Investigational New Drug application. Where devices are concerned the submission to the FDA would be for an Investigational Device Exemption application if the device is a significant risk device or is not in some way exempt from prior submission to the FDA. In addition, clinical research may require Institutional Review Board or Research Ethics Board and possibly other institutional committee reviews, Privacy Board, Conflict of Interest Committee, Radiation Safety Committee or Radioactive Drug Research Committee. In

3200-703: The President of the Kentucky Society of Clinical Oncology. The Kentucky Society of Clinical Oncology is the state affiliate of American Society of Clinical Oncology , American Society of Hematology , and National Cancer Institute . He has been interviewed by leading cancer media digital media including Cure Magazine, Targeted Oncology, Urology Times, and OncLive in 2023. Park writes medical columns for Medscape and Doximity Op(m)ed. He writes articles on medical education and cancer news. His medical education writings include The Hidden Curriculum: How to Avoid Being Labeled

3280-595: The US market for imaging scans at about $ 100b, with 60% occurring in hospitals and 40% occurring in freestanding clinics, such as the RadNet chain. As per chapter 300 of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , "the Office will not register works produced by a machine or mere mechanical process that operates randomly or automatically without any creative input or intervention from

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3360-621: The United States the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) sets restrictions for health care providers on utilizing protected health information , which is any individually identifiable information relating to the past, present, or future physical or mental health of any individual. While there has not been any definitive legal decision in the matter, at least one study has indicated that medical imaging may contain biometric information that can uniquely identify

3440-548: The United States. Medical imaging equipment is manufactured using technology from the semiconductor industry , including CMOS integrated circuit chips, power semiconductor devices , sensors such as image sensors (particularly CMOS sensors ) and biosensors , and processors such as microcontrollers , microprocessors , digital signal processors , media processors and system-on-chip devices. As of 2015 , annual shipments of medical imaging chips amount to 46   million units and $ 1.1 billion . The term " noninvasive "

3520-402: The advance of 3D tomography due to the low cost, high resolution, and depending on the application, lower radiation dosages with 2D technique. This imaging modality uses a wide beam of X-rays for image acquisition and is the first imaging technique available in modern medicine. A magnetic resonance imaging instrument ( MRI scanner ), or "nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) imaging" scanner as it

3600-423: The appearances of the images obtained with the two techniques differ markedly. In CT, X-rays must be blocked by some form of dense tissue to create an image, so the image quality when looking at soft tissues will be poor. In MRI, while any nucleus with a net nuclear spin can be used, the proton of the hydrogen atom remains the most widely used, especially in the clinical setting, because it is so ubiquitous and returns

3680-518: The blood flow in arteries and veins to be assessed. Elastography is a relatively new imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue. This modality emerged in the last two decades. Elastography is useful in medical diagnoses, as elasticity can discern healthy from unhealthy tissue for specific organs/growths. For example, cancerous tumours will often be harder than the surrounding tissue, and diseased livers are stiffer than healthy ones. There are several elastographic techniques based on

3760-529: The common bile duct. With the ability to visualize important structures in great detail, 3D visualization methods are a valuable resource for the diagnosis and surgical treatment of many pathologies. It was a key resource for the famous, but ultimately unsuccessful attempt by Singaporean surgeons to separate Iranian twins Ladan and Laleh Bijani in 2003. The 3D equipment was used previously for similar operations with great success. Other proposed or developed techniques include: Some of these techniques are still at

3840-651: The continuing medical education course titled 2019 Breast and Gynecologic Cancers for American Society of Clinical Oncology and published his continuing medical education course in Anticancer Therapeutics, Research, and Supportive Care. In February 2020, he also helped develop a new continuing medical education online course for cancer physicians in America to update them on new cancer information in Hematologic Malignancies and Blood Cancers. In June 2020, he

3920-590: The drug at different doses. Only 25-30% of drugs advance to the end of Phase III. In the United States , when a test article is unapproved or not yet cleared by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ), or when an approved or cleared test article is used in a way that may significantly increase the risks (or decreases the acceptability of the risks), the data obtained from the preclinical studies or other supporting evidence, or case studies of off label use are submitted to

4000-450: The effects of anticancer drugs. In Alzheimer's disease , MRI scans of the entire brain can accurately assess the rate of hippocampal atrophy, while PET scans can measure the brain's metabolic activity by measuring regional glucose metabolism, and beta-amyloid plaques using tracers such as Pittsburgh compound B (PiB). Historically less use has been made of quantitative medical imaging in other areas of drug development although interest

4080-418: The endpoint, he or she is generally excluded from further experimental interaction. Trials that rely solely on clinical endpoints are very costly as they have long durations and tend to need large numbers of patients. In contrast to clinical endpoints, surrogate endpoints have been shown to cut down the time required to confirm whether a drug has clinical benefits. Imaging biomarkers (a characteristic that

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4160-501: The energetic particles emitted from radioactive material to diagnose or treat various pathology. Different from the typical concept of anatomic radiology, nuclear medicine enables assessment of physiology. This function-based approach to medical evaluation has useful applications in most subspecialties, notably oncology, neurology, and cardiology. Gamma cameras and PET scanners are used in e.g. scintigraphy, SPECT and PET to detect regions of biologic activity that may be associated with

4240-662: The entire clinical care team. He also co-hosted a medical education program for the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer that discussed Advances in Cancer Immunotherapy on December 10, 2020. Park has been chosen as a Castle Connolly Top Doctor in Cancer by his physician peers in 2019, 2020, and 2021. In 2021, Park was recognized as one of the 3 best oncologists in Louisville, Kentucky by Three Best Rated. Park has also been recognized by

4320-492: The fact that it is operated by the transmission and receipt of sound waves. The high frequency sound waves are sent into the tissue and depending on the composition of the different tissues; the signal will be attenuated and returned at separate intervals. A path of reflected sound waves in a multilayered structure can be defined by an input acoustic impedance (ultrasound sound wave) and the Reflection and transmission coefficients of

4400-499: The form of 3D blocks, which may be considered a generalization of the single-slice, tomographic, concept. Unlike CT, MRI does not involve the use of ionizing radiation and is therefore not associated with the same health hazards. For example, because MRI has only been in use since the early 1980s, there are no known long-term effects of exposure to strong static fields (this is the subject of some debate; see 'Safety' in MRI ) and therefore there

4480-456: The function of moving structures in real-time, emits no ionizing radiation , and contains speckle that can be used in elastography . Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool for capturing raw data, that can be made available through an ultrasound research interface , for the purpose of tissue characterization and implementation of new image processing techniques. The concepts of ultrasound differ from other medical imaging modalities in

4560-770: The function of some organs or tissues ( physiology ). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease . Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities. Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging. Measurement and recording techniques that are not primarily designed to produce images , such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electrocardiography (ECG), and others, represent other technologies that produce data susceptible to representation as

4640-415: The future the tools to manage data much more intelligently." Medical imaging has become a major tool in clinical trials since it enables rapid diagnosis with visualization and quantitative assessment. A typical clinical trial goes through multiple phases and can take up to eight years. Clinical endpoints or outcomes are used to determine whether the therapy is safe and effective. Once a patient reaches

4720-429: The general population. Phase IV is post-approval studies. Phase I includes 20 to 100 healthy volunteers or individuals with the disease or condition. This study typically lasts several months and its purpose is to prove safety and an effective dosage. Phase II includes a larger number of individual participants in the range of 100–300, and Phase III includes some 1000-3000 participants to assess efficacy and safety of

4800-485: The heart and visualize the blood flowing through each of the four heart valves. Echocardiography is widely used in an array of patients ranging from those experiencing symptoms, such as shortness of breath or chest pain, to those undergoing cancer treatments. Transthoracic ultrasound has been proven to be safe for patients of all ages, from infants to the elderly, without risk of harmful side effects or radiation, differentiating it from other imaging modalities. Echocardiography

4880-760: The image produced by a medical imaging device is required for archiving and telemedicine applications. In most scenarios, a frame grabber is used in order to capture the video signal from the medical device and relay it to a computer for further processing and operations. The Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) Standard is used globally to store, exchange, and transmit medical images. The DICOM Standard incorporates protocols for imaging techniques such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and radiation therapy. Medical imaging techniques produce very large amounts of data, especially from CT, MRI and PET modalities. As

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4960-579: The issue of the copyrightability of X-ray images. An extensive definition of the term derivative work is given by the United States Copyright Act in 17 U.S.C.   § 101 : A "derivative work" is a work based upon one or more preexisting works, such as a translation... art reproduction, abridgment, condensation, or any other form in which a work may be recast, transformed, or adapted. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications which, as

5040-496: The lab to its introduction to the consumer market and beyond. Once the promising candidate or the molecule is identified in the lab, it is subjected to pre-clinical studies or animal studies where different aspects of the test article (including its safety toxicity if applicable and efficacy , if possible at this early stage) are studied. The clinical research ecosystem involves a complex network of sites, pharmaceutical companies and academic research institutions. Clinical research

5120-702: The last decade, a steady increase of activities in the field of elastography is observed demonstrating successful application of the technology in various areas of medical diagnostics and treatment monitoring. Photoacoustic imaging is a recently developed hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the photoacoustic effect. It combines the advantages of optical absorption contrast with an ultrasonic spatial resolution for deep imaging in (optical) diffusive or quasi-diffusive regime. Recent studies have shown that photoacoustic imaging can be used in vivo for tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation mapping, functional brain imaging, and skin melanoma detection, etc. Tomography

5200-485: The medical sub-discipline relevant to medical condition or area of medical science ( neuroscience , cardiology , psychiatry , psychology , etc.) under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging also have scientific and industrial applications. Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging. Projection radiography and fluoroscopy, with the latter being useful for catheter guidance. These 2D techniques are still in wide use despite

5280-455: The order of 1 kHz) for spatial encoding, often simply called gradients; and a spatially homogeneous radio-frequency (RF) field for manipulation of the hydrogen nuclei to produce measurable signals, collected through an RF antenna . Like CT , MRI traditionally creates a two-dimensional image of a thin "slice" of the body and is therefore considered a tomographic imaging technique. Modern MRI instruments are capable of producing images in

5360-529: The patented viscoelastic pads used by many of the current MRI tables. The viscoelastic pads decrease ischemia , pain , and discomfort for patients undergoing MRI studies. His MRI research led to improved quality of the MRI imaging studies to improve patient care , He has also studied the effect of nicotine on bone arteriole blood flow. He also volunteers on the editorial board of Journal of Hospital Practice and helps select cancer journal articles for hospital physicians. After his landmark MRI study

5440-540: The procedures more efficient is based on utilizing additional constraints, e.g., in some medical imaging modalities one can improve the efficiency of the data acquisition by taking into account the fact the reconstructed density is positive. Volume rendering techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. Traditionally CT and MRI scans produced 2D static output on film. To produce 3D images, many scans are made and then combined by computers to produce

5520-438: The pulse to the area of the body to be examined. The RF pulse is absorbed by protons, causing their direction with respect to the primary magnetic field to change. When the RF pulse is turned off, the protons "relax" back to alignment with the primary magnet and emit radio-waves in the process. This radio-frequency emission from the hydrogen-atoms on water is what is detected and reconstructed into an image. The resonant frequency of

5600-455: The relative structures. It is very safe to use and does not appear to cause any adverse effects. It is also relatively inexpensive and quick to perform. Ultrasound scanners can be taken to critically ill patients in intensive care units, avoiding the danger caused while moving the patient to the radiology department. The real-time moving image obtained can be used to guide drainage and biopsy procedures. Doppler capabilities on modern scanners allow

5680-608: The source of brain activity. Medical ultrasound uses high frequency broadband sound waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the fetus in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound are much broader, however. Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons, arteries and veins. While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, it has several advantages which make it ideal in numerous situations, in particular that it studies

5760-453: The technical aspects of medical imaging and in particular the acquisition of medical images. The radiographer (also known as a radiologic technologist) is usually responsible for acquiring medical images of diagnostic quality; although other professionals may train in this area, notably some radiological interventions performed by radiologists are done so without a radiographer. As a field of scientific investigation, medical imaging constitutes

5840-491: The use of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and tactile imaging. The wide clinical use of ultrasound elastography is a result of the implementation of technology in clinical ultrasound machines. Main branches of ultrasound elastography include Quasistatic Elastography/Strain Imaging, Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI), Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging (ARFI), Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI), and Transient Elastography. In

5920-469: Was estimated at $ 5 billion in 2018. Notable manufacturers as of 2012 included Fujifilm , GE HealthCare , Siemens Healthineers , Philips , Shimadzu , Toshiba , Carestream Health , Hitachi , Hologic , and Esaote . In 2016, the manufacturing industry was characterized as oligopolistic and mature; new entrants included in Samsung and Neusoft Medical . In the United States, as estimate as of 2015 places

6000-728: Was given an honorary title as a distinguished fellow of the American College of Physicians (FACP) for providing outstanding patient care and significant medical research contributions. Park has written cancer papers about PET/CT and regional brain metabolic changes associated with depression in metastatic breast cancer, sorafenib and thyroid cancer, pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in lung cancer, atypical neurolymphomatosis, metformin use and allogenic stem cell transplant, and decreased cancer rates. Park's medical research also included an MRI study that used viscoelastic pads to improve patient care during MRI studies. His research group developed

6080-492: Was interviewed by healthcare industry leading magazine Managed Health Care Executive on Five Ways Health Execs Can improve Lymphoma Treatment. In January 2020, he gave a live oral presentation to the Alliance of Continuing Medical Education for Healthcare Providers to improve cancer care by medical oncologists by discussing the importance of shared decision making with physicians, patients, nurses, patients' families, pharmacists, and

6160-586: Was interviewed by the American College of Physicians on ways medical students can prepare for residency training. Park also provides video medical updates for physicians on IMDb and YouTube. He has written cancer updates in kidney cancer with Toni Choueiri, prostate cancer with Neeraj Agarwal, and Bladder Cancer with Petros Grivas Park received a Bachelor of Science degree in Biomedical Engineering and Biochemistry from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and his Doctor of Medicine degree from

6240-501: Was interviewed to discuss CAR-T Cell and provided information on upcoming treatments for CAR-T cell. Park is also one of the contributing authors of the book, Lung Cancer: Standards of Care that discusses diagnosis and treatment of lung cancers released in December 2020. Park was also interviewed by Targeted Oncology on Kidney Cancer Treatments in February 2021. In 2020, Park was selected as

6320-399: Was originally known, uses powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (i.e., single protons ) of water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. The MRI machine emits a radio frequency (RF) pulse at the resonant frequency of the hydrogen atoms on water molecules. Radio frequency antennas ("RF coils") send

6400-496: Was published, Park has been a live public speaker at large medical society meetings including American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology , and Radiological Society of North America . He was invited as a speaker to discuss "Designing Continuing Professional Development that improves patients care: Insights from a Practicing Oncologist" at the annual Alliance for Continuing Education meeting in Orlando, Florida. In July 2018, he

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