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102-521: The cave and the thermal spring have been known since ancient times, but Tapolca became a popular bathing place only after the Ottoman occupation of Hungary (16th-17th century). During this time the area belonged to the Greek Orthodox abbey of Görömböly ; the development of Tapolca into a bathing place was the idea of the abbot in 1711. He also brought doctors from Kassa , today Košice, Slovakia to examine

204-785: A "14th crusade". The formation of the League has been recognised as a turning point in Ottoman history. By forcing the surrender of the Empire on multiple occasions, it shifted the balance of power away from the Ottomans, leading to a diminished Ottoman presence in Europe and the subsequent dissolution of the League in 1699. The Ottoman Empire had annexed much of Eastern Europe under the control of grand vizier Mehmed IV through multiple successful conquests. After Poland’s surrender of most of Right Bank Ukraine in 1681

306-660: A basis for operations in Europe, the Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Constantinople fell in 1453 after the Battle of Varna (1444) and the Second Battle of Kosovo (1448). The remaining Greek states fell in 1461 ( Despotate of the Morea and Empire of Trebizond ) (see: Ottoman Greece ). In the latter half of

408-479: A century later with the partitions of Poland . The Great Turkish War started in 1683, with a grand invasion force of 140,000 men marching on Vienna, supported by Protestant Hungarian noblemen rebelling against Habsburg rule. To stop the invasion, another Holy League was formed, composed of Austria and Poland (notably in the Battle of Vienna ), Venetians and the Russian Empire , Vienna had been besieged by

510-599: A conspiracy to secede Hungary to the Ottoman Empire. This culminated in an attempt at communication with the Turkish Grand Vizier , which was only halted by the discovery of the conspiracy and the subsequent execution of the main conspirators, putting pressure on the Habsburgs to push back against the Ottoman presence in their western territory. Fearing further Ottoman advances into Europe, King John III Sobieski of Poland sought to form an alliance with Leopold I . This

612-515: A few days later Mustafa took Kyrenia without having to fire a shot. Famagusta, however, resisted and put up a defense that lasted from September 1570 until August 1571. The fall of Famagusta marked the beginning of the Ottoman period in Cyprus. Two months later, the naval forces of the Holy League , composed mainly of Venetian, Spanish, and Papal ships under the command of Don John of Austria , defeated

714-420: A letter. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with the Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. From 1490, after the death of King Matthias of Hungary , the royal power declined. In 1521, Hungary

816-507: A truce, and the two were yet to formally make peace; Russia also currently had control of previously Polish Kiev , making two barriers which had to be overcome before Russia were to join any alliance. Innocent XI had similar intentions, sending an envoy to Moscow in April, and in the following month he gifted money to the Cossacks under the pretense that more would be given if Russia were to join

918-522: The Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) , in which Austria conquered the remaining areas of the former Hungarian Kingdom, ending with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718. A war erupted again with Russia in 1735 and Austria in 1737. It lasted until 1739 when the Treaty of Belgrade was signed with Austria and the Treaty of Niš with Russia. The Sixth Russo-Turkish War started in 1768 and ended in 1774 with

1020-676: The Balkans and had reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople , which they later besieged . In 1393, the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman lost Nicopolis to the Ottomans. In 1394, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a new Crusade against the Turks, although the Western Schism had split the papacy. Sigismund of Luxemburg , King of Hungary, led this Crusade which involved several French nobles including John

1122-588: The Battle of Albulena in 1457 where the Albanian Army under Skanderbeg won a decisive victory over the Ottomans. In 1465 Ballaban's Campaign against Skanderbeg took place. Its goal was to crush the Albanian Resistance, but it was not successful and it ended in an Albanian victory. With the death of Skanderbeg on 17 January 1468, the Albanian Resistance began to fall. After the death of Skanderbeg,

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1224-607: The Battle of Bileća and then were forced to retreat. After the fall of Serbia in 1389 Battle of Kosovo , where the Bosnians participated through Vlatko Vuković , the Turks began various offensives against the Kingdom of Bosnia . The Bosnians defended themselves but without much success. The Bosnians resisted strongly in the Bosnian Royal castle of Jajce (the siege of Jajce ), where the last Bosnian king Stjepan Tomašević tried to repel

1326-569: The Battle of Djerba (1560). The Mediterranean campaign , which lasted from 1570 to 1573, resulted in the Ottoman conquest of Cyprus . A Holy League of Venice, the Papal States , Spain , the Knights of Saint John in Malta and initially Portugal was formed against the Ottoman Empire during this period. The League's victory in the Battle of Lepanto (1571) briefly ended Ottoman predominance at sea. In

1428-694: The Black Sea in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition. John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano organised a 1456 Crusade to lift the Siege of Belgrade . Æneas Sylvius and John of Capistrano preached the Crusade, the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance, and a league was formed between Venice, Florence and Milan, but nothing came of it. Venice

1530-600: The Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War . The Viceroy's army, chasing the fleeing remnants at Petrinja in 1595, sealed the decisive Croatian victory. As a result of heavy losses inflicted by the Ottomans in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, the Serbian Empire had dissolved into several principalities. In the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, Serbian forces were again annihilated. Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, constant struggles took place between various Serbian kingdoms and

1632-817: The Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century. The earliest conflicts began during the Byzantine–Ottoman wars , waged in Anatolia in the late 13th century before entering Europe in the mid-14th century with the Bulgarian–Ottoman wars . The mid-15th century saw the Serbian–Ottoman wars and the Albanian-Ottoman wars . Much of this period

1734-697: The Ottoman Empire for two months. The battle marked the first time the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Holy Roman Empire had cooperated militarily against the Ottomans, and it is often seen as a turning point in history, after which "the Ottoman Turks ceased to be a menace to the Christian world". In the ensuing war that lasted until 1699, the Ottomans lost almost all of Hungary to the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I . After winning

1836-712: The Pope formed a coalition between the Papal States , Malta , Spain , Venice and several other Italian states, with no real result. In 1573 the Venetians left, removing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church . Wars fought over Moldavia. The Polish army advanced into Moldavia and was defeated in the Battle of Ţuţora . The next year, the Poles repelled the Turkish invasion in the Battle of Khotyn . Another conflict started in 1633 but

1938-567: The Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Hungary , with remaining territories being in some sort of a vassal status towards Hungary, until its own conquest. The papacy regularly offered crusade privileges from the 1360s generating no significant military response against Muslims in the Mediterranean. The first revival of activity was a 1390 Genoese plan to seize the Tunisian port of Al-Mahdiya . Both

2040-527: The Republic of Venice began in 1463. A favorable peace treaty was signed in 1479 after the lengthy siege of Shkodra (1478–79). In 1480, now no longer hampered by the Venetian fleet, the Ottomans besieged Rhodes and captured Otranto . War with Venice resumed from 1499 to 1503 . In 1500, a Spanish–Venetian army commanded by Gonzalo de Córdoba took Kefalonia , temporarily stopping the Ottoman offensive on eastern Venetian territories. The offensive resumed after

2142-637: The Russo-Turkish wars , which further destabilized the empire. The final retreat of Ottoman rule began with the First Balkan War (1912–1913), and culminated in the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres after World War I, leading to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire . After striking a blow to the weakened Byzantine Empire in 1356 (or in 1358 – disputable due to a change in the Byzantine calendar), (see Süleyman Pasha ) which provided it with Gallipoli as

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2244-634: The Shah Suleiman of Persia rejected on the grounds that his troops were needed to defend Persia’s borders from Cossack raids. A similar request was made by the Archbishop of Naxivan at the turn of 1684, which was also rejected. The necessity of Persia to defend her borders from the Cossacks was removed when Russia joined the League, and on 20 July 1686 Innocent XI once more wrote to the Shah to encourage him to join

2346-559: The Sultan’s and Habsburg’s demands, and peace was not reached. Following this failure and the throning of a new Sultan , the Ottomans redoubled their military efforts and made no more attempts at diplomatic communication with the League for almost a decade. The territorial gains of the League continued, however, and the defeat of the Ottomans at the Battle of Zenta in September 1697 led to immediate calls for peace. Financial issues plagued

2448-674: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca . As a result of this treaty, the Crimean Khanate became a Russian client state . Another war with Russia started in 1787 and a concurrent war with Austria followed in 1788; the Austrian war ended with the 1791 Treaty of Sistova , and the Russian war ended with the 1792 Treaty of Jassy . An invasion of Egypt and Syria by Napoleon I of France took place in 1798–99, but ended due to British intervention. Napoleon's capture of Malta on his way to Egypt resulted in

2550-514: The Upper Rhine 1,500 and Sweden 1,000 as a guarantor of the imperial constitution . Despite not being a Christian nation, the League had allied with Persia and sought to invite them to join on multiple occasions, seeking to leverage the primarily Shiite Persians' history of opposition to the Sunni Ottomans. The first invitation was during the initial formation of the League in 1683, which

2652-405: The fall of Famagusta ( Cyprus ) in 1571, the defeat of the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571 (at that time the largest naval battle in history ), the fall of Candia ( Crete ) in 1669, the Venetian reconquest of Morea ( Peloponnese ) in the 1680s and its loss again in 1715. The island of Venetian-ruled Corfu remained the only Greek island not conquered by the Ottomans. In

2754-537: The 14th century, the Ottoman Empire proceeded to advance north and west in the Balkans, completely subordinating Thrace and much of Macedonia after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371. Sofia fell in 1382, followed by the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire Tarnovgrad in 1393, and the northwest remnants of the state after the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. A significant opponent of the Ottomans,

2856-508: The 19th century the buildings were in ruins. In 1837, the new abbot of Görömböly had the buildings restored and expanded. He also had the first indoor pool (though still outside the cave) built, but only for wealthy guests. In the early 20th century, the growing city of Miskolc bought the area from the Greek Orthodox Church not only because of the thermal water but also because of the drinking water source (which now provides half of

2958-474: The Albanian Resistance was led by Lekë Dukagjini from 1468 until 1479, but it didn't have the same success as before. Merely two years after the collapse of the Albanian resistance in 1479, Sultan Mehmet II launched an Italian campaign , which failed thanks to Christian recapture of Otranto and Sultan's death in 1481. The Ottoman Empire first reached Bosnia in 1388 where they were defeated by Bosnian forces in

3060-687: The Austrian efforts in the Great Turkish War. Multiple German principalities, which Leopold I did not have full control over, had pledged to aid the Holy League. Brandenburg , which had typically allied with France and resisted imperial control, pledged 7,000 men and 150,000 imperial thalers to the success of the League in 1685 following extensive negotiations between the Pope and Elector of Brandenburg, Frederick William . Similarly, Bavaria pledged 8,000 men, Cologne 2,900, Franconia 3,000, Swabia 1,400,

3162-625: The Battle of Vienna, the Holy League gained the upper hand and reconquered Hungary (Buda and Pest were retaken in 1686, the former under the command of a Swiss-born convert to Islam). At the same time, the Venetians launched an expedition into Greece , which conquered the Peloponnese . During the 1687 Venetian attack on the city of Athens (conquered by the Ottomans), the Ottomans turned the ancient Parthenon into an ammunitions storehouse. A Venetian mortar hit

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3264-613: The Cave Bath itself was opened only on 14 May 1959. Since then, the bath complex has been expanded several times. The outdoor pool and the characteristic, seashell-shaped roof before it were built in 1969. In the 1980s, new rooms and corridors were built, and warmer pools (34°C and 36°C) were constructed. The newest expansion of the bath complex started in 1998. 48°03′39″N 20°44′44″E  /  48.060826°N 20.745551°E  / 48.060826; 20.745551 Ottoman wars in Europe A series of military conflicts between

3366-596: The Empire bordered with Poland, the Habsburg Empire and the Tsardom of Russia . They assumed direct control over all of south-eastern Europe, and multiple free states such as Wallachia , Transylvania and Moldavia had become eyalet vassals of the Empire. Crete , Cyprus , and other Mediterranean islands of strategic importance had also been seized from the Venetian Republic . The culmination of Ottoman advances

3468-636: The Fearless , the son of the Duke of Burgundy, who became the Crusade's military leader. Sigismund advised the Crusaders to focus on defence when they reached the Danube, but they besieged the city of Nicopolis . The Ottomans defeated them in the Battle of Nicopolis on 25   September, capturing 3,000 prisoners. As the Ottomans pressed westward, Sultan Murad II destroyed the last Papal-funded Crusade at Varna on

3570-642: The Franco-Imperial wars assumed continental proportions. Francis I of France sought allies from all quarters, including from German Protestant princes and Muslims. Amongst these, he entered into one of the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire with Suleiman the Magnificent while making common cause with Hayreddin Barbarossa and a number of the Sultan's North African vassals. Since 1360s Hungary confronted with

3672-402: The Holy League. In response, Suleiman prepared 30,000 troops to march against the Ottoman Empire, claiming he “would take advantage of so favourable an opportunity.” He did not bring Persia to join the League, however. Following the formation of the League, the European powers made large territorial gains, in what has been called a “14th crusade” by von Hammer-Purgstall. The successes prompted

3774-566: The Holy Roman Empire, which enabled them to set up garrison in Hungary. Using an already-established military corridor, Ottoman officials could then pass into Hungary unimpeded, where they demanded tax from the Hungarian wealthy and elite. When the Habsburgs refused to intervene, the Hungarian trust in the Monarchy declined further; the combined effect of declining trust and growing Ottoman presence prompted

3876-422: The Hungarians. The Western part of the Hungarian Kingdom ( Partium ) was annexed and placed under direct Ottoman control. At the same time, there was another campaign against Austria between 1663 and 1664. Despite being defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard on 1 August 1664 by Raimondo Montecuccoli , the Ottomans secured recognition of their conquest of Nové Zámky in the Peace of Vasvár with Austria, marking

3978-479: The League in the days that followed its creation, so that Venice would receive all reconquered land in Dalmatia regardless. The name "The Holy League" has been called a propaganda term, which highlights the crusade-like nature of the war that the members waged. Negotiations for the Tsardom of Russia to join an alliance began in early 1684, when nuncio of Poland Girolamo Buonvisi had begun to reconcile relations with Russia. Previous territorial wars had concluded in

4080-429: The League. These attempts at diplomacy culminated in the Pope’s personal invitation in August to Tsarine Sophia , calling on Russia to join the Holy League; this was eventually accepted on 26 April 1686 after a peace treaty with Poland was made. Russia joined the League on the stipulation that they were to keep Kiev from the Polish in exchange for 1.5 million florins , with the requirement that they were to begin war with

4182-496: The Maltese forts. Delaying the Ottomans until bad weather conditions and the arrival of Sicilian reinforcements, made Ottoman commander Kızılahmedli Mustafa Pasha quit the siege. Around 22,000 to 48,000 Ottoman troops against 6,000 to 8,500 Maltese troops, the Ottomans failed to conquer Malta, sustaining more than 25,000 losses, including one of the greatest Muslim corsair generals of the time, Dragut , and were repulsed. Had Malta fallen, Sicily and mainland Italy could have fallen under

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4284-460: The Ottoman Empire in 1481. The Ottomans took much of Albania in the 1385 Battle of Savra . The 1444 League of Lezhë briefly restored one part of Albania, until Ottomans captured complete territory of Albania after capture of Shkodër in 1479 and Durrës in 1501. The Ottomans faced resistance from Albanians who gathered around their leader, Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg , son of a feudal Albanian Nobleman, Gjon Kastrioti who also fought against

4386-408: The Ottoman Empire to open diplomatic relations in 1688, where an envoy was sent to the Habsburg court, seeking peace. With their advantageous position, the Habsburgs put forward ambitious peace terms, centred around retaining territorial gains and the handover of Hungary's Emeric Thököly , leader of the nation's secessionist movements. Despite six days of negotiations, the envoy was unable to meet both

4488-427: The Ottoman Empire until that time. Stephen was defeated the next year at Războieni ( Battle of Valea Albă ), but the Ottomans had to retreat after they failed to take any significant castle (see siege of Neamț Citadel ) as a plague started to spread in the Ottoman army. Stephen's search for European assistance against the Turks met with little success, even though he had "cut off the pagan's right-hand", as he put it in

4590-423: The Ottoman Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary led several crusades, campaigns and carried out several defence battles and sieges against the Ottomans. Hungary bore the brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century and successfully halted the Ottoman advance. In the year of 1442, John Hunyadi won four victories against the Ottomans, two of which were decisive. In March 1442, Hunyadi defeated Mezid Bey and

4692-462: The Ottoman Empire. The turning point was the fall of Constantinople to the Turks. In 1459, following the siege, the temporary Serbian capital of Smederevo fell. Zeta was overrun by 1499. Belgrade was the last major Balkan city to endure Ottoman forces. Serbs, Hungarians , and European crusaders defeated the Turkish army in the siege of Belgrade in 1456. After repelling Ottoman attacks for over 70 years, Belgrade finally fell in 1521, along with

4794-411: The Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in one of the decisive battles of world history. The victory over the Turks, however, came too late to help Cyprus, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for the next three centuries. In 1570, the Ottoman Empire first conquered Cyprus , and Lala Mustafa Pasha became the first Ottoman governor of Cyprus, challenging the claims of Venice. Simultaneously,

4896-412: The Ottoman victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, only the southwestern part of the Kingdom of Hungary was actually conquered. The Ottoman campaign continued between 1526 and 1556 with small campaigns and major summer invasions – troops would return south of the Balkan Mountains before winter. In 1529, they mounted their first major attack on the Austrian Habsburg monarchy , attempting to conquer

4998-462: The Ottoman victory of Preveza (1538), fought between an Ottoman fleet commanded by Hayreddin Barbarossa and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III. In 1462, Mehmed II was driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula in the Night Attack at Târgovişte . However, the latter was imprisoned by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus . This caused outrage among many influential Hungarian figures and Western admirers of Vlad's success in

5100-566: The Ottomans besieged Vienna . Following the end of the siege and the liberation of the city by Polish forces, Sobieski wrote to Pope Innocent XI giving him his “unextinguished zeal in propagating the Christian faith”. Nevertheless, Innocent was wrought with anxiety, fearing that Vienna could not withstand another attack. He believed that without the help of Venice, there was no chance of repelling further Turkish advances. Venice had already voiced their desire to be part of an anti-Turkish alliance and desired to reclaim their Mediterranean territory from

5202-425: The Ottomans banned all Roman Catholic worship, converting previous Catholic churches to mosques. Prominent Christian figures at the time such as Pope Innocent XI and Friar Marco d'Aviano saw these advances as a foreign threat to Christianity. Concurrent to the imperialist threat was a growing secessionist movement in Royal Hungary. Under the rule of Leopold I, the Habsburg monarchy had allowed grievances against

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5304-419: The Ottomans before the end of 1686. Having revived their long-standing alliance with the Ottoman Empire, France had publicly declared that they would refuse to aid in defending against a Turkish invasion. Prior to the Treaty of Warsaw, King Louis XIV exerted control over the Polish diet through a paid French minority, which sought to stall Sobieski III's attempts at joining in an alliance with Leopold I. This

5406-445: The Ottomans in the Albanian revolt of 1432–1436 led by Gjergj Arianiti . Skanderbeg managed to fend off Ottoman attacks for more than 25 years, culminating at the siege of Shkodra in 1478–79. During this period, many Albanian victories were achieved like the Battle of Torvioll , Battle of Otonetë , siege of Krujë , Battle of Polog , Battle of Ohrid , Battle of Mokra , Battle of Oranik 1456 and many other battles, culminating in

5508-534: The Ottomans, however, an alliance with the Holy Roman Empire was complicated by tensions between the two states as a result of Venetian ambassadors taking advantage of Innocent XI’s goodwill and their privileges in Rome. Following the desire of Venice to join in an alliance, the Holy League was conceived of by Pope Innocent XI. Modeled after the Treaty of Warsaw, it compelled the members to mobilise their forces against an Ottoman threat exclusively, and to continue their campaigns until all members agreed to make peace. It

5610-407: The Ottomans. It was only through the backing of Pope Innocent XI that the Polish court would eventually sign this Treaty of Warsaw on March 31, 1683. This backing included a papal subsidy of 200,000 imperial thalers to Poland, the mobilisation of 60,000 Holy Roman troops, and the appointment of a Cardinal Protector for Sobieski III. The alliance was called into effect only six months later when

5712-403: The Parthenon, detonating the Ottoman gunpowder stored inside, partially destroying it. The war ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699. Prince Eugene of Savoy first distinguished himself in 1683 and remained the most important Austrian commander until 1718. The Fourth Russo-Turkish War took place in 1710–1711 in the basin of the Pruth river , as part of the Great Northern War . It

5814-434: The Polish advances significantly, as had financial issues and a lack of support from the Diet. Peace was officially made between the founding three members of the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire on January 26, 1699, through the signing of the Treaty of Karlowitz . While Russia would not sign the treaty, and would not agree to a truce for another year, this marked the end of the Ottoman threat to Vienna and Kraków and thus

5916-411: The Protestant Church in Hungary to go unpunished, which included the conversion of Protestant churches and the expulsion of their ministers. This Counter-Reformation movement saw the population of Hungary grow increasingly disillusioned with the Habsburg rule. This was heightened following the Treaty of Vasvár in 1664, when the Habsburgs refused to pursue retreating Ottoman forces beyond the borders of

6018-409: The Roman and Avignon popes awarded indulgences and the French king's uncle, Louis II, Duke of Bourbon , was the leader. There is little evidence of cross taking, and the exercise was more of a chivalric promenade by a small force. After a disease-ridden, nine-week siege, the Tunis crusade agreed to withdraw. After their victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, the Ottomans had conquered most of

6120-400: The Turks. The Ottoman army conquered Jajce after a few months in 1463 and executed the last King of Bosnia, ending Medieval Bosnia . The House of Kosača held Herzegovina until 1482. It took another four decades for the Ottomans to defeat the Hungarian garrison at Jajce Fortress in 1527. Bihać and the westernmost areas of Bosnia were finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1592. After

6222-412: The alliance. When this failed and the League went ahead, the Habsburgs were making large territorial gains and expanding their influence further into south-east Europe. In response, France attacked the Habsburg Empire in 1688, attempting to aid the Ottomans by creating a second front while expanding their influence in Europe. This Nine Years' War would go on to prolong the Ottoman surrender and cripple

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6324-475: The battle against the Ottoman Empire (and his early recognition of the threat it posed), including high-ranking members of the Vatican . Because of this, Matthias granted him the status of distinguished prisoner. Eventually, Dracula was freed in late 1475 and was sent with an army of Hungarian and Serbian soldiers to recover Bosnia from the Ottomans. There he defeated Ottoman forces for the first time. Upon this victory, Ottoman forces entered Wallachia in 1476 under

6426-407: The beneficial effects of the water. Three pools and an inn were constructed in 1723. The cave itself was not used yet, as the pools were outside. The water was colder than it is now, because the cold water springs of Tapolca (which now play an important role in providing Miskolc with drinking water) were used too. By the mid-18th century, after a short period of popularity, the bath was neglected and by

6528-438: The campaign. The defeat in 1456 at the siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) held up Ottoman expansion into Catholic Europe for 70 years, though for one year (1480–1481) the Italian port of Otranto was taken , and in 1493 the Ottoman army successfully raided Croatia and Styria . During the reign of King Matthias of Hungary , the standing professional mercenary army was called the Black Army of Hungary Matthias recognized

6630-406: The city of Vienna ( siege of Vienna ). In 1532, another attack on Vienna with 60,000 troops in the main army was held up by the small fort (800 defenders) of Kőszeg in western Hungary, fighting a suicidal battle. The invading troops were held up until winter was close and the Habsburg Empire had assembled a force of 80,000 at Vienna. The Ottoman troops returned home through Styria, laying waste to

6732-399: The city's water supply). In the following years, new public baths were built. In 1934, Tapolca was officially recognised as a spa town . In 1939, the construction of a new bathing house began. During the construction, several archaeological findings were unearthed, and a new, previously unknown water spring was found with a water temperature of 31.5°C. The thermal bath was opened in 1941 but

6834-409: The command of Mehmed II. Vlad was killed and, according to some sources, his head was sent to Constantinople to discourage the other rebellions. (Bosnia was completely added to Ottoman lands in 1482.) The Turkish advance was temporarily halted after Stephen the Great of Moldavia defeated the armies of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II at the Battle of Vaslui in 1475, one of the greatest defeats of

6936-409: The country. In the meantime, in 1538, the Ottoman Empire invaded Moldavia . In 1541, another campaign in Hungary took Buda and Pest (which today together form the Hungarian capital Budapest ) with a largely bloodless trick: after concluding peace talks with an agreement, troops stormed the open gates of Buda in the night. In retaliation for a failed Austrian counter-attack in 1542, the conquest of

7038-470: The end of the Holy League. The Treaty of Karlowitz guaranteed uti possidetis , meaning the powers of the League were able to retain all conquered land. The Habsburg Empire was able to reclaim Hungary from Thököly's Ottoman control, Venice reclaimed Morea and regions in Dalmatia, Poland regained Podolia and Russia regained parts of Novorossiya as well as Azak . The willingness of the Ottomans both in 1688 and 1697 to open diplomatic relations represents

7140-413: The era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacker Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for the Hungarians against the raiding Ottomans , and as a result, the Ottomans did not attack southern Hungary and Transylvania for many years thereafter. The Black Army recaptured Otranto in Italy from

7242-424: The fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into Ottoman hands in 1463, the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia remained unprotected, the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense. The Ottomans meanwhile reached the river Neretva and, having conquered Herzegovina ( Rama ) in 1482, they encroached upon Croatia, skillfully avoiding

7344-402: The formidable janissaries . These victories made Hunyadi a prominent enemy of the Ottomans and a renowned figure throughout Christendom and were prime motivators for him to undertake along with King Władysław the famous expedition known as the " Long Campaign " in 1443, with the Battle of Niš being the first major clash of this expedition. Hunyadi was accompanied by Giuliano Cesarini during

7446-455: The fortified border towns. A decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava Field shook all of Croatia. However, it did not dissuade the Croats from making persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces. After almost two hundred years of Croatian resistance against the Ottoman Empire victory in the Battle of Sisak marked the end of Ottoman rule and

7548-539: The greater part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The rebellion of Serbian military commander Jovan Nenad between 1526 and 1528 led to the proclamation of the Second Serbian Empire in modern-day Serbian province of Vojvodina , which was among the last Serbian territories to resist the Ottomans. The Serbian Despotate fell in 1459, thus marking the two-century-long Ottoman conquest of Serbian principalities. The wars with

7650-490: The greatest territorial extent of Ottoman rule in the former Hungarian Kingdom. The Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676) ended with the Treaty of Żurawno , in which the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded control of most of its Ukrainian territories to the empire. The war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate

7752-614: The holy undertaking and to knit together the alliance with indissoluble bonds, the allied Powers choose the Pope and his successors, as the common father of Christendom, for the protector, guarantor and representative of the alliance." The League stipulated that all members were to act independently, and that they would retain all land that their conquests allowed them. This proved difficult for Venice, who believed that they had insufficient foot troops and so Leopold I would reclaim previously Venetian land in Dalmatia . This prompted an amendment to

7854-507: The importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus , which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485, the Black Army consisted 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry in 1485. The Black Army was larger than the army of King Louis XI of France , the only other existing permanent professional European army in

7956-593: The late seventeenth century, European powers began to consolidate against the Ottomans and formed the Holy League , reversing a number of Ottoman land gains during the Great Turkish War of 1683–99. Nevertheless, Ottoman armies were able to hold their own against their European rivals until the second half of the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth century the Ottomans were confronted with insurrection from their Serbian (1804–1817), Greek (1821–1832) and Romanian (1877–1878) subjects. This occurred in tandem with

8058-403: The major but moderately successful Ottoman campaign of 1552 , two armies took the eastern part of central Hungary, pushing the borders of the Ottoman Empire to the second (inner) line of northern végvár s (border castles), which Hungary originally built as defence against an expected second Mongol invasion —hence, afterwards, borders on this front changed little. For Hungarians, the 1552 campaign

8160-405: The members of the League for the first year of its existence, and almost led to its dissolution at this early stage. Soon after its formation, Sobieski III had demanded increasing sums of money from Rome, with the message that they were necessary to further the war efforts that Poland was preparing. When Innocent XI refused, he was informed that Poland were to leave the League if they did not receive

8262-474: The money they demanded. Within a year, Innocent XI had donated over 1.5 million florins to Poland. This was in spite of their refusal to begin conflict with the Ottoman Empire, a fact which annoyed Innocent XI greatly and was enunciated by Cardinal Cibo in his letter, where he states "had these sums been used elsewhere, they would have been a great help, whereas in Poland nothing was done." These issues further strained

8364-449: The opposite side of Europe nearing the end of 1698, where the issue of the succession of the Spanish crown loomed; death of the childless Charles II of Spain was imminent and the rest of Europe saw a chance to claim part of Spain for their own. The Venetians were holding onto newly gained territory at a great cost, to which the only end was peace. The death of Sobieski III in 1696 had halted

8466-560: The raiding Ottoman army at the Battle of Szeben in the south part of the Kingdom of Hungary in Transylvania . In September 1442, Hunyadi defeated a large Ottoman army of Beylerbey Şehabeddin , the Provincial Governor of Rumelia . This was the first time that a European army defeated such a large Ottoman force, composed not only of raiders, but of the provincial cavalry led by their own sanjak beys (governors) and accompanied by

8568-434: The relationship between Poland and Rome until the former put their money to use and began conquest against the Ottoman Empire late in 1686. Under the terms of the League, it was to be terminated at the end of the war with the Ottomans. When peace was brought forward in 1697, the League was quick to accept and put an end to the war for multiple reasons. The members, especially the Holy Roman Empire, needed to relocate troops to

8670-436: The summer of 1570, the Turks struck again, but this time with a full-scale invasion rather than a raid. About 60,000 troops, including cavalry and artillery, under the command of Lala Mustafa Pasha landed unopposed near Limassol on July 2, 1570, and laid siege to Nicosia . In an orgy of victory on the day that the city fell—September 9, every public building and palace was looted. Word of the superior Ottoman numbers spread, and

8772-420: The third siege in which the fort was finally taken, but the aged Sultan died, deterring that year's push for Vienna. Ottoman forces invaded and captured the island of Rhodes in 1522, after two previous failed attempts (see Siege of Rhodes (1522) ). The Knights of Saint John were banished to Malta , which was in turn besieged in 1565. After a siege of three months, the Ottoman army failed to control all of

8874-583: The threat of an Ottoman invasion. The victory of Malta during this event, which is nowadays known as the Great Siege of Malta , turned the tide and gave Europe hopes and motivation. It also marked the importance of the Knights of Saint John and their relevant presence in Malta to aid Christendom in its defence against the Muslim conquest. The Ottoman naval victories of this period were in the Battle of Preveza (1538) and

8976-729: The unusual alliance of Russia and the Ottomans resulting in a joint naval expedition to the Ionian Islands . Their successful capture of these islands led to the setting up of the Septinsular Republic . Holy League (1684) Members of the Holy League: In the Holy Land (1095–1291) Later Crusades (1291–1717) Northern (1147–1410) Against Christians (1209–1588) Popular (1096–1320) The Holy League (Latin: Sacra Ligua) of 1684

9078-465: The western half of central Hungary was finished in the 1543 campaign that took both the most important royal ex-capital, Székesfehérvár , and the ex-seat of the cardinal, Esztergom . However, the army of 35–40,000 men was not enough for Suleiman to mount another attack on Vienna. A temporary truce was signed between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires in 1547, which was soon disregarded by the Habsburgs. In

9180-533: The young Serbian Empire , was worn down by a series of campaigns, notably in the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, in which the leaders of both armies were killed, and which gained a central role in Serbian folklore as an epic battle and as the beginning of the end for medieval Serbia. Much of Serbia fell to the Ottomans by 1459, the Kingdom of Hungary made a partial reconquest in 1480, but it fell again by 1499. Territories of Serbian Empire were divided between Ottoman Empire ,

9282-515: Was a coalition of European nations formed during the Great Turkish War . Born out of the Treaty of Warsaw, it was founded as a means to prevent further expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. This consolidation of a large portion of Europe's military might led to unprecedented military successes, with large areas of previously ceded land recovered in Morea , Dalmatia and Danubia in what has been dubbed

9384-404: Was a series of tragic losses and some heroic (but pyrrhic ) victories, which entered folklore—most notably the fall of Drégely (a small fort defended to the last man by just 146 men, and the siege of Eger . The latter was a major végvár with more than 2,000 men, without outside help. They faced two Ottoman armies, which were surprisingly unable to take the castle within five weeks. (The fort

9486-400: Was characterized by the Ottoman expansion into the Balkans . The Ottoman Empire made further inroads into Central Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, culminating in the peak of Ottoman territorial claims in Europe. The Ottoman–Venetian wars spanned four centuries, starting in 1423 and lasting until 1718. This period witnessed the fall of Negroponte in 1470, the siege of Malta in 1565,

9588-523: Was instigated by Charles XII of Sweden after the defeat at the Battle of Poltava , in order to tie down Russia with the Ottoman Empire and gain some breathing space in the increasingly unsuccessful campaign. The Russians were severely beaten but not annihilated, and after the Treaty of the Pruth was signed, the Ottoman Empire disengaged, allowing Russia to refocus its energies on the defeat of Sweden. The Ottoman–Venetian War started in 1714. It overlapped with

9690-471: Was invaded by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent , the border fortress Belgrade considered as the key and southern gate of the Kingdom of Hungary, after two previous sieges, the Ottomans captured this stronghold by the Third Siege of Belgrade . The Sultan launched an attack against the weakened kingdom, whose smaller army was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Mohács and King Louis II of Hungary died. After

9792-484: Was later taken in 1596.) Finally, the 1556 campaign secured Ottoman influence over Transylvania (which had fallen under Habsburg control for a time), while failing to gain any ground on the western front, being tied down in the second (after 1555) unsuccessful siege of the southwestern Hungarian border castle of Szigetvár . The Ottoman Empire conducted another major war against the Habsburgs and their Hungarian territories between 1566 and 1568. The 1566 siege of Szigetvár ,

9894-579: Was met by immediate controversy in the Polish Diet , where the pro-Ottoman French party held a significant minority. Further negotiations in the Diet led to violence among the senators, with the French party fearing an alliance would see French influence over Poland diminish. These fears were alleviated only slightly by the agreement that the alliance was only to be called upon if Vienna or Kraków were under threat from

9996-691: Was signed into effect on 5 March 1684 at Linz by representatives of the Holy Roman Empire under the rule of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Venetian Republic; all other Christian nations were invited to join as well. It was then sworn in by the Pope and most of the Cardinals of Rome on May 24, where the Pope became patron of the League. According to the alliance, "In order to impart greater strength to

10098-612: Was soon settled. Transylvania , the Eastern part of the former Hungarian Kingdom, gained semi-independence in 1526, while paying tribute to the Ottoman Empire. In 1657, Transylvania under George II Rákóczi felt strong enough to attack the Tatars to the East (then the Empire's vassals), and later the Ottoman Empire itself, which had come to the Tatars' defence. The war lasted until 1662, ending in defeat for

10200-412: Was supported by agents throughout Poland, who claimed that the Habsburgs sought Polish help with the intent of regaining Austrian land only. A conspiracy to install a French prince as Polish king was uncovered in 1692, which would have prevented the formation of the League entirely. King Louis XIV attempted to exert similar control over Leopold I himself, by sowing doubt in his mind over the necessity of

10302-471: Was the establishment of a military corridor from Constantinople , through Turkish-controlled Moravia and Belgrade , to the once-Habsburg fortress Érsekújvar in Royal Hungary . In the wake of this corridor was an inflow of Ottoman culture , including the construction of new schools, baths and mosques , in what Treasure has called a "Muslim penetration" into Europe. On the Venetian island of Chios ,

10404-452: Was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the Mediterranean, but it pursued the "Crusade" mostly for its commercial interests, leading to the protracted Ottoman–Venetian Wars , which continued, with interruptions, until 1718. The end of the Crusades, in at least a nominal effort of Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion, came in the 16th   century, when

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