62-504: The Celtic Media Festival , formerly known as the Celtic Film and Television Festival , aims to promote the languages and cultures of the Celtic nations in film, on television, radio and new media. The festival is an annual three-day celebration of broadcasting and film from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, Isle of Man, Galicia, Cornwall and Brittany . The festival was founded in 1980. The festival
124-516: A cultural area and collection of geographical regions in Northwestern Europe where the Celtic languages and cultural traits have survived. The term nation is used in its original sense to mean a people who share a common identity and culture and are identified with a traditional territory. The six regions widely considered Celtic countries in modern times are Brittany ( Breizh ), Cornwall ( Kernow ), Ireland ( Éire ),
186-576: A Celtic language that encapsulates the spirit of the Celtic Media Festival. The Celtic Media Festival has been chaired by representatives from the broadcasting industry: Irish Chairs: Scottish Chairs: Welsh Chairs: This article about a European film festival is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a British festival is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Celtic nations The Celtic nations or Celtic countries are
248-540: A Celtic presence in their territories. Unlike the others, no Celtic language is attested there, unlike Celtiberia , and has been spoken in modern times. Similar evidence of Celtic influence exists across Europe in various regions of countries such as Italy , Austria , or the Czech Republic . The concept of the Celtic nations is widely promoted by pan-Celtic movements, including political and cultural organizations like
310-522: A city on the site of modern Prague, and some of its ruins are now a tourist attraction. There are claims among modern Czechs that the Czech people are as much descendants of the Boii as they are from the later Slavic invaders (as well as the historical Germanic peoples of Czech lands). This claim may not only be political: according to a 2000 study by Semino, 35.6% of Czech males have y-chromosome haplogroup R1b , which
372-771: A larger semi-annual magazine, Keltoi: A Pan-Celtic Review ,from 2006 to 2008. CLAB also produced a wall calendar each year, with art from members, appropriate quotations, and anniversaries; publication ceased with the 2008 issue. Other branches have published their own periodicals from time to time, but few have been very long-lived. Some of the more notable past and present members of the Celtic League have been Plaid Cymru leaders Gwynfor Evans and J. E. Jones , Scottish National Party leaders Winnie Ewing , Robert McIntyre and Rob Gibson , leader of Sinn Féin Ruairí Ó Brádaigh , prominent Breton exiles Yann Fouéré and Alan Heusaff ,
434-502: A limited status to the applicant nations [i.e., Galicia and Asturias] within the Celtic League." The AGM expressed that it "encourage[s] them in their efforts to develop the Celtic elements in their heritage" such that "from such areas, might come the support and understanding we need to pursue our aims more effectively" (in Spain, there are no surviving Celtic languages, although in Galicia there
496-430: A motion to support the general aims of Independence First , which aims for a referendum on Scottish independence . Nationality is indicated by letters after their names as so: An arrow indicates the editor relocated to one of the other Celtic countries. The presidency and vice-presidency ran from 1961 to 1971 and were then abolished. They were held by Gwynfor Evans ( W ) and Robert McIntyre ( S ) respectively for
558-470: A people that spoke Celtic languages and lived Celtic ways of life. Walloons occasionally characterise themselves as "Celts", mainly in opposition to the "Teutonic" Flemish and "Latin" French identities. Others think they are Belgian, that is to say Germano-Celtic people different from the Gaulish-Celtic French. The Canegrate culture (13th century BC) may represent the first migratory wave of
620-596: A region in modern Switzerland—succeeded the Halstatt era in much of central Europe. In the years between 1815, when vast industrial changes began to disrupt the old life-styles in Europe, and Canadian Confederation in 1867, when immigration of that era passed its peak, more than 150,000 immigrants from Ireland flooded into Saint John . Those who came in the earlier period were largely tradesmen, and many stayed in Saint John, becoming
682-514: A revival of interest in Celtic heritage across Galicia, Asturias, and northern Portugal. These regions actively participate in pan-Celtic events such as the Festival Interceltique de Lorient , where Galicia and Asturias are recognized alongside the six core Celtic nations. The annual Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World in Galicia, one of Europe's largest celebrations of Celtic music and culture, attracts performers and audiences from across
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#1732851095467744-574: A substantial number of native speakers. These are the Goidelic languages (i.e. Irish and Scottish Gaelic , which are both descended from Middle Irish ) and the Brittonic languages (i.e. Welsh and Breton , which are both descended from Common Brittonic ). Taken together, there were roughly one million native speakers of Celtic languages as of the 2000s. In 2010, there were more than 1.4 million speakers of Celtic languages. Formal cooperation between
806-696: Is a minority nationalist movement which seeks independence from the Spanish Kingdom and promotes a Celtic identity as a fundamental aspect of Galician culture). There are various diaspora branches, that play little part in the annual general meetings: A Patagonian branch was founded in the Chubut River Valley, Argentina (the location of y Wladfa , a Welsh colony), at the end of 2009; it remained active as of October 2011 , with Mónica Jones as secretary and her husband Michael Jones filling an unspecified post. Celtic League, American Branch (CLAB)
868-506: Is common among Celts but rare among Slavs. Celts also founded Singidunum near present-day Belgrade , though the Celtic presence in modern-day Serbian regions is limited to the far north (mainly including the historically at least partially Hungarian Vojvodina ). The modern-day capital of Turkey, Ankara , was once the center of the Celtic culture in Central Anatolia, giving the name to the region— Galatia . The La Tène culture —named for
930-463: Is conditioned by a different history and so we must not expect uniformity of thought, but instead allow diversity to express itself within the Celtic League. In this way, we may better recognise those areas of possible co-operation and eventually formulate a detailed common policy. With this we can work out which kind of relations between our communities will enable them to enjoy freedoms and liberties at both individual and community level." Politically,
992-552: Is in the south west of Great Britain, Wales in western Great Britain and the Gaelic -speaking parts of Ireland and Scotland are in the west of those countries). Additionally, this region is known as the "Celtic Crescent" because of the near crescent shaped position of the nations in Europe. The Celtic names for each nation in each language illustrate some of the similarity between the languages. Despite differences in orthography, there are many sound and lexical correspondences between
1054-554: The Alps to Umbria . According to the Recueil des Inscriptions Gauloises , more than 760 Gaulish inscriptions have been found throughout present-day France —with the notable exception of Aquitaine —and in Italy . The French- and Arpitan -speaking Aosta Valley region in Italy also presents a claim of Celtic heritage. The Northern League autonomist party often exalts what it claims are
1116-534: The Celtic League or International Celtic Congress . Each of the six nations has its own Celtic language . In Brittany , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales these have been spoken continuously through time, while Cornwall and the Isle of Man have languages that were spoken into modern times but later died as spoken community languages. In the latter two regions, however, language revitalisation movements have led to
1178-615: The Free Church of Scotland . Many of the place names in these two regions (such as the main cities of Dunedin and Invercargill and the major river, the Clutha ) have Scottish Gaelic names, and Celtic culture is still prominent in this area. Celtic League The Celtic League is a pan-Celtic organization, founded in 1961, that aims to promote modern Celtic identity and culture in Ireland , Scotland , Wales , Brittany , Cornwall and
1240-598: The Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway). Due to immigration, a dialect of Scottish Gaelic ( Canadian Gaelic ) is spoken by some on Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, while a Welsh-speaking minority exists in the Chubut Province of Argentina . Hence, for certain purposes—such as the Festival Interceltique de Lorient — Gallaecia , Asturias , and Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia are considered three of
1302-503: The Isle of Man ( Mannin , or Ellan Vannin ), Scotland ( Alba ), and Wales ( Cymru ). In each of these six regions a Celtic language is spoken to some extent: Brittonic or Brythonic languages are spoken in Brittany ( Breton ), Cornwall ( Cornish ), and Wales ( Welsh ), whilst Goidelic or Gaelic languages are spoken in Scotland ( Scottish Gaelic ), Ireland ( Irish ), and
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#17328510954671364-516: The Isle of Man as Mannin or Mann . When concluding against the inclusion of the historically Celtic regions Galicia and Asturias (Asturies) in Spain , the 1987 Celtic League Annual General Meeting stated that, because the Celtic League's specific function, "to work for the reinstatement of our languages ... and the attainment of ... political autonomy", must remain undiluted, "this AGM considers that it would be condescending and inappropriate to offer
1426-559: The Isle of Man – referred to as the Celtic nations ; it places particular emphasis on promoting the Celtic languages of those nations. It also advocates further self-governance in the Celtic nations and ultimately for each nation to be an independent state in its own right. The Celtic League is an accredited NGO with roster consultative status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (EcoSoc). The Celtic League presents its aims as including: "Each Celtic nation
1488-619: The Pontic–Caspian steppe , during the Bronze Age along with carriers of Indo-European languages like proto-Celtic . Unlike previous studies, large sections of autosomal DNA were analyzed in addition to paternal Y-DNA markers. They detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as
1550-491: The endonyms and exonyms used to refer to the Celtic nations. Modern-day Galicians , Asturians , Cantabrians and northern Portuguese claim a Celtic heritage or identity. Despite the extinction of Iberian Celtic languages in Roman times, Celtic heritage is attested in toponymics and language substratum, ancient texts, folklore and music . Most French people identify with the ancient Gauls and are well aware that they were
1612-570: The nine Celtic nations. Competitions are held between the Celtic nations in sports such as rugby union ( Pro14 —formerly known as the Celtic League), athletics (Celtic Cup) and association football (the Nations Cup —also known as the Celtic Cup). The Republic of Ireland enjoyed a period of rapid economic growth between 1995 and 2007, leading to the use of the phrase Celtic Tiger to describe
1674-478: The Celtic League has a specific function within Celtia , i.e. to work for the reinstatement of our languages to a viable position, and the attainment of sufficient economic, cultural and political autonomy to guarantee the survival of our civilisation into the 21st century. This emphasis on the languages of our six nations marks us now as distinct cultural communities, and therefore as distinct nations." Founded in 1961,
1736-461: The Celtic league seeks to create six sovereign states from the six Celtic nations it acknowledges as existing, associated in some way. There is some variation in the understanding of these aims, which ranges from annual general meetings (AGMs), to an actual federation along the lines of the Nordic Council . The 1987 Celtic League Annual General Meeting stated that it: "firmly reiterates that
1798-582: The Celtic nations is active in many contexts, including politics, languages, culture, music and sports: The Celtic League is an inter-Celtic political organisation, which campaigns for the political, language, cultural and social rights, affecting one or more of the Celtic nations. Established in 1917, the Celtic Congress is a non-political organisation that seeks to promote Celtic culture and languages and to maintain intellectual contact and close cooperation between Celtic peoples. Festivals celebrating
1860-704: The Celtic roots of all Northern Italy or Padania . Celtic tribes inhabited land in what is now southern Germany and Austria. Many scholars have associated the earliest Celtic peoples with the Hallstatt culture . The Boii , the Scordisci , and the Vindelici are some of the tribes that inhabited Central Europe, including what is now Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Poland and the Czech Republic as well as Germany and Austria. The Boii gave their name to Bohemia . The Boii founded
1922-783: The Celtic world. Irish was once widely spoken on the island of Newfoundland , but largely disappeared by the early 20th century. Vestiges remain in words found in Newfoundland English, such as scrob for "scratch" and sleeveen for "rascal." There are virtually no known fluent speakers of Irish Gaelic in Newfoundland or Labrador today, though memorized passages survive in traditional tales and songs. Canadian Gaelic dialects of Scottish Gaelic are still spoken by Gaels in parts of Atlantic Canada, primarily on Cape Breton Island and nearby areas of Nova Scotia . In 2011, there were 1,275 Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia, and 300 residents of
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1984-800: The English than they do with other 'Celtic' populations, with the Cornish in particular being genetically much closer to other English groups than they are to the Welsh or the Scots. The term Celtic nations derives from the linguistics studies of the 16th century scholar George Buchanan and the polymath Edward Lhuyd . As Assistant Keeper and then Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum , Oxford (1691–1709), Lhuyd travelled extensively in Great Britain, Ireland and Brittany in
2046-931: The Gaelic-speaking areas of Scotland (the Highlands and islands) from the Lowland Scots (i.e. Anglo-Saxon-speaking) areas. More recently, this term has also been adopted as the Gaelic name of the Highland council area , which includes non-Gaelic speaking areas. Hence, more specific terms such as sgìre Ghàidhlig ("Gaelic-speaking area") are now used. In Wales, the Welsh language is a core curriculum (compulsory) subject, which all pupils study. Additionally, 20% of schoolchildren in Wales attend Welsh medium schools , where they are taught entirely in
2108-591: The Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as "Yamnaya" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier Mesolithic hunter-gatherer or Neolithic farmer populations already existing in western Europe. Furthermore, a 2016 study also found that Bronze Age remains from Rathlin Island in Ireland dating to over 4,000 years ago were most genetically similar to modern Irish, Scottish and Welsh, and that
2170-628: The Isle of Man ( Manx ). Before the expansions of Ancient Rome and the Germanic and Slavic -speaking tribes, a significant part of Europe was dominated by Celtic-speaking cultures, leaving behind a legacy of Celtic cultural traits. Territories in north-western Iberia —particularly northern Portugal , Galicia , Asturias , León , and Cantabria (together historically referred to as Gallaecia and Astures ), covering north-central Portugal and northern Spain— are not considered Celtic nations despite having had
2232-500: The Welsh language. In the Republic of Ireland , all school children study Irish as one of the three core subjects until the end of secondary school, and 7.4% of primary school education is through Irish medium education, which is part of the Gaelscoil movement. In the Isle of Man, there is one Manx-medium primary school, and all schoolchildren have the opportunity to learn Manx. Parts of
2294-421: The Welsh nationalist political party Plaid Cymru at the time. Interest was expressed by Scottish parties, and also by Breton nationalists. There are six main, national branches of the Celtic League in the six Celtic countries, generally known by the Celtic language names of their countries: Ireland is known as Éire , Scotland as Alba , Wales as Cymru , Brittany as Breizh , Cornwall as Kernow and
2356-458: The adoption of these languages by adults and produced a number of native speakers. Ireland, Wales, Brittany and Scotland contain areas where a Celtic language is used on a daily basis; in Ireland these areas are called the Gaeltacht ; in Wales Y Fro Gymraeg , Breizh-Izel (Lower Brittany) in western Brittany and Breizh-Uhel (Upper Brittany) in eastern Brittany. Generally these communities are in
2418-508: The backbone of its builders. But when the Great Famine raged between 1845 and 1852, huge waves of Famine refugees flooded these shores. It is estimated that between 1845 and 1847, some 30,000 arrived, more people than were living in the city at the time. In 1847, dubbed "Black 47," one of the worst years of the Famine, some 16,000 immigrants, most of them from Ireland, arrived at Partridge Island ,
2480-512: The core of the genome of insular Celtic populations was established by this time. In 2015 a genetic study of the United Kingdom showed that there is no unified 'Celtic' genetic identity compared to 'non-Celtic' areas. The 'Celtic' areas of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and Cornwall) show the most genetic differences among each other. The data shows that Scottish and Cornish populations share greater genetic similarity with
2542-518: The country. Aspirations for Scotland to achieve a similar economic performance to that of Ireland led the Scotland First Minister Alex Salmond to set out his vision of a Celtic Lion economy for Scotland , in 2007. A Y-DNA study by an Oxford University research team in 2006 claimed that the majority of Britons, including many of the English, are descended from a group of tribes which arrived from Iberia around 5000 BC, before
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2604-712: The culture of the Celtic nations include the Festival Interceltique de Lorient ( Brittany ), Ortigueira's Festival of Celtic World ( Galicia ), the Pan Celtic Festival (Ireland), CeltFest Cuba (Havana, Cuba), the National Celtic Festival ( Portarlington , Australia), the Celtic Media Festival (showcasing film and television from the Celtic nations), and the Eisteddfod (Wales). Inter-Celtic music festivals include Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and
2666-552: The historian and writer Peter Berresford Ellis , writer Bernard Le Nail , and Manx language revivalist Brian Stowell . American author and linguist Alexei Kondratiev was president of the Celtic League American branch. The Celtic League also campaigns for a united Ireland , and the return of the Loire-Atlantique department to Brittany . Over the years, the Celtic League has campaigned consistently in support of
2728-575: The immigration and quarantine station at the mouth of Saint John Harbour. However, thousands of Irish were living in New Brunswick prior to these events, mainly in Saint John. After the partitioning of the British colony of Nova Scotia in 1784 New Brunswick was originally named New Ireland with the capital to be in Saint John . In New Zealand, the southern regions of Otago and Southland were settled by
2790-409: The languages and peoples of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland was accepted from the 18th century and is widely used today. These areas of Europe are sometimes referred to as the "Celt belt" or "Celtic fringe" because of their location generally on the western edges of the continent, and of the states they inhabit (e.g. Brittany is in the northwest of France, Cornwall
2852-635: The languages in Celtic nations, and for the return of ancient artefacts, removed from Celtic countries to museums outside of these areas – amongst these are the Lewis chessmen and the Chronicles of Mann . The Manx branch of the Celtic League successfully campaigned for the Calf of Man island to be transferred from the National Trust of England , Wales and Northern Ireland to the local Manx National Heritage . In
2914-615: The late 17th and early 18th centuries. Noting the similarity between the languages of Brittany, Cornwall and Wales, which he called " P-Celtic " or Brythonic , the languages of Ireland, the Isle of Man and Scotland, which he called " Q-Celtic " or Goidelic , and between the two groups, Lhuyd published Archaeologia Britannica: an Account of the Languages, Histories and Customs of Great Britain, from Travels through Wales, Cornwall, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland in 1707. His Archaeologia Britannica concluded that all six languages derived from
2976-582: The mid-1990s, the Celtic League started a campaign to have the word " Alba " on the Scottish football and rugby tops. Since 2005, the Scottish Football Association have supported the use of Scottish Gaelic on their teams's strip in recognition of the language's revival in Scotland. However, the SRU is still being lobbied to have "Alba" on the national rugby strip. The Celtic League has also passed
3038-650: The northern Iberian Peninsula, namely Galicia , Cantabria , Asturias in Spain, and the North Region, Portugal , also lay claim to a Celtic heritage. These regions are not traditionally included among the six primary "Celtic nations" due to the absence of a living Celtic language; however, archaeological and historical evidence points to a significant Celtic influence, particularly in the ancient region of Gallaecia , which encompassed modern Galicia and northern Portugal. Numerous archaeological findings, such as castros (hill forts) and artifacts bearing Celtic motifs, support
3100-480: The only regular publication carrying all six Celtic languages. The Celtic League, American Branch (CLAB) prints its own quarterly newsletter, Six Nations, One Soul , as of October 2011 which provides news of branch activities and events within the Celtic communities in the United States, publishes letters from members, and reviews books and recordings of Celtic interest. CLAB published at least six issues of
3162-796: The presence of Celtic-speaking cultures in Gallaecia dating back to at least the Iron Age. Classical sources, including Strabo and Pomponius Mela, described the Gallaeci and Astures tribes as Celtic, noting similarities in cultural practices and languages with the broader Celtic world. While no Celtic language has been spoken in northern Iberia since the early Middle Ages, traces of a Celtic linguistic substratum persist in local place names and vocabulary. Toponyms with Celtic roots, such as those ending in "-briga" (meaning "fortress" or "hill"), are common in Galicia and northern Portugal. In recent decades, there has been
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#17328510954673224-513: The present Celtic League grew out of various other pan-Celtic organisations, particularly the Celtic Congress , but with a more political emphasis. Previously, Hugh MacDiarmid and others had suggested something along the same lines. The Celtic League was started at the 1961 National Eisteddfod of Wales , which was held at Rhosllannerchrugog near Wrexham in northeast Wales . Two of the founding members were Gwynfor Evans and J. E. Jones , who were respectively president and secretary-general of
3286-453: The production of bronze artifacts, including ornaments, to the western groups of the Tumulus culture ( Central Europe , 1600–1200 BC). La Tène cultural material appeared over a large area of mainland Italy, the southernmost example being the Celtic helmet from Canosa di Puglia . Italy is home to Lepontic , the oldest attested Celtic language (from the 6th century BC). Anciently spoken in Switzerland and in Northern-Central Italy , from
3348-439: The proto-Celtic population from the northwest part of the Alps that, through the Alpine passes , had already penetrated and settled in the western Po valley between Lake Maggiore and Lake Como ( Scamozzina culture ). It has also been proposed that a more ancient proto-Celtic presence can be traced back to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age (16th–15th century BC), when North Westwern Italy appears closely linked regarding
3410-452: The province considered a Gaelic language their "mother tongue." Patagonian Welsh is spoken principally in Y Wladfa in the Chubut Province of Patagonia , with sporadic speakers elsewhere in Argentina . Estimates of the number of Welsh speakers range from 1,500 to 5,000. The Celtic languages form a branch of the greater Indo-European language family . SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained
3472-419: The same root. Lhuyd theorised that the root language descended from the languages spoken by the Iron Age tribes of Gaul , whom Greek and Roman writers called Celtic . Having defined the languages of those areas as Celtic, the people living in them and speaking those languages became known as Celtic too. There is some dispute as to whether Lhuyd's theory is correct. Nevertheless, the term Celtic to describe
3534-401: The spread of Celtic culture into western Europe. However, three major later genetic studies have largely invalidated these claims, instead showing that haplogroup R1b in western Europe, most common in traditionally Celtic-speaking areas of Atlantic Europe like Ireland and Brittany , would have largely expanded in massive migrations from the Indo-European homeland , the Yamnaya culture in
3596-426: The west of their countries and in more isolated upland or island areas. Welsh, however, is much more widespread, with much of the north and west speaking it as a first language, or equally alongside English. Public signage is in dual languages throughout Wales and it is now a requirement to possess at least basic Welsh in order to be employed by the Welsh Government . The term Gàidhealtachd historically distinguished
3658-458: Was active with a website, Celtic-League.org (operated from the Isle of Man), from 2004 through 2010. There has been a separate England Branch, based in London , active at least from 2004 to 2007. There used to be a branch in Cape Breton Island , Canada, where a small Scottish Gaelic -speaking community still exists; this branch was moribund as of October 2011 , though various consultations had taken place in efforts to restart it. The branch
3720-423: Was first held in 1980, on the Scottish islands of South Uist and Benbecula . The 30th festival was held in March 2009 in Caernarfon , Wales. The 40th festival was held in Aviemore, Scotland. The festival presents the Torc Awards to the winners of 28 different categories. The festival also presents a Gold Torc to the winner of Spirit of the Festival Award - a film or television programme wholly or substantially in
3782-455: Was founded in New York City in 1974, and has its own newsletter, but reported decreased activity as of October 2011 , the same year its domain name, CelticLeague.org, was lost to a cybersquatter . CLAB organized various annual events, including the Pan-Celtic Conference . There is a generalized International Branch for "[t]hose living far away from the national branches", including prospective Spanish members in Galicia and Asturias; it
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#17328510954673844-477: Was then recorded as being active by 22 January 2015. The Celtic League publishes a quarterly magazine, Carn , which highlights political struggles and cultural preservation issues. The articles are produced in the six Celtic languages in addition to English. The cover of the magazine is a map of the six Celtic countries with their respective Celtic-language names beside them. In the past, articles have appeared in French as well. For many years, Carn claimed to be
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