Misplaced Pages

#872127

73-480: Bucharest suffered significant damage due to Allied bombing during World War II and the devastating earthquake of March 4, 1977 . However, neither of these events changed the face of the city more than the Ceaușescan "redevelopment schemes" of the 1980s, under which an overall area of 5.9 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi) of the historic center of Bucharest was affected, including monasteries, churches, synagogues,

146-781: A " proletarian literature " was un-Marxist because the proletariat would lose its class characteristics in the transition to a classless society, however, did not prevail. Socialist realism became state policy in 1934 when the First Congress of Soviet Writers met and Stalin's representative Andrei Zhdanov gave a speech strongly endorsing it as "the official style of Soviet culture". It was enforced ruthlessly in all spheres of artistic endeavour. Form and content were often limited, with erotic, religious, abstract, surrealist, and expressionist art being forbidden. Formal experiments, including internal dialogue, stream of consciousness, nonsense, free-form association, and cut-up were also disallowed. This

219-604: A different purpose for art: wanting it functional, and Stalin built on that belief that art should be agitation. The term Socialist Realism was proclaimed in 1934 at the Soviet Writer's congress, although it was left not precisely defined. This turned individual artists and their works into state-controlled propaganda. After the death of Stalin in 1953, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev who allowed for less draconian state controls and openly condemned Stalin's artistic demands in 1956 with his " Secret Speech ", and thus began

292-470: A different time or place. This sentiment created what would later be dubbed "revolutionary romanticism". Revolutionary romanticism elevated the common worker, whether factory or agricultural, by presenting his life, work, and recreation as admirable. Its purpose was to show how much the standard of living had improved thanks to the revolution, as educational information, to teach Soviet citizens how they should be acting and to improve morale. The ultimate aim

365-494: A famous article titled "Socialist Realism" in 1933. During the Congress of 1934, four guidelines were laid out for socialist realism. The work must be: The purpose of socialist realism was to limit popular culture to a specific, highly regulated faction of emotional expression that promoted Soviet ideals. The party was of the utmost importance and was always to be favorably featured. The key concepts that developed assured loyalty to

438-470: A figure in the foreground sacrificing himself for his sufferers, followed by the central group of determined comrades through whose courage and fearlessness is encouraged. The German Democratic Republic used these sculptures to reaffirm its claim to the historical and political legacy of the anti-fascist struggle for freedom. Claudia Cobizev was a Moldovan sculptor, whose work was known for its sensitive portrayals of women and children. Her most notable work

511-672: A hospital, and a noted Art Deco sports stadium ( Stadionul Republicii ). This also involved evicting 40,000 people after a single day's notice and relocating them to new homes, in order to make way for the grandiose Centrul Civic and the House of the Republic, now officially renamed as the Palace of the Parliament . Prior to starting to demolish the old historical town of Bucharest in order to build Centrul Civic, Bucharest (and other cities and towns throughout

584-514: A level of authority that had not existed since the early 20th century. In the decade immediately after the fall of the USSR, artists represented socialist realism and the Soviet legacy as a traumatic event. By the next decade, there was a unique sense of detachment. Western cultures often do not look at socialist realism positively. Democratic countries view the art produced during this period of repression as

657-629: A lie. Non-Marxist art historians tend to view communism as a form of totalitarianism that smothers artistic expression and therefore retards the progress of culture. In recent years there has been a reclamation of the movement in Moscow with the addition of the Institute of Russian Realist Art (IRRA), a three-story museum dedicated to preserving 20th-century Russian realist paintings. Hanns Eisler composed many workers' songs, marches, and ballads on current political topics such as Song of Solidarity , Song of

730-659: A little wider; it runs roughly east–west, making a grand approach to the Palace of the Parliament at its western terminus. A large balcony in the Palace surveys the entire length of the boulevard. Other streets included in the perimeter of Centrul Civic are, among others, Libertății (Liberty) Boulevard, Decebal Boulevard, Burebista Boulevard (unfinished), United Nations (Națiunile Unite) Boulevard, Octavian Goga Boulevard, Mircea Vodă Boulevard (partially), Nerva Traian Street (partially), Izvor Street, or Calea 13 Septembrie (partially). Centrul Civic includes numerous public offices and apartments,

803-476: A new privileged stratum...[which] has strangled artistic creation with a totalitarian hand...Even under absolute monarchy art was based on idealization, but not on falsification , whereas in the Soviet Union official art—and none other exists there—is sharing in the fate of official justice; its purpose is to glorify the "Leader" and to manufacture officially a heroic myth...The style of official Soviet painting

SECTION 10

#1732852228873

876-485: A reversal in policy known as " Khrushchev's Thaw ". He believed that artists should not be constrained and should be allowed to live by their creative talents. In 1964, Khrushchev was removed and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev , who reintroduced Stalin's ideas and reversed the artistic decisions made by Khrushchev. However, by the early 1980s, the Socialist Realist movement had begun to fade. Artists to date remark that

949-567: A working-class woman as its heroine. He battled against the enemies of socialism in the books Two Worlds , and Hands Off! . Bruno Apitz 's novel Nackt unter Wölfen , a story that culminates in the vivid description of the self-liberation of the detainees, was deliberately chosen to take place on the same day as the formal opening of the Buchenwald Monument in September 1958. The novels of Louis Aragon , such as The Real World , depict

1022-746: Is Cap de moldoveancă which was exhibited at the Paris International Exhibition to wide acclaim. In conjunction with the Socialist Classical style of architecture, socialist realism was the officially approved type of art in the Soviet Union for more than fifty years. In the early years of the Soviet Union, Russian and Soviet artists embraced a wide variety of art forms under the auspices of Proletkult . Revolutionary politics and radical non-traditional art forms were seen as complementary. In art, Constructivism flourished. In poetry,

1095-987: Is Dealul Mitropoliei (the Metropolitan Hill), with the Patriarchal Cathedral and Palace, the seat of the Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church . Centrul Civic is a complex of modern concrete buildings with marble façades, centered on a main boulevard originally meant to be Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (the Victory of Socialism Boulevard). Being renamed, after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, in Bulevardul Unirii (the Union Boulevard), it has been modeled after Paris's Champs-Élysées , though

1168-474: Is being described as "socialist realism"- the label could have been invented only by a bureaucrat at the head of an Arts Department." The impact of socialist realist art can still be seen decades after it ceased being the only state-supported style. Even before the end of the USSR in 1991, the government had been reducing its practices of censorship. After Stalin 's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev began to condemn

1241-412: Is guiding all the creative working energies of the country. One of the most famous authors during this time was Alexander Fadeyev . Fadeyev was a close personal friend of Stalin and called Stalin "one of the greatest humanists the world has ever seen." His most famous works include The Rout and The Young Guard . Stalin's adversary, Leon Trotsky , was highly critical of this rigid approach towards

1314-590: Is located in the Lithuanian Art Museum . Martin Andersen Nexø developed socialist realism in his own way. His creative method featured a combination of publicistic passion, a critical view of capitalist society, and a steadfast striving to bring reality into accord with socialist ideals. The novel Pelle, the Conqueror is considered to be a classic of socialist realism. The novel Ditte, Daughter of Man had

1387-597: Is usually considered to have been the first socialist-realist novel. Gorky was also a major factor in the school's rapid rise, and his pamphlet, On Socialist Realism , essentially lays out the needs of Soviet art. Other important works of literature include Fyodor Gladkov 's Cement (1925), Nikolai Ostrovsky 's How the Steel Was Tempered (1936) and Aleksey Tolstoy 's epic trilogy The Road to Calvary (1922–1941). Yury Krymov 's novel Tanker "Derbent" (1938) portrays Soviet merchant seafarers being transformed by

1460-667: The 14th FG ), four B-24s (three from the 460th BG , and one from the 451st BG which crashed in Turkey ). USAAF losses: eight B-24s (four from the 455th BG and two each from the 454th and 456th BG ). USAAF losses: two B-24s (451st and 461st BG). USAAF losses: one B-17 from 97th BG , and three B-24s (two from the 454th and one from the 98th BG ). USAAF losses: 1st FG lost 14 P-38s and 82nd FG nine aircraft, translating to 30% losses – equivalent to those of Tidal-Wave (but fewer manpower losses due to single crew aircraft being used as opposed to heavy bombers). USAAF losses: three B-24s (from

1533-516: The 719th BS , Consolidated Mess , Dixie Belle , Paper Doll #42-7691, Born to Lose , and B-24 #41-28655. The 376th , 454th , and 459th Bomb Groups each lost one B-24. Claims by the USSAF: destroyed/probable/damaged Luftwaffe aircraft were 32/6/5 Bf 109 , 6/5/1 Fw 190 , 1/0/0 Me 210 , and 0/2/0 Ju 88 . Lufwaffe and Royal Romanian Air Force (ARR) registered losses: 1 IAR 80 (ARR), 2 Bf 110 (ARR), 5 Bf 109 (Luftwaffe). USAAF losses: four P-38s (from

SECTION 20

#1732852228873

1606-677: The Grand Prize at the 1st Cannes Film Festival , and Bimal Roy 's Two Acres of Land (1953), which won the International Prize at the 7th Cannes Film Festival . The painter Aleksandr Deineka provides a notable example for his expressionist and patriotic scenes of the Second World War, collective farms, and sports. Yuriy Ivanovich Pimenov, Boris Ioganson and Geli Korzev have also been described as "unappreciated masters of twentieth-century realism". Another well-known practitioner

1679-471: The Marxist–Leninist ideology , such as the emancipation of the proletariat . Despite its name, the figures in the style are very often highly idealized, especially in sculpture, where it often leans heavily on the conventions of classical sculpture . Although related, it should not be confused with social realism , a type of art that realistically depicts subjects of social concern and was popularized in

1752-515: The New Economic Policy , there was a certain amount of private commercial enterprise, allowing both the futurists and the traditionalists to produce their art for individuals with capital. By 1928, the Soviet government had enough strength and authority to end private enterprises, thus ending support for fringe groups such as the futurists. At this point, although the term "socialist realism" was not being used, its defining characteristics became

1825-838: The Oil Campaign of World War II , but included a bombing by Nazi Germany after the 1944 coup d'état . Bucharest stored and distributed much of Ploiești 's refined oil products. The first operation was a sequence of 17 aerial bombardments, starting with the one of April 4, 1944. The bombings were carried out over a period of about 4 months by the United States Army Air Forces and the British Royal Air Force , with approximately 3,640 bombers of different types, accompanied by about 1,830 fighters . As collateral damage , 5,524 inhabitants were killed, 3,373 were injured, and 47,974 were left homeless. The second operation

1898-554: The Russian Empire at the time, Znamierowski was of Polish descent and Lithuanian citizenship, a country where he lived for most of his life and died. He excelled in landscapes and social realism, and held many exhibitions. Znamierowski was also widely published in national newspapers, magazines and books. His more notable paintings include Before Rain (1930), Panorama of Vilnius City (1950), The Green Lake (1955), and In Klaipeda Fishing Port (1959). A large collection of his art

1971-707: The Stakhanovite movement . Thol , a novel by D. Selvaraj in Tamil is a standing example of Marxist Realism in India. It won a literary award ( Sahithya Akademi ) for the year 2012. Sculptor Fritz Cremer created a series of monuments commemorating the victims of the National Socialist regime in the former concentration camps Auschwitz , Buchenwald , Mauthausen and Ravensbrück . His bronze monument in Buchenwald, depicting

2044-422: The aftermath of World War II , socialist realism was adopted by the communist states that were politically aligned with the Soviet Union . The primary official objective of socialist realism was "to depict reality in its revolutionary development" although no formal guidelines concerning style or subject matter were provided. It was usually characterized by unambiguous narratives or iconography relating to

2117-493: The 455th BG, one from the 461st BG), one P-51 from the 332nd FG . Socialist Realism Socialist realism was the official cultural doctrine of the Soviet Union that mandated an idealized representation of life under socialism in literature and the visual arts . The doctrine was first proclaimed by the First Congress of Soviet Writers in 1934 as approved method for Soviet cultural production in all media . In

2190-414: The 485th BG). USAAF losses: two B-24s (451st and 461st BG). USAAF losses: four P-51s (two from 52nd FG , one each from 31st and 325th FG), two B-24s (451st and 376th BG). ARR claimed 45 German aircraft shot down (22 by fighters and 23 by the anti-aircraft artillery ), including three Me 323 Gigants and four Ju 52s transporting Brandenburgers special forces. Another five aircraft were destroyed on

2263-511: The Bolsheviks. Shortly after the Bolsheviks took control, Anatoly Lunacharsky was appointed as head of Narkompros , the People's Commissariat for Enlightenment. This put Lunacharsky in the position of deciding the direction of art in the newly created Soviet state. Although Lunacharsky did not dictate a single aesthetic model for Soviet artists to follow, he developed a system of aesthetics based on

Centrul Civic - Misplaced Pages Continue

2336-571: The Communist Party, and the poputchicks (such as Boris Pasternak and Andrei Bely ). In August 1934, the union held its first congress where Gorky said: The Writers' Union is not being created merely for the purpose of bodily uniting all artists of the pen, but so that professional unification may enable them to comprehend their corporate strength, to define with all possible clarity their varied tendencies, creative activity, guiding principles, and harmoniously to merge all aims in that unity which

2409-543: The Russian Social Realist movement as the most oppressive and shunned period of Soviet Art. The Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia ( AKhRR ) was established in 1922 and was one of the most influential artist groups in the USSR. The AKhRR worked to truthfully document contemporary life in Russia by utilizing "heroic realism". The term "heroic realism" was the beginning of the socialist realism archetype. AKhRR

2482-400: The Soviet Union against foreign invaders: Alexander Nevsky by Eisenstein , Minin and Pozharsky by Pudovkin , and Bogdan Khmelnitsky by Savchenko. Soviet politicians were the subjects in films such as Yutkevich 's trilogy of movies about Lenin. Socialist realism was also applied to Hindi films of the 1940s and 1950s. These include Chetan Anand 's Neecha Nagar (1946), which won

2555-461: The Stalin period, they produced numerous heroic portraits of Stalin to serve his cult of personality —all in the most realistic fashion possible. The most important thing for a socialist realist artist was not artistic integrity but adherence to party doctrine, thus creating a singular utopian aesthetic. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines socialist realism as "a Marxist aesthetic theory calling for

2628-621: The United Front , and Song of the Comintern . He was a founder of a new style of revolutionary song for the masses. He also composed works in larger forms such as Requiem for Lenin . Eisler's most important works include the cantatas German Symphony , Serenade of the Age and Song of Peace . Eisler combines features of revolutionary songs with varied expression. His symphonic music is known for its complex and subtle orchestration. Closely associated with

2701-456: The United States during the 1930s, or other forms of "realism" in the visual arts . Socialist realism was made with an extremely literal and obvious meaning, usually showing an idealized Soviet society . Socialist realism was usually devoid of complex artistic meaning or interpretation. Socialist realism was the predominant form of approved art in the Soviet Union from its development in

2774-461: The arts. He viewed cultural conformity as an expression of Stalinism in which "the literary schools were strangled one after the other" and the method of command extended across various areas from scientific agriculture to music. Overall, he regarded socialist realism to be an arbitrary construct of the Stalinist bureaucracy. "In that victorious revolution, there is not only the revolution, but also

2847-417: The beauty of work, the achievements of the collective and the individual for the good of the whole. The artwork would often feature an easily discernible educational message. The artist could not, however, portray life just as they saw it because anything that reflected poorly on Communism had to be omitted. People who could not be shown as either wholly good or wholly evil could not be used as characters. Art

2920-405: The characteristics of socialist realism in an ironic fashion. This was completely different from what existed only a couple of decades before. Once artists broke from the socialist realist mould, there was a significant power shift. Artists began including subjects that could not exist according to Soviet ideals. Now that the power over appearances was taken away from the government, artists achieved

2993-578: The city's historic Jewish quarter ) once stood. A remainder of the former "Ceaușima" is the never-completed eastern large area between the Mircea Vodă Boulevard and Nerva Traian Street (10.7 hectares (26 acres)), where in 1989 had begun the construction of the National Centre for Creation and Culture, named after Cântarea României , an ensemble that would include seven performance halls, the first six with capacities between 550 and 2,100 seats, and

Centrul Civic - Misplaced Pages Continue

3066-740: The commercial spaces located on the ground floor of the respective buildings, as a result of the relatively low pedestrian traffic in the area, most of the small shops and restaurants that form the heart of Bucharest are to be found in the areas immediately to the north of Centrul Civic, in Bucharest Old Town . 44°25′37.65″N 26°5′41.90″E  /  44.4271250°N 26.0949722°E  / 44.4271250; 26.0949722 Bombing of Bucharest in World War II The Bucharest World War II bombings were primarily Allied bombings of railroad targets and those of

3139-437: The country) had already undergone Communist reconstruction, particularly in the 1970s, under the systematization programme which consisted of the demolition and reconstruction of existing villages, towns, and cities, in whole or in part, in order to make place to standardized blocks of flats ( blocuri ), as a result of increasing urbanization following an accelerated industrialization process. The construction of Centrul Civic and

3212-455: The demolitions necessary for it, however, were quite extreme even compared to other reconstruction communist programmes. The vast empty fields which emerged in the historic town during the demolitions of the 1980s were sarcastically called " Ceaușima " (a portmanteau of Ceaușescu and Hiroshima ). Concrete hulks of half-completed buildings (such as the new National Library of Romania ) long stood where historic buildings (including most of

3285-479: The didactic use of literature, art, and music to develop social consciousness in an evolving socialist state". Socialist realism compelled artists of all forms to create positive or uplifting reflections of socialist utopian life by utilizing any visual media, such as posters, movies, newspapers, theater and radio, beginning during the Communist Revolution of 1917 and escalating during the reign of Stalin until

3358-569: The early 1920s to its eventual fall from official status beginning in the late 1960s until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. While other countries have employed a prescribed canon of art, socialist realism in the Soviet Union persisted longer and was more restrictive than elsewhere in Europe. Socialist realism was developed by many thousands of artists, across a diverse society, over several decades. Early examples of realism in Russian art include

3431-523: The early 1980s. Vladimir Lenin , head of the Russian government 1917–1924, laid the foundation for this new wave of art, suggesting that art is for the people and the people should love and understand it, while uniting the masses. Artists Naum Gabo and Antoine Pevsner attempted to define the lines of art under Lenin by writing "The Realist Manifesto" in 1920, suggesting that artists should be given free rein to create as their muse desired. Lenin, however, had

3504-476: The early twentieth century. Leon Trotsky argued that cinema is a valuable means for propaganda and education and that it could be used to supplant the influence of the Orthodox Church in Russia . In the early 1930s, Soviet filmmakers applied socialist realism in their work. Notable films include Chapaev , which shows the role of the people in the history-making process. The theme of revolutionary history

3577-438: The ground. The ARR lost four aircraft in the air (including a friendly fire incident), and another 30 aircraft on the ground. The hangars, workshops and barracks of Băneasa were damaged and 15 aircraft were claimed destroyed on the ground. Otopeni sustained damages to both runways, administrative buildings, barracks, as well as one hangar, and 6 aircraft were claimed destroyed on the ground. USAAF losses: three B-24s (two from

3650-428: The human body that would later help to influence socialist realism. He believed that "the sight of a healthy body, intelligent face or friendly smile was essentially life-enhancing." He concluded that art had a direct effect on the human organism and under the right circumstances that effect could be positive. By depicting "the perfect person" ( New Soviet man ), Lunacharsky believed art could educate citizens on how to be

3723-574: The latter roughly equalling the housing units destroyed for its construction. The apartments were originally intended to house Romania's communist elite. In the Union Square, the boulevard bisects the Dâmbovița river , which is channelled at this point underground the Square. With its architectural uniformity, Centrul Civic stands out as a Socialist Realism style monument. Due to the lack of attractiveness for

SECTION 50

#1732852228873

3796-538: The liberation of this concentration camp by detainees in April 1945, is considered one of the most striking examples of socialist realism in GDR sculpture for its representation of communist liberation. Each figure in the monument, erected outside the campsite, has symbolic significance according to the orthodox communist interpretation of the event. Thus communists were portrayed as the driving force behind self-liberation, symbolized by

3869-481: The logical development of the store of knowledge mankind has accumulated under the yoke of capitalist, landowner, and bureaucratic society." Modern art styles appeared to refuse to draw upon this heritage, thus clashing with the long realist tradition in Russia and rendering the art scene complex. Even in Lenin's time, a cultural bureaucracy began to restrain art to fit propaganda purposes . Leon Trotsky 's arguments that

3942-399: The non-traditional and the avant-garde were often praised. These styles of art were later rejected by members of the Communist Party who did not appreciate modern styles such as Impressionism and Cubism . Socialist realism was, to some extent, a reaction against the adoption of these "decadent" styles. It was thought by Lenin that the non-representative forms of art were not understood by

4015-582: The norm. According to the Great Russian Encyclopedia , the term was first used in press by chairman of the organizing committee of the Union of Soviet Writers , Ivan Gronsky in Literaturnaya Gazeta on May 23, 1932. The term was approved in meetings that included politicians of the highest level, including Joseph Stalin . Maxim Gorky , a proponent of literary socialist realism, published

4088-421: The party were partiinost' (party-mindedness), ideinost (idea and ideological content), klassovost (class content), pravdivost (truthfulness). Ideinost was an important concept: not only was the work to embody an approved idea, but its content was more important than its form. This allowed the identification of formalism , a work in which the formal aspects of a work of art commanded more importance than

4161-425: The perfect Soviets. There were two main groups debating the fate of Soviet art: futurists and traditionalists. Russian Futurists , many of whom had been creating abstract or leftist art before the Bolsheviks, believed communism required a complete rupture from the past and, therefore, so did Soviet art. Traditionalists believed in the importance of realistic representations of everyday life. Under Lenin 's rule and

4234-417: The previous regime's practice of excessive restrictions. This freedom allowed artists to begin experimenting with new techniques, but the shift was not immediate. It was not until the ultimate fall of Soviet rule that artists were no longer restricted by the deposed Communist Party. Many socialist realist tendencies prevailed until the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s. In the 1990s, many Russian artists used

4307-502: The proletariat and could therefore not be used by the state for propaganda. Alexander Bogdanov argued that the radical reformation of society to communist principles meant little if any bourgeois art would prove useful; some of his more radical followers advocated the destruction of libraries and museums. Lenin rejected this philosophy, deplored the rejection of the beautiful because it was old, and explicitly described art as needing to call on its heritage: " Proletarian culture must be

4380-474: The rise of the labor movement was the development of the revolutionary song , which was performed at demonstrations and meetings. Among the most famous of the revolutionary songs are The Internationale and Whirlwinds of Danger . Notable songs from Russia include Boldly, Comrades, in Step , Workers' Marseillaise , and Rage, Tyrants . Folk and revolutionary songs influenced the Soviet mass songs . The mass song

4453-632: The seventh, dedicated to the National Opera , of 3,100 seats. Centrul Civic is surrounded all-around by old historical buildings and neighborhoods ( Lipscani street in particular is a famous old-fashioned street). Many churches, such as the Mihai Vodă Monastery , were moved rather than demolished, and the nearby Antim Monastery remains largely intact, although lacking its original eastern wing. Immediately next to Piața Unirii (the Union Square)

SECTION 60

#1732852228873

4526-436: The subject matter, or content. There was a prevailing sense of optimism, as socialist realism's function was to show the ideal Soviet society. Not only was the present glorified, but the future was also supposed to be depicted in an agreeable fashion. Because the present and the future were constantly idealized, socialist realism had a sense of forced optimism. Tragedy and negativity were not permitted, unless they were shown in

4599-566: The utopianism of communism and the Soviet state. Art became more than an aesthetic pleasure; instead it served a very specific function. Soviet ideals placed functionality and work above all else; therefore, for art to be admired, it must serve a purpose. Georgi Plekhanov , a Marxist theoretician, states that art is useful if it serves society: "There can be no doubt that art acquired a social significance only in so far as it depicts, evokes, or conveys actions, emotions and events that are of significance to society ." The themes depicted would feature

4672-561: The work of the Peredvizhnikis and Ilya Yefimovich Repin . While these works do not have the same political connotation, they exhibit the techniques exercised by their successors. After the Bolsheviks took control of Russia on October 25, 1917, there was a marked shift in artistic styles. There had been a short period of artistic exploration in the time between the fall of the Tsar and the rise of

4745-463: The working class as a rising force of the nation. He published two books of documentary prose, The Communist Man . In the collection of poems A Knife in the Heart Again , Aragon criticizes the penetration of American imperialism into Europe. The novel The Holy Week depicts the artist's path toward the people against a broad social and historical background. Maxim Gorky 's novel Mother (1906)

4818-593: Was Fyodor Pavlovich Reshetnikov . Socialist realist art found acceptance in the Baltic nations, inspiring many artists. One such artist was Czeslaw Znamierowski (23 May 1890 – 9 August 1977), a Soviet Lithuanian painter, known for his large panoramic landscapes and love of nature. Znamierowski combined these two passions to create very notable paintings in the Soviet Union, earning the prestigious title of Honorable Artist of LSSR in 1965. Born in Latvia , which formed part of

4891-513: Was a leading genre in Soviet music, especially during the 1930s and the war. The mass song influenced other genres, including the art song, opera, and film music. The most popular mass songs include Dunaevsky 's Song of the Homeland , Isaakovsky 's Katiusha , Novikov's Hymn of Democratic Youth of the World , and Aleksandrov's Sacred War . Discussions of film as a tool of the Soviet state began in

4964-414: Was developed in films such as The Youth of Maxim by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg , Shchors by Dovzhenko, and We are from Kronstadt by E. Dzigan. The shaping of the new man under socialism was a theme of films such as A Start Life by N. Ekk, Ivan by Dovzhenko, Valerii Chkalov by M. Kalatozov and the film version of Tanker "Derbent" (1941). Some films depicted the part of peoples of

5037-553: Was disbanded April 23, 1932 by the decree "On the Reorganization of Literary and Artistic Organizations" serving as the nucleus for the Stalinist USSR Union of Artists . Studio of military artists was created in 1934. The creation of Union of Soviet Writers was partially initiated by Maxim Gorky to unite the Soviet writers of different methods, such as the "proletarian" writers (such as Fyodor Panfyorov ), praised by

5110-510: Was executed by the German Luftwaffe in retaliation for Romania having changed sides (immediately after the fall of the fascist regime headed by Ion Antonescu ), and took place on August 23–26, 1944. USAAF losses: ten B-24s lost from enemy aircraft (flak was slight and inaccurate over the target), and 13 B-24s were damaged and returned. The 449th BG lost seven B-24s: from the 717th BS were Reluctant Liz , Miasis Dragon , and from

5183-426: Was filled with health and happiness: paintings showed busy industrial and agricultural scenes; sculptures depicted workers, sentries, and schoolchildren. Creativity was not an important part of socialist realism. The styles used in creating art during this period were those that would produce the most realistic results. Painters would depict happy, muscular peasants and workers in factories and collective farms. During

5256-575: Was sponsored by influential government officials such as Leon Trotsky and carried favor with the Red Army . In 1928, the AKhRR was renamed to Association of Artists of the Revolution (AKhR) in order to include the rest of the Soviet states. At this point the group had begun participating in state promoted mass forms of art like murals, jointly-made paintings, advertisement production and textile design. The group

5329-417: Was to create what Lenin called "an entirely new type of human being": The New Soviet Man . Art (especially posters and murals) was a way to instill party values on a massive scale. Stalin described the socialist realist artists as "engineers of souls". Common images used in socialist realism were flowers, sunlight, the body, youth, flight, industry, and new technology. These poetic images were used to show

#872127