30-588: Central Connector is the name of several proposed traffic schemes: Central Connector, Auckland , a bus rapid transit link between Britomart Transport Centre in the Auckland CBD, New Zealand, and the commercial suburb of Newmarket. Central Connector , a proposed but never constructed tollway of the Orlando-Orange County Expressway Authority , Orange County, Florida, USA Topics referred to by
60-830: A bus rapid transit link. It was expected to improve journey times by about 14 minutes for around 2,600 buses per week, about 65,000 passengers daily. Work began in April 2008 and is now finished. In November 2007 John Banks , the Mayor of Auckland City , ordered a review of the project as part of his promised crackdown on rate increases. It was decided to go forward with the project, in part due to it being expected to cost Auckland City (according to late 2007 estimates) only NZ$ 8.5 million, with Land Transport New Zealand paying $ 20.5 million in addition to Auckland Regional Transport Authority 's (ARTA) $ 13.7 million share. Banks' first Council, before its 2004 defeat by Dick Hubbard , had also first mooted
90-523: A path as well as the sidewalk. In the UK, the term " footpath " is mostly used for paths that do not abut a roadway. The term "shared-use path" is used where cyclists are also able to use the same section of path as pedestrians. Sidewalks have operated for at least 4,000 years. The Greek city of Corinth had sidewalks by the 4th-century BC, and the Romans built sidewalks – they called them sēmitae . However, by
120-557: A variety of vehicles including cars, motorbikes and bicycles. Sidewalk surfing was often used in the early 1960s to describe skateboarding . ) Contemporary sidewalks are most often made of concrete in North America, while tarmac , asphalt , brick , stone , slab and (increasingly) rubber are more common in Europe. Different materials are more or less friendly environmentally: pumice-based trass , for example, when used as an extender
150-529: Is a common problem with unsalted sidewalks. The ice forms a thin transparent surface film which is almost impossible to see, and so results in many slips by pedestrians . Riding bicycles on sidewalks is discouraged since some research shows it to be more dangerous than riding in the street. Some jurisdictions prohibit sidewalk riding except for children. In addition to the risk of cyclist/pedestrian collisions, cyclists face increase risks from collisions with motor vehicles at street crossings and driveways. Riding in
180-438: Is a path along the side of a road . Usually constructed of concrete, pavers, brick, stone, or asphalt, it is designed for pedestrians . A sidewalk is normally higher than the roadway , and separated from it by a curb . There may also be a planted strip between the sidewalk and the roadway and between the roadway and the adjacent land. In some places, the same term may also be used for a paved path, trail or footpath that
210-462: Is closed to private vehicle traffic during the day, creating a bus lane in each direction between 7am-7pm. This part of the project was reviewed after protests by councillor Ken Baguely. However, part-funding for the project by ARTA had been contingent on those operating hours. Most of the streets en route received substantial overhauls, with, for example, relaid footpaths . Ten pedestrian crossings were to be improved and enlarged, especially around
240-475: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Central Connector, Auckland The Central Connector (formerly called Auckland Central Transit Corridor ), is a bus route (mooted as a potential future light rail route) between Britomart Transport Centre in the Auckland CBD , New Zealand, and the commercial suburb of Newmarket . It has some aspects of
270-416: Is less energy-intensive than Portland cement concrete or petroleum-based materials such as asphalt or tar-penetration macadam. Multi-use paths alongside roads are sometimes made of materials that are softer than concrete, such as asphalt. Some sidewalks may be built like a Meandering Sidewalk. The meandering sidewalk is the wavy sidewalk that veers back and forth at the side of the road, no matter how straight
300-686: Is not next to a road, such as a path through a park . The term "sidewalk" is preferred in most of the USA & Canada . The term "pavement" is more common in the United Kingdom and other members of the Commonwealth of Nations , as well as parts of the Mid-Atlantic United States such as Philadelphia and parts of New Jersey . Many Commonwealth countries use the term "footpath". The professional, civil engineering and legal term for this in
330-638: Is required, as in historic town centers. For example, in Melbourne , Australia , bluestone has been used to pave the sidewalks of the CBD since the Gold rush in the 1850s because it proved to be stronger, more plentiful and easier to work than most other available materials. Pre-cast concrete pavers are used for sidewalks, often colored or textured to resemble stone. Sometimes cobblestones are used, though they are generally considered too uneven for comfortable walking. In
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#1732852172414360-670: The Great Fire of London in 1666, attempts were slowly made to bring some order to the sprawling city. In 1671, "Certain Orders, Rules and Directions Touching the Paving and Cleansing The Streets, Lanes and Common Passages within the City of London" were formulated, calling for all streets to be adequately paved for pedestrians with cobblestones . Purbeck stone was widely used as a durable paving material. Bollards were also installed to protect pedestrians from
390-520: The Middle Ages , narrow roads had reverted to being simultaneously used by pedestrians and wagons without any formal separation between the two categories. Early attempts at ensuring the adequate maintenance of foot-ways or sidewalks were often made, as in the Colchester Improvement Act 1623 ( 21 Jas. 1 . c. 34 ) for Colchester , but they were generally not very effective. Following
420-661: The Florida Department of Transportation, published in 2005, found that, in Florida, the Crash Reduction Factor (used to estimate the expected reduction of crashes during a given period) resulting from the installation of sidewalks averaged 74%. Research at the University of North Carolina for the U.S. Department of Transportation found that the presence or absence of a sidewalk and the speed limit are significant factors in
450-563: The USA and Canada is "sidewalk" while in the United Kingdom it is "pavement". In the United States, the term sidewalk is used for the pedestrian path beside a road. " Shared use paths " or "multi-use paths" are available for use by both pedestrians and bicyclists. " Walkway " is a more comprehensive term that includes stairs, ramps, passageways, and related structures that facilitate the use of
480-582: The USA) the amount of pedestrian traffic can exceed motorized traffic, and in this case the sidewalks can occupy more than half of the width of the road, or the whole road can be pedestrianized . Sidewalks may have a small effect on reducing vehicle miles traveled and carbon dioxide emissions. A study of sidewalk and transit investments in Seattle neighborhoods found vehicle travel reductions of 6 to 8% and CO 2 emission reductions of 1.3 to 2.2% Research commissioned for
510-653: The United States and Canada, the most common type of sidewalk consists of a poured concrete "ribbon", examples of which from as early as the 1860s can be found in good repair in San Francisco, and stamped with the name of the contractor and date of installation. When Portland cement was first imported to the United States in the 1880s, its principal use was in the construction of sidewalks. Today, most sidewalk ribbons are constructed with cross-lying strain-relief grooves placed or sawn at regular intervals, typically 5 feet (1.5 m) apart. This partitioning, an improvement over
540-660: The beginning of the century that saw Paris take its form renowned to this day. It was also a cultural phenomenon because all classes mixed on the new walkways. By the 19th-century large and spacious sidewalks were routinely constructed in European capitals, and were associated with urban sophistication. Sidewalks played an important role in transportation, as they provided a path for people to walk along without stepping on horse manure. They aided road safety by minimizing interaction between pedestrians, horses, carriages, and later automobiles. Sidewalks are normally in pairs, one on each side of
570-662: The continuous slab ribbon, was patented in 1924 by Arthur Wesley Hall and William Alexander McVay, who wished to minimize damage to the concrete from the effects of tectonic and temperature fluctuations, both of which can crack longer segments. The technique is not perfect, as freeze-thaw cycles (in cold-winter regions) and tree root growth can eventually result in damage which requires repair. In highly variable climates which undergo multiple freeze-thaw cycles, concrete blocks will be formed with separations, called expansion joints, to allow for thermal expansion without breakage. The use of expansion joints in sidewalks may not be necessary, as
600-489: The direction opposite to traffic in the adjacent lane is especially risky. Since residents of neighborhoods with sidewalks are more likely to walk, they tend to have lower rates of cardiovascular disease, obesity, and other health issues related to sedentary lifestyles. Also, children who walk to school have been shown to have better concentration. Some sidewalks may be used as social spaces with sidewalk cafés , markets , or busking musicians, as well as for parking for
630-426: The likelihood of a vehicle/pedestrian crash. Sidewalk presence had a risk ratio of 0.118, which means that the likelihood of a crash on a road with a paved sidewalk was 88.2 percent lower than one without a sidewalk. The authors wrote that "this should not be interpreted to mean that installing sidewalks would necessarily reduce the likelihood of pedestrian/motor vehicle crashes by 88.2 percent in all situations. However,
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#1732852172414660-416: The other hand, the implementation of schemes which involve the removal of sidewalks, such as shared space schemes, are reported to deliver a dramatic drop in crashes and congestion too, which indicates that a number of other factors, such as the local speed environment, also play an important role in whether sidewalks are necessarily the best local solution for pedestrian safety. In cold weather, black ice
690-496: The presence of a sidewalk clearly has a strong beneficial effect of reducing the risk of a 'walking along roadway' pedestrian/motor vehicle crash." The study does not count crashes that happen when walking across a roadway. The speed limit risk ratio was 1.116, which means that a 16.1-km/h (10-mi/h) increase in the limit yields a factor of (1.116) or 3. The presence or absence of sidewalks was one of three factors that were found to encourage drivers to choose lower, safer speeds. On
720-645: The project to replace the tramway that was planned under Christine Fletcher 's council but cancelled under Banks'. The route runs from Britomart via Symonds Street to Karangahape Road then over Grafton Bridge to Khyber Pass Road in Newmarket. It passes through Auckland University 's City Campus on Symonds Street and past Auckland University of Technology 's City Campus on Wellesley Street East , Auckland City Hospital , Auckland University's Grafton Campus, Auckland Domain , and Grafton Railway Station , all important public transport destinations. Grafton Bridge
750-433: The road, with the center section of the road for motorized vehicles. Crosswalks provide pedestrians a space to cross between the two sides of the street at predictable locations. On rural roads, sidewalks may not be present as the amount of traffic (pedestrian or motorized) may not be enough to justify separating the two. In suburban and urban areas, sidewalks are more common. In town and city centers (known as downtown in
780-430: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Central Connector . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Connector&oldid=355943517 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
810-517: The separation. The corporation was also made responsible for the regular upkeep of the roads, including their cleaning and repair, for which they charged a tax from 1766. Another turning point was the construction of Paris's Pont Neuf (1578–1606) which set several trends including wide, raised sidewalks separating pedestrians from the road traffic, plus the first Parisian bridge without houses built on it, and its generous width plus elegant, durable design that immediately became popular for promenading at
840-664: The street. These sidewalks are common in North America and are used to break up the monotonous alignments of city blocks. In the 19th century and early 20th century, sidewalks of wood were common in some North American locations. They may still be found at historic beach locations and in conservation areas to protect the land beneath and around, called boardwalks . Brick sidewalks are found in some urban areas, usually for aesthetic purposes. Brick sidewalks are generally consolidated with brick hammers , rollers, and sometimes motorized vibrators . Stone slabs called flagstones or flags are sometimes used where an attractive appearance
870-462: The traffic in the middle of the road. The British House of Commons passed a series of Paving Acts from the 18th century. The 1766 Paving & Lighting Act authorized the City of London Corporation to establish foot-ways throughout all the streets of London, to pave them with Purbeck stone (the thoroughfare in the middle was generally cobblestone) and to raise them above the street level with kerbs forming
900-513: The university. The changes included the closure of Alfred Street, a side street off Symonds Street bisecting the university campus in that area, to all traffic except Link and City Circuit buses from the end of 2006, and new canopies over footpaths in the university areas. Sidewalk A sidewalk ( American English and Canadian English ), pavement ( British English ), footpath in Australia, India, New Zealand and Ireland, or footway
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