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41-528: The town was established in 1549 during the reign of King Maha Chakkrapat of Ayutthaya and originally was a centre for military recruitment. During the reign of King Maha Thammaracha, the kingdom was in a weak condition due to being defeated by the Burmese. Phraya Lawaek, the Khmer king, conscripted Thais from several towns including Chachoengsao to be in his work force. Chachoengsao is sometimes referred to as "Paet Riu",

82-586: A Japanese fugitive, Anjirō . He returned to Japan with Saint Francis Xavier , a Catholic missionary. In 1554, Pinto joined the Society of Jesus and donated a large sum of his trading wealth to the mission. In a letter, Ōtomo Yoshishige , daimyō of Bungo, offered his conversion and requested Pinto return to Japan. The letter arrived at the same time that Xavier's body was being displayed in Goa. Ōtomo did not convert at that time due to internal difficulties but did so later at

123-597: A Portuguese pun on his name meaning "Fernão, do you lie? I do!" The publication may vary from Pinto's manuscript (some sentences are erased and others are edited). The disappearance of references to the Society of Jesus, one of the most active religious orders in the Orient, is notable, as there are clear indications of Pinto's relationship with the society. Pinto's memoirs are just that, his memories of events, giving rise to doubts regarding historical accuracy. However, it documents

164-581: A Portuguese camp of mercenaries who had betrayed the Viceroy. Pinto similarly was betrayed by a mercenary, captured by the Burmese and placed under the charge of the king's treasurer who took him to the kingdom of Calaminham . Pinto fled to Goa. On Pinto's return to Goa, Faria sent him to Bantam , Java, to buy pepper for sale to China. Once again, Pinto was shipwrecked. He may have resorted to cannibalism before submitting to slavery in order to secure passage out of

205-519: A counter-coup, killing Worawongsathirat and Si Suda Chan. Phiren Thorathep then elevated Prince Thianracha to the throne as Phra Maha Chakkraphat. Maha Chakkraphat appointed Phiren Thorathep to the position of King of Phitsanulok as Maha Thammarachathirat, and gave him in marriage his daughter Sawatdirat. (Maha Chakkraphat passed over tradition by elevating Phiren Thorathep instead of one of his sons; but he, when still Prince Thianracha, had himself never been titular ruler of Phitsanulok.) Khun Inthrathep

246-611: A culverin on a barge and sailed along the Chao Phraya to fire the enemies. The mission worked, the Burmese armies retreated but later they ambushed at Kamphaeng Phet the Siamese troops led by Prince Ramesuan and Maha Thammarachathirat . The Burmese held the two in captivity until Maha Chakkraphat gave up two male war elephants in exchange for his son and Maha Thammarachathirat. After the war of 1548 , Maha Chakkraphat insisted on battling Burmese armies near Ayutthaya, so he heavily fortified

287-631: A name derived from large fish locally caught in the past. Paet Riu literally means "eight cuts" or slices which refers to the way the fish was cooked and served as a local dish in Chachoengsao. The town is about 50 km east of Bangkok and can be accessed by train. Chachoengsao ( ฉะเชิงเทรา ) is believed to be a corruption of Old Khmer cdiṅ , cdiṅṅ , chdiṅ , chdiṅṅ (“river"; "stream”), corresponding to Modern Khmer ស្ទឹង ( stɨng ) + Old Khmer jrau , jrov (“deep"), corresponding to Modern Khmer ជ្រៅ ( crɨw ); literally "deep river"; after

328-564: Is The bountiful Bang Pakong River, the sacred Buddha image of Luangpho Sothon, Phraya Si Sunthon the scholar of Thai language, and the Pristine Ang Rue Nai Forest . 13°41′25″N 101°4′13″E  /  13.69028°N 101.07028°E  / 13.69028; 101.07028 Maha Chakkrapat Maha Chakkraphat ( Thai : มหาจักรพรรดิ , pronounced [mā.hǎː t͡ɕàk.krā.pʰát] ; lit.: 'The Great Emperor'; 1509 – 1569; Burmese: မဟာစက္ကဝတ္တိ၊ မဟာစကြဝတေး၊ မဟာစကြာမင်း)

369-553: Is recorded at Cochin . He was related to the wealthy Mendes family, who were descendants of Jewish Marranos who lived in Portugal (which makes him a relative of the Jewish philanthropist Gracia Mendes Nasi ). They had a monopoly on black pepper commerce in Portugal and some of them later moved to Antwerp in Belgium . Pinto described his childhood as spartan. In 1521, hoping to improve

410-582: The Bang Pakong River . Chachoengsao has a history dating back to the reign of King Borommatrailokkanat in the Ayutthaya Kingdom . Most people settled by the Bang Pakong River and along canals. "Luangpho Phuttha Sothon" is a centre of faith of the people of Paet Riu. In the past, Chachoengsao was a fourth class city under the ministry of defence. During the reign of King Rama I, it was attached to

451-532: The Society of Jesus in 1555. Pinto spent the years 1562–1566 in court looking for reward or compensation for his years of service to the Crown. He married Maria Correia Barreto with whom he had at least two daughters. In 1562, he purchased a farm in Pragal . Pinto died on 8 July 1583 at his farm. Pinto began his memoirs in 1569. The book was published posthumously by friar Belchior Faria in 1614. Although Pinto did not have

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492-776: The South China Sea , especially in the Gulf of Tonkin . Pinto entered China from the Yellow Sea and raided a tomb of the Emperor of China . Pinto was shipwrecked, apprehended by the Chinese and sentenced to one year hard labour on the Great Wall of China . Before completing his sentence, Pinto was taken prisoner by invading Tatars . He became an agent of the Tartars and travelled with them to Cochinchina ,

533-597: The arquebus to Japan. It is widely accepted now, however, that several Portuguese traders, including António Mota and Francisco Zeimoto, visited Japan a year earlier. The firearm was reproduced and used in the Japanese civil wars . It was known as the tanegashima . Pinto facilitated trade between the Portuguese and Japan. At one point, he was shipwrecked on the Ryukyu Islands . In 1549, Pinto left Kagoshima accompanied by

574-544: The Magnificent ). Pinto then joined a Portuguese reconnaissance mission to the Red Sea via Ethiopia. The mission was to deliver a message to Portuguese soldiers guarding the mother of " Prester John " (Emperor Dawit II of Ethiopia ) in a mountain fortress. After leaving Massawa , the mission engaged three Turkish galleys in battle. The Portuguese ships were defeated and their crews taken to Mocha to be sold as slaves. Pinto

615-506: The Portuguese king's special magistrate for Indian affairs. Soon after being freed, Pinto sailed on a Portuguese cargo ship to Goa . Against his will, Pinto was transferred en route to a naval fleet bound for the Mughal port city of Debal (modern Karachi ) near Thatta . After enduring battles with Ottoman ships , Pinto reached Goa. From 1539, Pinto remained in Malacca under Pedro de Faria ,

656-721: The Royal Chronicles, stating that "he was part of the royal family of King Chairathirat" and in Sangitiyavansa, a Pali text of the Rattanakosin era, stating that he was the nephew of King Chairachathirat. The evidence in Fernão Mendes Pinto 's record states that he was the natural brother of King Chairachathirat. Thianracha joined his brother in the campaigns against Lanna and, in 1546, led the siege of Chiang Mai . Chairacha died in 1546 and his son, Prince Kaewfa succeeded to

697-545: The battleground his whole family, including Sri Suriyothai, the Uparaja Prince Ramesuan , and Prince Mahinthrathirat . At Pukaothong field, Maha Chakkraphat fought an elephant duel against the Viceroy of Prome but his elephant was overcame and ran away. Sri Suriyothai then rushed to rescue her husband but was slashed to death by the viceroy. The two princes then forced the viceroy to retreat. The Siamese then put

738-408: The boy's prospects, an uncle took him to Lisbon . There, Pinto was employed in the household service of a noblewoman. After eighteen months or so, Pinto fled. At the docks, he was hired as a ship's boy on a cargo vessel bound for Setúbal . On the way, French pirates captured the ship and the passengers were set upon the shore at Alentejo . Pinto eventually made his way to Setúbal, where he entered

779-409: The city and de-fortified three nearby cities, Suphanburi , Lopburi and Nakhon Nayok in order to prevent the Burmese from taking them as bases. The census was taken to derive all available manpower for war. Wild elephants (especially white elephants ) were caught and accumulated in the full-scale preparation for war. Bayinnaung became King after the death of Tabinshwehti, and upon hearing about

820-539: The education of contemporary authors and did not reveal a knowledge of either classical culture nor aesthetics of the Renaissance , his experiential knowledge and intelligence enabled him to create a meaningful work. Pinto was critical of Portuguese colonialism in the Far East. The vivid tales of his wanderings were so incredible and far-fetched as to not be believed. They gave rise to the saying "Fernão, Mentes? Minto!",

861-691: The impact of the Asian civilizations on the Europeans and is a reasonable analysis of Portuguese action in the Orient (in comparison to Luís de Camões ' Os Lusíadas ). The most controversial of Pinto's claims is his being the first European to visit Japan and his introduction of the arquebus to Japan. Another controversial claim, that he fought in Java against the Muslims, has been analyzed by historians. The Dutch historian, P. A. Tiele , who wrote in 1880, did not believe Pinto

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902-511: The king only entered the monastery after his daughter Phra Thepkasattri was kidnapped by the Burmese, giving up his throne in dishonor. He resumed his regal powers at the urging of his son Mahinthrathirat . In early 1568, the captive king successfully convinced Bayinnaung to allow him to go back to Ayutthaya on pilgrimage. Upon his arrival, in May 1568, he disrobed and revolted. He also entered into an alliance with King Setthathirath of Lan Xang . He

943-510: The main hall of the Sothornvararamvoraviharn Temple. In this hall is the most important Buddha image of the province, called Luang Por Buddha Sothorn . The provincial tree is Peltophorum dasyrachis . The tree was assigned to the province by Queen Sirikit on the 50th anniversary of the coronation of King Rama IX in 2000. The provincial flower is the yellow flamboyant ( Peltophorum pterocarpum ). The provincial slogan

984-489: The ministry of the interior. Until the reign of King Rama V, who changed the administration system, Chachoengsao became a city. In 1916, its status was changed from a city to a province. "Chachoengsao" is a Khmer word which means 'deep canal'. The western part of the province is the low river plain of the Bang Pakong River , which is used extensively for farming rice . To the east is more hilly terrain, with an average elevation of more than 100 meter. The provincial seal shows

1025-683: The newly appointed captain of Malacca. Pinto was sent to establish diplomatic contacts, particularly with small kingdoms allied with the Portuguese against the Muslims of northern Sumatra. In 1569, he discovered an Ottoman fleet led by Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis in Aceh . Following Pinto's mission to Sumatra, he was sent to Patani , on the eastern shore of the Malay Peninsula . From there, Pinto made an unsuccessful delivery of merchandise to Siam . The goods were stolen by pirates who were then chased by Pinto and António de Faria . Pinto continued trading operations in

1066-554: The region of the Red Sea , from the coast of Africa to the Persian Gulf ; and thirdly, from east India to Sumatra , Siam , China, and Japan. Finally, Pinto returned to Europe. On 11 March 1537, Pinto left Lisbon for India via Portuguese Mozambique . On 5 September that year, he arrived in Diu , a fortified island and town northwest of Bombay (Portuguese since 1535 but under siege by Suleiman

1107-637: The service of Francisco de Faria , a knight of Santiago. He remained there for four years and then joined the service of Jorge de Lencastre , a master of the Order of Santiago and an illegitimate son of King John II of Portugal . Pinto held that position for a number of years. Although comfortable, it held no promise of advancement. Therefore, at twenty-eight, Pinto left to join the Portuguese India Armadas . Pinto's travels can be divided into three phases: firstly, from Portugal to India; secondly, through

1148-498: The siege. The Burmese chronicles say that the king died on 15 April 1569. Fern%C3%A3o Mendes Pinto Fernão Mendes Pinto ( Portuguese pronunciation: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w ˈmẽdɨʃ ˈpĩtu] ; c. 1509 – 8 July 1583) was a Portuguese explorer and writer. His voyages are recorded in Pilgrimage ( Portuguese : Peregrinação ), his autobiographical memoir, which was published posthumously in 1614. The historical accuracy of

1189-594: The southernmost part of modern-day Cambodia and Vietnam . Pinto describes his encounter with a "pope-like" man, possibly the Dalai Lama , who had never heard of Europe. Pinto and two companions jumped ship to a Chinese pirate junk and were shipwrecked onto the Japanese island of Tanegashima , south of Kyūshū . Pinto claimed that his 1543 landing made him the first European to set foot in Japan. He also claimed to have introduced

1230-580: The swampy Java shore. Pinto was bought by a Celebes merchant and resold to the King of Kalapa who returned him to Sunda . Using borrowed money, Pinto bought passage to Siam where he encountered the King of Siam at war . Pinto's writings contribute to the historical record of the war. On 22 September 1558, Pinto returned to Portugal. Fame preceded him in Western Europe due to one of his letters being published by

1271-469: The throne as King Yodfa , with his mother Sisudachan as regent . She had Yodfa killed in 1548 and eventually put her paramour on the throne as Khun Worawongsathirat. Before doing so however, Thianracha was her co-regent, but wishing to remain faithful to his wife Sri Suriyothai , he became a monk to the Queen Mother's amorous advances. "A band of brothers", retired officers, led by Khun Piren staged

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1312-516: The time Pinto was completing his autobiography. Between 1554 and 1556, Pinto returned to Japan with Xavier's successor. He became the Viceroy of Portuguese India's ambassador to the daimyo of Bungo on the island of Kyūshū. Despite Pinto's support of the Church in Japan, he left the Jesuits in 1557. Pinto returned to Malacca and was then sent to Martaban . He arrived in the midst of a siege and took refuge in

1353-585: The white elephants, requested two. As Maha Chakkraphat refused, the Burmese King marched to Ayutthaya with a large army. His route was via the northern provinces since he had conquered the Lanna in 1558 and occupied Chiang Mai . Phraya Sukhothai and Phra Maha Thammaracha surrendered when Sukhothai and Phitsanulok were captured. The governors of Sawankhalok and Phichai submitted without resisting. At Chainat , Bayinnaung clashed with Prince Ramesuan's army but

1394-424: The work is debatable due to the many events that seem far-fetched or at least exaggerated, earning him the nickname Fernão Mentes Minto (wordplay with the Portuguese verb mentir , 'to lie', meaning "Fernão, are you lying? I am lying."). Still, many aspects of the work can be verified, particularly through records of Pinto's service to the Portuguese crown and by his association with Jesuit missionaries. Pinto

1435-450: Was able to break through. The Burmese army then reached Ayutthaya and laid siege, bombarding the city so immensely that Maha Chakkraphat "agreed to come to friendly relations with His Majesty of Hongsawadi." Additionally, he paid tribute of four white elephants and Phra Ramesuan, Phraya Chakri and Phra Songkhram were brought back to Pegu as hostages. At Pegu, King Maha Chakkraphat entered the monkhood. Though Damrong Rajanubhab asserts

1476-580: Was born in about 1509, in Montemor-o-Velho , Portugal , to a poor rural family or perhaps to a family of minor nobility who had fallen on hard times. Pinto had two brothers and two sisters (and possibly other siblings). In 1551, a brother, Álvaro, was recorded in Portuguese Malacca . Letters also record that a brother died a martyr in Malacca. In 1557, Francisco Garcia de Vargas , Pinto's wealthy cousin,

1517-525: Was king of the Ayutthaya kingdom from 1548 to 1564 and 1568 to 1569. Originally called Prince Thianracha , or Prince Tien , he was put on the throne by Khun Phiren Thorathep and his supporters of the Sukhothai clan, who had staged a coup by killing the usurper King Worawongsathirat and Si Sudachan . His original name is Thianracha. His initial biography is unclear. Evidence of his family appears in

1558-628: Was not able to convince Maha Thammarachathirat of Phitsanulok to join him and his son in the revolt. Thammarachathirat remained loyal to Bayinnaung and survived the siege by Ayutthaya and Lan Xang forces until October when the relief forces from Pegu arrived. The invasion armies laid the Third Siege of Ayutthaya in December 1568 . According to Wyatt, Maha Chakkraphat died one month into the siege in January 1569. According to Prince Damrong, he died sometime during

1599-400: Was present during the campaign, but rather that he wrote his information from secondhand sources. Even so, Tiele admits Pinto's account cannot be disregarded because of the lack of alternative information about Javanese history during the time. Maurice Collis holds the opinion that Pinto's accounts, while not entirely true, remain compatible with historical events. Collis considers Pinto's work

1640-547: Was rewarded with the regency of Nakhon Si Thammarat . Upon Maha Chakkraphat's ascension, King Tabinshweti of the Burmese Dynasty of Toungoo marched to Ayutthaya, trying to take advantage of the upheavals in the Siamese capital. The Burmese armies stopped near Ayutthaya. Tabinshweti came with his best general, the Uparaja Bayinnaung , Viceroy of Prome and Governor of Bassein . Maha Chakkraphat also took to

1681-472: Was sold to a Greek Muslim who was a cruel master. Pinto threatened suicide and was sold to a Jewish merchant for about thirty ducats ' worth of dates . With the Jewish merchant, Pinto travelled the caravan route to Hormuz , a leading market town in the Persian Gulf . There, Pinto was freed by way of payment of three hundred ducats from the Portuguese crown. He was made captain of the Fortress of Hormuz and

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