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97-503: The name Breuil-Cervinia is a fusion of two terms. On the one hand was Breuil , in French, the original name of the place before the tourist settlement was built, derived from Valdôtain dialect Breuill indicating a marshy meadow, or a field where streams are numerous. Breuil and its derived forms have commonly appeared in Aosta Valley , France, and Romandy . On the other was Cervinia ,

194-577: A "primeval character", meaning that it had not suffered from human habitation or development, the Eastern Wilderness Act of 1975 extended the protection of the NWPS to areas in the eastern states that were not initially considered for inclusion in the Wilderness Act. This act allowed lands that did not meet the constraints of size, roadlessness, or human impact to be designated as wilderness areas under

291-598: A controlled manner. The landscapes seen in the US today are very different from the way things looked before colonists came. Fire could be used to maintain food, cords, and baskets. One of the main roles of frequent fires was to prevent the out of control fires which are becoming more and more common. The idea of wilderness having intrinsic value emerged in the Western world in the 19th century. British artists John Constable and J. M. W. Turner turned their attention to capturing

388-738: A cross-border stage of the Alpine Ski World Cup . This will be the first time in the history of the Cup. The races to be held will be downhill and super-g , both men's and women's. The designated slope is the Gran Becca, the result of a mixture of several slopes in the Matterhorn Ski Paradise resort: the athletes will start from the 3,899 m of the Gobba di Rollin , a mountain in Swiss territory, will take

485-686: A fellow climber and fellow countryman of Jean-Antoine Carrel , realised that tourism in Breuil could be increased by building the first alpine refuge on the Matterhorn . Amé Gorret asked the Italian Alpine Club to support his project, which resulted the refuge located at the Cravate (4,120 m) of the Matterhorn, inaugurated in 1867. As a result of the exploratory drive and the newborn mountaineering movement,

582-648: Is an important part of wilderness designation because it created the legal definition of wilderness and established the National Wilderness Preservation System. The Wilderness Act defines wilderness as "an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammelled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." Wilderness designation helps preserve the natural state of the land and protects flora and fauna by prohibiting development and providing for non-mechanized recreation only. The first administratively protected wilderness area in

679-543: Is being rapidly degraded by human activity. Even less wilderness remains in the ocean , with only 13.2% free from intense human activity. Some governments establish protection for wilderness areas by law to not only preserve what already exists , but also to promote and advance a natural expression and development. These can be set up in preserves, conservation preserves, national forests, national parks and even in urban areas along rivers, gulches or otherwise undeveloped areas. Often these areas are considered important for

776-549: Is designated as wilderness. As of 2023 there are 806 designated wilderness areas in the United States ranging in size from Florida's Pelican Island at 5 acres (20,000 m ) to Alaska's Wrangell-Saint Elias at 9,078,675 acres (36,740.09 km ). In Western Australia, a wilderness area is an area that has a wilderness quality rating of 12 or greater and meets a minimum size threshold of 80 km in temperate areas or 200 km in arid and tropical areas. A wilderness area

873-520: Is fully dependent on tourism, both during winter and summer, thanks to the possibility of summer ski on the Plateau Rosa Glacier and the ski lifts links of Matterhorn Ski Paradise , the beauty of its alpine landscape and the presence of the Matterhorn . In summer, the plains of Breuil-Cervinia are home to alpine pastures with cows whose milk is used to produce the first Aosta Valley cheese , Fontina , and other toma cheeses. The ski area

970-509: Is now understood that simply drawing lines around a piece of land and declaring it a wilderness does not necessarily make it a wilderness. All landscapes are intricately connected and what happens outside a wilderness certainly affects what happens inside it. For example, air pollution from Los Angeles and the California Central Valley affects Kern Canyon and Sequoia National Park . The national park has miles of "wilderness" but

1067-485: Is typically at least 5,000 acres (about 8 mi or 20 km ) in size. Human activities in wilderness areas are restricted to scientific study and non-mechanized recreation; horses are permitted but mechanized vehicles and equipment, such as cars and bicycles, are not. The United States was one of the first countries to officially designate land as "wilderness" through the Wilderness Act of 1964. The Wilderness Act

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1164-697: Is very large and guarantees good snow quality during the season, being at a high altitude (2,050 m to 3,500 m). Breuil-Cervinia is connected, weather permitting, with Zermatt (when the Italian lifts are open) via the Plateau Rosa glacier, where summer skiing is also practised, and with the part of the Valtournenche ski resort via the Cime Bianche mountain pass. Breuil-Cervinia hosted the Women's Alpine Ski World Cup in

1261-561: Is well known. In 2011, two more tracks were added, bringing the number of downhill and freeride tracks to four. As of 2014, the number of trails is nine, including those that run towards the village of Valtournenche . The resort is relying heavily on this activity to boost summer tourism. The "Lac Bleu" bobsleigh run was located in Breuil-Cervinia and hosted the World Championships three times: in 1971, 1975 and 1985; it also hosted

1358-615: The Alps . The explorations of Horace-Bénedict de Saussure through the Savoy Alps in the 1700s heightened interest in the Matterhorn and the other mountains of the Savoyard state , particularly among the English bourgeoisie, who were increasingly interested in wilderness travel. Resident shepherds, such as Jean-Antoine Carrel , had long looked upon their home mountain as something attainable, and made

1455-413: The Aosta Valley - Mont Blanc Tour , an event dedicated to the under-23s road cyclists and which has launched many internationally renowned cyclists such as Ivan Gotti and Fabio Aru . In summer, downhill biking can be practised on equipped trails. The Maxiavalanche competition, which is organised around August and consists of a descent from the 3500 m of the Plateau Rosa glacier to Breuil-Cervinia,

1552-735: The Cervino CineMountain , a film festival focusing on mountain , adventure , exploring and nature documentaries . Cervino CineMountain is a member of the International Alliance for Mountain Film and awards the Oscar for the best mountain film from the various mountain film festivals that are members of the Alliance. The Cervino CineMountain also awards Grand Prizes, prizes for feature, medium and short films and for animated films. Since 2019, in

1649-479: The European Championships on four occasions: in 1969, 1973, 1987 and 1991. In 1991, it was definitively closed down due to the very high running costs and the cost of renovations that the track would have had to undergo. The bobsleigh track could have been an Olympic facility on two occasions: first, when the city of Aosta was bidding to host the 18th Winter Olympics in 1998, which was then awarded to

1746-560: The Flood , with the seas as the remains of that Flood." "If paradise was early man's greatest good, wilderness, as its antipode, was his greatest evil." Wilderness was viewed by colonists as being evil in its resistance to their control. The puritanical view of wilderness meant that in order for colonists to be able to live in North America, they had to destroy the wilderness in order to make way for their ' civilized ' society. Wilderness

1843-619: The National Parks Act 1980 and the Conservation Act 1987 that fall well within the IUCN definition. Wilderness areas cannot have any human intervention and can only have indigenous species re-introduced into the area if it is compatible with conservation management strategies. In New Zealand wilderness areas are remote blocks of land that have high natural character. The Conservation Act 1987 prevents any access by vehicles and livestock,

1940-634: The Snowboard Cross World Cup four times, in the 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2022 seasons, making it a fixed stop on the circuit. Breuil-Cervinia was also supposed to host a stage in the 2021 season, which was cancelled due to the Coronavirus pandemic . Breuil-Cervinia has hosted a stage of the most famous cycling race in Italy Tour of Italy five times, in 1960, 1997, 2012, 2015 and 2018. The streets of Breuil-Cervinia have also hosted several editions of

2037-473: The Società Guide del Cervino (it.) / Société des guides du Cervin (fr.), one of the oldest mountain guide societies in the world, was founded in Breuil in 1865. The first hotels began to be built in the area and the town began to develop from a simple alpine pasture to a tourist destination. With the emergence of ski mountaineering , the Breuil slopes became the destination of the first skiers, accelerating

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2134-515: The Tang Dynasty (618–907). The tradition of representing nature as it is became one of the aims of Chinese painting and was a significant influence in Asian art. Artists in the tradition of Shan shui (lit. mountain-water-picture ), learned to depict mountains and rivers "from the perspective of nature as a whole and on the basis of their understanding of the laws of nature   … as if seen through

2231-518: The Valtournenche ski resort added prestige to Cervinia. In 1986, the Breuil-Plan Maison 1 cable car was replaced by a 6-passenger gondola lift and in 1988, the long Plan Maison-Laghi Cime Bianche gondola lift was opened. In 1991 the Plateau Rosa cable car was replaced by a cable car with 140-passenger cabins. In 1993, the Furggen cable car was closed and abandoned, as it was hardly used due to

2328-701: The Ventina slope, in Italian territory, and will arrive near the Cime Bianche Laghi - Plateau Rosa cable car station. The name Gran Becca is Matterhorn in Valdôtain dialect . A special and spectacular event related to alpine skiing in Breuil-Cervinia was Azzurrissimo , a skiing competition held on the Ventina slope, 11 kilometres long and delimited by the symbolic number of 100 gates. Ski clubs, sports centres, military sports groups, but also ordinary people, show business people, journalists and athletes took part in

2425-576: The conservation movement in the United States , partly through the efforts of writers and activists such as John Burroughs , Aldo Leopold , and John Muir , and politicians such as U.S. President Teddy Roosevelt . The idea of protecting nature for nature's sake began to gain more recognition in the 1930s with American writers like Aldo Leopold , calling for a "land ethic" and urging wilderness protection. It had become increasingly clear that wild spaces were disappearing rapidly and that decisive action

2522-425: The plural ) are Earth's natural environments that have not been significantly modified by human activity , or any nonurbanized land not under extensive agricultural cultivation. The term has traditionally referred to terrestrial environments, though growing attention is being placed on marine wilderness . Recent maps of wilderness suggest it covers roughly one-quarter of Earth's terrestrial surface, but

2619-533: The 1910 Glacier National Park act made void those rights. The act of 'preserving' the land was specifically linked to the exclusion of the Blackfeet people. The continued resistance of the Blackfeet people has provided documentation of the importance of the area to many different tribes. The world's second national park, the Royal National Park , located just 32 km to the south of Sydney , Australia ,

2716-414: The 1975 Eastern Wilderness Areas Act , followed. Nevertheless, initiatives for wilderness conservation continue to increase. There are a growing number of projects to protect tropical rainforests through conservation initiatives. There are also large-scale projects to conserve wilderness regions, such as Canada's Boreal Forest Conservation Framework . The Framework calls for conservation of 50 percent of

2813-463: The 1977–1978 season on 10 December 1977, the first time in the history of the alpine resort, with a slalom stage on the Cielo Alto slope. The competition was won by French skier Perrine Pelen , followed by her compatriot Fabienne Serrat and Hanni Wenzel , who won the general and the slalom rankings for the season. From the 2022–2023 season, Breuil-Cervinia and Zermatt ( Switzerland ) will host

2910-566: The 19th century, the Breuil basin was just a pasture, with a group of shepherds living in a few alpine cottages only in summer. However, in the Middle Ages , the Breuil was an important crossroad for merchants who had to cross the Alps and for the settlement of the Walser community in the near the Ayas and Lys valleys. The real growth of the town began in the 1850s with the birth of alpinism all over

3007-669: The 6,000,000 square kilometres of boreal forest in Canada's north. In addition to the World Wildlife Fund, organizations such as the Wildlife Conservation Society , the WILD Foundation , The Nature Conservancy , Conservation International , The Wilderness Society (United States) and many others are active in such conservation efforts. The 21st century has seen another slight shift in wilderness thought and theory. It

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3104-533: The Breuil-Cervinia ski lifts, to decide to sell its majority shares in Società Cervino . These were bought by the Autonomous Region Aosta Valley (about 70%; the remaining 30% was managed by private individuals), and the company thus became public, like most of its Aosta Valley counterparts operating in the sector. The first step of the new management towards modernisation was taken in 2009, with

3201-565: The Breuil-Plan Maison cable car, the first cable car to be built in Breuil-Cervinia, was replaced by a new, large cable car, and a second cable car was built next to it in order to double the hourly capacity of the ski lifts. In 1962, the "Lac Bleu" bobsleigh track was completed near the Lago Blu and inaugurated by Olympic champion Eugenio Monti . In 1972, the first two-seater chairlift was built at Cielo Alto . The unification in 1982 with

3298-736: The Cielo Alto buildings, the Casa del Sole, the original Refuge du Théodule , the Pirovano hut and, as far as ski lifts are concerned, the Breuil-Plan Maison cable car and the Gran Baita hotel, the Plateau Rosa cable car , the Plan Maison - Monte Furggen cable car . The architects who oversaw the urban development of the town include important names such as Carlo Mollino , Francesco Dolza, Giovanni Muzio , Franco Albini and Mario Galvagni. Today Breuil-Cervinia

3395-1452: The Forest Service, and preservationists the Park Service The World Conservation Union (IUCN) classifies wilderness at two levels, 1a ( strict nature reserves ) and 1b (Wilderness areas). There have been recent calls for the World Heritage Convention to better protect wilderness and to include the word wilderness in their selection criteria for Natural Heritage Sites Forty-eight countries have wilderness areas established via legislative designation as IUCN protected area management Category 1b sites that do not overlap with any other IUCN designation. They are: Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Bangladesh, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Canada, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, French Guiana, Greenland, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, Norway, Northern Mariana Islands, Portugal, Seychelles, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Tanzania, United States of America, and Zimbabwe. At publication, there are 2,992 marine and terrestrial wilderness areas registered with

3492-522: The Grand Canyon, and Yosemite, the 'preservation' of these lands by the US government was what caused the Native Americans who lived in the areas to be systematically removed. Historian Mark David Spence has shown that the case of Glacier National Park and the Blackfeet people who live there is a perfect example of such erasure. The Blackfeet people had specifically designated rights to the area, but

3589-568: The IUCN as solely Category 1b sites. Twenty-two other countries have wilderness areas. These wilderness areas are established via administrative designation or wilderness zones within protected areas. Whereas the above listing contains countries with wilderness exclusively designated as Category 1b sites, some of the below-listed countries contain protected areas with multiple management categories including Category 1b. They are: Argentina, Bhutan, Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Germany, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Namibia, Nepal, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Philippines,

3686-599: The Jumeaux Hotel and the Hôtel du Cervin. After years of collaboration with Jean-Antoine Carrel , the competition was won by Edward Whymper in 1865, after he realised that the Hörnli ridge was easier to climb. Only three days later, Jean-Antoine Carrel was able to climb the Matterhorn by the more difficult Lion ridge. After Edward Whymper 's ascent team on the north face met with disaster while returning to Zermatt , Amé Gorret ,

3783-609: The Jumeaux, the Château des Dames, the Furggen and the Grandes Murailles summits. It shares a ski area with Zermatt through the Plateau Rosa glacier (3,500 m [11,500 ft]). The ski season in Breuil-Cervinia lasts not only 6 months in winter but also in summer on the Plateau Rosa glacier. The Theodul Pass lies on the territory of Breuil-Cervinia. The village is divided by

3880-466: The Marmore creek. Breuil-Cervinia being one of Europe's highest ski resorts, its climate features low temperatures and consistent snow falls. Temperatures get very cold through the winter months with daily averages being around −5 and −10 °C (23.0 and 14.0 °F) for the winter months and only about 8–10 °C (46.4–50.0 °F) in the summer months. This maintains the snow in great shape throughout

3977-700: The Russian Federation, South Africa, Switzerland, Uganda, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Venezuela, and Zambia. The German National Strategy on Biological Diversity aims to establish wilderness areas on 2% of its terrestrial territory by 2020 (7,140 km ). However, protected wilderness areas in Germany currently only cover 0.6% of the total terrestrial area. In absence of pristine landscapes, Germany counts national parks (IUCN Category II) as wilderness areas. The government counts

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4074-407: The United States (see below). The first National Park was Yellowstone , which was signed into law by U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant on 1 March 1872. The Act of Dedication declared Yellowstone a land "hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement, occupancy, or sale under the laws of the United States, and dedicated and set apart as a public park or pleasuring ground for the benefit and enjoyment of

4171-582: The United States was the Gila National Forest. In 1922, Aldo Leopold , then a ranking member of the U.S. Forest Service, proposed a new management strategy for the Gila National Forest. His proposal was adopted in 1924, and 750,000 acres of the Gila National Forest became the Gila Wilderness . The Great Swamp in New Jersey was the first formally designated wilderness refuge in the United States. It

4268-527: The aforementioned subjects around the village of Breuil-Cervinia. Vald%C3%B4tain dialect Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 751068660 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:29:54 GMT Wilderness Wilderness or wildlands (usually in

4365-717: The air is filled with pollution from the valley. This gives rise to the paradox of what a wilderness really is; a key issue in 21st century wilderness thought. The creation of national parks , beginning in the 19th century, preserved some especially attractive and notable areas, but the pursuits of commerce , lifestyle , and recreation combined with increases in human population have continued to result in human modification of relatively untouched areas. Such human activity often negatively impacts native flora and fauna. As such, to better protect critical habitats and preserve low-impact recreational opportunities, legal concepts of "wilderness" were established in many countries, beginning with

4462-477: The areas and further the traditional livelihood of the Sami people. This means e.g. that reindeer husbandry, hunting and taking wood for use in the household is permitted. As population is very sparse, this is generally no big threat to the nature. Large scale reindeer husbandry has influence on the ecosystem, but no change is introduced by the act on wilderness areas. The World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) classifies

4559-627: The areas as "VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources". Since 1861, the French Waters and Forests Military Agency (Administration des Eaux et Forêts) put a strong protection on what was called the « artistic reserve » in Fontainebleau State Forest. With a total of 1,097 hectares, it is known to be the first World nature reserve. Then in the 1950s, Integral Biological Reserves (Réserves Biologiques Intégrales, RBI) are dedicated to man free ecosystem evolution, on

4656-408: The beauty of the natural world in their paintings. Prior to that, paintings had been primarily of religious scenes or of human beings. William Wordsworth 's poetry described the wonder of the natural world, which had formerly been viewed as a threatening place. Increasingly the valuing of nature became an aspect of Western culture. By the mid-19th century, in Germany, "Scientific Conservation", as it

4753-525: The belief that they could be returned to a "primeval" state through preservation. Approximately 107,500,000 acres (435,000 km ) are designated as wilderness in the United States. This accounts for 4.82% of the country's total land area; however, 54% of that amount is found in Alaska (recreation and development in Alaskan wilderness is often less restrictive), while only 2.58% of the lower continental United States

4850-411: The city of Nagano . The second was when the facility was considered for the bobsleigh, skeleton and luge competitions of the XX Winter Olympics in Turin in 2006, but the choice was made to build the Olympic facility in Cesana Pariol . Breuil-Cervinia was the scene of several editions of speed skiing competitions. The slope was often the only one on the circuit that allowed new records to be set in

4947-460: The commercialization of some of Canada's National Parks with the building of great hotels such as the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise . Despite their similar name, national parks in England and Wales are quite different from national parks in many other countries. Unlike most other countries, in England and Wales, designation as a national park may include substantial settlements and human land uses which are often integral parts of

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5044-413: The construction of tracks and buildings, and all indigenous natural resources are protected. They are generally over 400 km in size. Three Wilderness Areas are currently recognised, all on the West Coast : Adams Wilderness Area, Hooker/Landsborough Wilderness Area and Paparoa Wilderness Area. In the United States, a Wilderness Area is an area of federal land set aside by an act of Congress . It

5141-493: The contrary of Managed Biological reserves (Réserves Biologiques Dirigées, RBD) where a specific management is applied to conserve vulnerable species or threatened habitats. Integral Biological Reserves occurs in French State Forests or City Forests and are therefore managed by the National Forests Office . In such reserves, all harvests coupe are forbidden excepted exotic species elimination or track safety works to avoid fallen tree risk to visitors (already existing tracks in or on

5238-445: The designer had to take the curvature of the Earth into account when designing it. The cableway and its associated slope were so impervious that, following the death of several people who had fallen from the Furggen , it was necessary to build a tunnel onto the mountain, which would make it easier for skiers and the operators of the Società Cervino to descend to the glacier below, avoiding the more inexperienced skiers from having to use

5335-408: The discipline. Zeno Colò set a record of 159.291 km/h here in 1947 that stood for 13 years, using normal skis and skiing without a helmet. Even Steve McKinney , the first person to break 200 km/h on skis, ran speed skiing competitions in Breuil-Cervinia. In 2005, the Speed Skiing World Championships were held in Breuil-Cervinia. Ski touring in Breuil-Cervinia is a real symbol. Before

5432-420: The earth and animals and plants were created by a Christian God for human use, then the cultivation by colonists was their God-given goal. However, the idea that what European colonists saw upon arriving in North America was pristine and devoid of humans is untrue due to the existence of Native Americans. The land was shaped by Native Americans through practices such as fires. Burning happened frequently and in

5529-486: The edge of the reserve). At the end of 2014, there were 60 Integral Biological Reserves in French State Forests for a total area of 111,082 hectares and 10 in City Forests for a total of 2,835 hectares. In Greece there are some parks called "ethniki drimoi" (εθνικοί δρυμοί, national forests) that are under protection of the Greek government. Such parks include Olympus , Parnassos and Parnitha National Parks. There are seven Wilderness Areas in New Zealand as defined by

5626-420: The entrepreneur and engineer Dino Lora Totino saw in Breuil the possibility of creating a first-class tourist resort. In 1934, together with other Piedmontese entrepreneurs, Dino Lora Totino founded the Società Anonima Cervino , with the aim of transforming Breuil into an important tourist destination by building modern ski lifts . In 1934, the road connecting the main town of Valtournenche , Pâquier, to Breuil

5723-404: The event. The spirit of the competition was based on the confrontation of all against all on skis, mixing the different disciplines of alpine skiing in a single event. It became an international event, with the participation of athletes from different nations and the creation of a network of events twinned with Azzurrissimo in Crans-Montana and Baqueira-Beret . The first edition of Azzurrissimo

5820-427: The eyes of a bird". In the 13th century, Shih Erh Chi recommended avoiding painting "scenes lacking any places made inaccessible by nature". For most of human history , the greater part of Earth's terrain was wilderness, and human attention was concentrated on settled areas. The first known laws to protect parts of nature date back to the Babylonian Empire and Chinese Empire. Ashoka , the Great Mauryan King, defined

5917-457: The first attempts to ascend the Matterhorn from the south face. Many European mountain climbers saw the Matterhorn as a great challenge, and the arrival of John Tyndall and Edward Whymper in Breuil began competition for the first complete ascent, aided by Jean-Antoine 's knowledge of the territory. The construction of some bases became necessary. Some examples are the first Refuge du Théodule (built in 1852) at 3317 m (10882.6 ft),

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6014-481: The first laws in the world to protect flora and fauna in Edicts of Ashoka around the 3rd century B.C. In the Middle Ages , the Kings of England initiated one of the world's first conscious efforts to protect natural areas. They were motivated by a desire to be able to hunt wild animals in private hunting preserves rather than a desire to protect wilderness. Nevertheless, in order to have animals to hunt they would have to protect wildlife from subsistence hunting and

6111-455: The former was Gifford Pinchot , first Chief of the United States Forest Service, and they focused on the proper use of nature, whereas the preservationists sought the protection of nature from use. Put another way, conservation sought to regulate human use while preservation sought to eliminate human impact altogether. The management of US public lands during the years 1960s and 70s reflected these dual visions, with conservationists dominating

6208-409: The government supports bargains of land that will then be designated as wilderness by 10 Mio. Euro annually. The German minimum size for wilderness candidate sites is normally 10 km . In some cases (i.e. swamps) the minimum size is 5 km . There are twelve wilderness areas in the Sami native region in northern Finnish Lapland . They are intended both to preserve the wilderness character of

6305-407: The idea that before settlers came, the US was an uninhabited landscape. This erases the reality of Native Americans, and their relationship with the land and the role they had in shaping the landscape. Such erasure suggests there were areas of the US which were historically unoccupied, once again erasing the existence of Native Americans and their relationship to the land. In the case of Yellowstone,

6402-496: The inauguration of the Pancheron hexapost chairlift. In 2012 the Plateau Rosa cable car is renewed. Thanks to its rapid growth, Cervinia and its ski resort, as many other town on the Alps like Courmayeur , Chamonix-Mont-Blanc , Limone Piemonte , Pila , Sestriere , Zermatt , Sankt Moritz , became a field of architectural and engineering experimentation, trying to develop a new alpine architecture and new technologies for buildings and lifts. Examples of this research are

6499-458: The land from villagers gathering firewood. Similar measures were introduced in other European countries. However, in European cultures, throughout the Middle Ages, wilderness generally was not regarded worth protecting but rather judged strongly negative as a dangerous place and as a moral counter-world to the realm of culture and godly life. "While archaic nature religions oriented themselves towards nature, in medieval Christendom this orientation

6596-415: The land was something colonists did not understand and did not try to understand. This mutually beneficial relationship was different from how colonists viewed the land only in relation to how it could benefit themselves by waging a constant battle to beat the land and other living organisms into submission. The belief colonists had of the land being only something to be used was based in Christian ideas. If

6693-458: The landscape, and land within a national park remains largely in private ownership. Each park is operated by its own national park authority . The United States philosophy around wilderness preservation through National Parks has been attempted in other countries. However, people living in those countries have different ideas surrounding wilderness than people in the United States, thus, the US concept of wilderness can be damaging in other areas of

6790-508: The largest conservation organizations in the world. Early conservationists advocated the creation of a legal mechanism by which boundaries could be set on human activities in order to preserve natural and unique lands for the enjoyment and use of future generations. This profound shift in wilderness thought reached a pinnacle in the US with the passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964, which allowed for parts of U.S. National Forests to be designated as "wilderness preserves". Similar acts, such as

6887-427: The latter half of the 19th century. Rivers were rafted and mountains were climbed solely for the sake of recreation, not to determine their geographical context. In 1861, following an intense lobbying by artists of the Barbizon school , the French Waters and Forests Military Agency set an "artistic reserve" in Fontainebleau State Forest . With a total of 1,097 hectares, it is thought to be the first nature reserve in

6984-492: The local council to "think again". The municipal council of Valtournenche, which had voted in favour for the proposal, including mayor Elisa Cicco and former mayor Jean-Antoine Maquignaz, claimed there had been a "misunderstanding". Cicco admitted that "no one wanted to cancel the name Cervinia," and "it is our brand, our brand by which we are known throughout the world". Just 24 hours after the official name change, Mayor Elisa Cicco and President of Aosta Valley Renzo Testolin started

7081-402: The month of July, Breuil-Cervinia hosts La Settimana del Cervino , an event that encourages contact with nature , environmental sustainability and respect for the mountain environment with a series of cultural meetings between people from the entertainment industry, athletes, experts on the subject of mountains and nature, as well as evening shows, concerts and walks aimed at raising awareness of

7178-494: The more exposed part of the slope. Also in the 1950s, Breuil-Cervinia, Plateau Rosa and the Matterhorn were chosen by the Italian Alpine Club and Ardito Desio as locations to prepare the famous 1954 K2 expedition, which included Achille Compagnoni and Walter Bonatti . In 1961, the Plan Maison-Cime Bianche-Plateau Rosa cable car was replaced by a new system built by Piemonte Funivie . In 1963,

7275-429: The people." When national parks were established in an area, the Native Americans that had been living there were forcibly removed so visitors to the park could see nature without humans present. National parks are seen as areas untouched by humans, when in reality, humans existed in these spaces, until settler colonists came in and forced them off their lands in order to create the national parks. The concept glorifies

7372-575: The physics of the Earth's atmosphere was also built near Plateau Rosa and is now used as a meteorological station run by the Italian Air Force . After the World War II , the first ski lifts were built around Breuil-Cervinia and Plan Maison. In 1952, again at the instigation of Dino Lora Totino, a new cable car was built from Plan Maison to Furggen . It was a single-span cable car, and was so long that

7469-503: The planning of the areas. This situation places the ideal of wilderness above the already existing relationships between people and the land they live on. By placing an imperialistic ideal of nature onto a different country, the desire to reestablish wilderness is being put above the lives of those who live by working the land. By the late 19th century, it had become clear that in many countries wild areas had either disappeared or were in danger of disappearing. This realization gave rise to

7566-484: The procedure to restore the toponym. On March 8, 2024, the municipal council declared that the toponym "Breuil-Cervinia" would be requested, and that the names of all the hamlets would be asked to be reviewed. The review process is expected to be completed within 12 months. Breuil-Cervinia lies at 2,050 m (6,730 ft) above sea level , at the foot of the Matterhorn , in the Valtournenche valley and surrounded by

7663-464: The railroads advertised travel to "the great wild spaces" of North America. When outdoorsman Teddy Roosevelt became president of the United States, he began to enlarge the U.S. National Parks system, and established the National Forest system. By the 1920s, travel across North America by train to experience the "wilderness" (often viewing it only through windows) had become very popular. This led to

7760-471: The ski lifts were built, the ski fields were invaded by ski tourers starting from Breuil-Cervinia, arriving at Plan Maison and, for the most experienced and daring, reaching Plateau Rosa, before descending back into the valley. Breuil-Cervinia, together with Gressoney-La-Trinité , hosts one of the oldest and most historic ski touring competitions: the Mezzalama Trophy . Since 1998, Breuil-Cervinia hosts

7857-458: The survival of certain species , biodiversity , ecological studies, conservation , solitude and recreation . They may also preserve historic genetic traits and provide habitat for wild flora and fauna that may be difficult to recreate in zoos , arboretums or laboratories . From a visual arts perspective, nature and wildness have been important subjects in various epochs of world history. An early tradition of landscape art occurred in

7954-490: The toponym that was given to the hamlet following the process of italianization of placenames in the Aosta Valley wanted by the fascist government , a reference to the Matterhorn mountain (italian: Monte Cervino) . In April 2023, the municipal council of Valtournenche unanimously voted in favour of adopting the toponym "Le Breuil", proposed by a toponomy commission of the Aosta Valley autonomous region. The name change

8051-549: The transformation into a top tourist destination. A number of entrepreneurs from Piedmont , driven by the desire to build new hydroelectric plants on behalf of the Società Idroelettrica Piemontese , explore the side valleys of the Aosta Valley , including the Valtournenche Valley. During the explorations and the first construction of hydroelectric plants in the lower part of the Valtournenche Valley,

8148-535: The whole area of the 16 national parks as wilderness. This means, also the managed parts are included in the "existing" 0,6%. There is no doubt, that Germany will miss its own time-dependent quantitative goals, but there are also some critics, that point a bad designation practice: Findings of disturbance ecology, according to which process-based nature conservation and the 2% target could be further qualified by more targeted area designation, pre-treatment and introduction of megaherbivores , are widely neglected. Since 2019

8245-465: The wind and also heavily damaged in an accident. In the 2000s, the Società Cervino encountered considerable financial difficulties and was unable to invest in the station. In 2006, thanks to regional funding, it was possible to build two modern chairlifts, called Crétaz and Campetto , to replace the old ski lifts. In 2008, increasing financial difficulties led the Cravetto family, the historic owners of

8342-401: The winter season. December usually averages round 40–50 cm (16–20 in) in resort and 140–160 cm (55–63 in) on the mountain, January approx 80 and 200 cm (31 and 79 in), February approx 90 and 220 cm (35 and 87 in), March 100 and 240 cm (39 and 94 in), April 60–200 cm (24–79 in). Breuil-Cervinia has a short history. Until the beginning of

8439-616: The world. Global conservation became an issue at the time of the dissolution of the British Empire in Africa in the late 1940s. The British established great wildlife preserves there. As before, this interest in conservation had an economic motive: in this case, big game hunting . Nevertheless, this led to growing recognition in the 1950s and the early 1960s of the need to protect large spaces for wildlife conservation worldwide. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF), founded in 1961, grew to be one of

8536-540: The world. India is more densely populated and has been settled for a long time. There are complex relationships between agricultural communities and the wilderness. An example of this is the Project Tiger parks in India. By claiming areas as no longer used by humans, the land moves from the hands of poor people to rich people. Having designated tiger reserves is only possible by displacing poor people, who were not involved in

8633-643: Was built. Two years later, the Breuil - Plan Maison cable car (2,555 m) was inaugurated. During 1939 Breuil was renamed Cervinia because of the fascist project of Italianization of Aosta Valley 's toponyms. 1939 also had been the year of a big venture: the highest skilift in Italy was opened, linking Plan Maison with the Testa Grigia at 3480 m (11417 ft), near the Swiss border. An observatory for cosmic ray physics and

8730-477: Was called, advocated "the efficient utilization of natural resources through the application of science and technology ". Concepts of forest management based on the German approach were applied in other parts of the world, but with varying degrees of success. Over the course of the 19th century wilderness became viewed not as a place to fear but a place to enjoy and protect; hence came the conservation movement in

8827-484: Was considered to be the root of the colonists' problems, so to make the problems go away, wilderness needed to be destroyed. One of the first steps in doing this, is to get rid of trees in order to clear the land. Military metaphors describing the wilderness as the "enemy" were used, and settler expansion was phrased as "[conquering] the wilderness". In relation to the wilderness, Native Americans were viewed as savages . The relationship between Native Americans and

8924-543: Was declared a wildlife refuge on 3 November 1960. In 1966 it was declared a National Natural Landmark and, in 1968, it was given wilderness status. Properties in the swamp had been acquired by a small group of residents of the area, who donated the assembled properties to the federal government as a park for perpetual protection. Today the refuge amounts to 7,600 acres (31 km ) that are within thirty miles of Manhattan . While wilderness designations were originally granted by an Act of Congress for Federal land that retained

9021-486: Was established in 1879. The U.S. concept of national parks soon caught on in Canada , which created Banff National Park in 1885, at the same time as the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway was being built. The creation of this and other parks showed a growing appreciation of wild nature, but also an economic reality. The railways wanted to entice people to travel west. Parks such as Banff and Yellowstone gained favor as

9118-419: Was in 1987 and the tenth and last was in 1998. It was run in the first few days of May, at the end of the racing season and at the end of the various championships. This allowed the presence of big names in the discipline and the awarding of the prize for the "fastest ski club in Italy". In winter Breuil-Cervinia hosts a cross-country skiing trail on the plains near the town centre. Breuil-Cervinia has hosted

9215-570: Was needed to save them. Wilderness preservation is central to deep ecology ; a philosophy that believes in an inherent worth of all living beings, regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs. Two different groups had emerged within the US environmental movement by the early 20th century: the conservationists and the preservationists. The initial consensus among conservationists was split into "utilitarian conservationists" later to be referred to as conservationists, and "aesthetic conservationists" or preservationists. The main representative for

9312-441: Was part of an effort that started in 2011 to redefine all the local toponyms that resulted in 52 name changes. In September 2023, a decree of the president of Aosta Valley officially changed the name of the hamlet from Breuil-Cervinia to Le Breuil . The name change sparked criticism due to concerns about potential bureaucratic complications as well as damage to the tourism industry., with tourism minister Daniela Santanchè urging

9409-468: Was replaced by one towards divine law. The divine was no longer to be found in nature; instead, uncultivated nature became a site of the sinister and the demonic. It was considered corrupted by the Fall ( natura lapsa ), becoming a vale of tears in which humans were doomed to live out their existence. Thus, for example, mountains were interpreted [e.g, by Thomas Burnet ] as ruins of a once flat earth destroyed by

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