15-454: See text Casuarina , also known as she-oak , Australian pine and native pine , is a genus of flowering plants in the family Casuarinaceae , and is native to Australia, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia , islands of the western Pacific Ocean, and eastern Africa. Plants in the genus Casuarina are monoecious or dioecious trees with green, pendulous, photosynthetic branchlets,
30-570: A seed, into roughly spherical, cone-like, woody structures. The roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules that contain the soil actinomycete Frankia . In Australia, the most widely used common name for Casuarinaceae species is sheoak or she-oak (a comparison of the timber quality with English oak ). Other common names in Australia include ironwood , bull-oak or buloke , beefwood , or cassowary tree . The Shire of Buloke in Victoria, Australia ,
45-473: Is a dioecious shrub with its leaves reduced to overlapping scales in whorls of five, the mature fruiting cones sessile and 9–13 mm (0.35–0.51 in) long, containing winged seeds 4.5–5.0 mm (0.18–0.20 in) long. Allocasuarina ramosissima is a dioecious, somewhat divaricate shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–1.2 m (1 ft 0 in – 3 ft 11 in). Its branchlets are erect 10–60 mm (0.39–2.36 in) long,
60-533: Is also an invasive plant in Bermuda , where it was introduced to replace the Juniperus bermudiana windbreaks killed by a scale insect in the 1940s. Casuarinaceae The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales , consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa , Australia , Southeast Asia , Malesia , Papuasia , and
75-422: Is named after the species Allocasuarina luehmannii . Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: Myricaceae ( outgroup ) Gymnostoma Ceuthostoma Allocasuarina Casuarina Allocasuarina ramosissima Allocasuarina ramosissima is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It
90-502: The Pacific Islands . At one time, all species were placed in the genus Casuarina . Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson separated out many of those species and renamed them into the new genera of Gymnostoma in 1980 and 1982, Allocasuarina in 1982, and Ceuthostoma in 1988, with some additional formal descriptions of new species in each other genus. At the time, it was somewhat controversial. The monophyly of these genera
105-1521: The Adelaide Botanic Gardens , and transferred some species previously included in Casuarina to the new genera. The species of Allocasuarina previously in Casuarina are: A. acuaria , A. acutivalvis , A. campestris , A. corniculata , A. decaisneana , A. decussata , A. dielsiana , A. distyla , A. drummondiana , A. drummondiana , A. fraseriana , A. grevilleoides , A. helmsii , A. huegeliana , A. humilis , A. inophloia , A. lehmanniana subsp. lehmanniana , A. littoralis , A. luehmannii , A. microstachya , A. monilifera , A. muelleriana , A. nana , A. paludosa , A. paradoxa , A. pinaster , A. pusilla , A. ramosissima , A. rigida , A. robusta , A. striata , A. tessellata , A. thuyoides , A. torulosa , A. trichodon and A. verticillata . The species of Gymnostoma previously included in Casuarina are G. chamaecyparis , G. deplancheanum , G. intermedium , G. leucodon , G. nobile , G. nodiflorum , G. papuanum , G. poissonianum , G. rumphianum and G. sumatranum and G. webbianum . C. cunninghamiana , C. glauca and C. equisetifolia have become naturalized in many countries, including Argentina , Bermuda , Cayman Islands , Cuba , China , Egypt , Israel , Iraq , Mauritius , Kenya , Mexico , Brazil , South Africa ,
120-640: The Bahamas , and Uruguay . They are considered an invasive species in the United States, especially in southern Florida where they have nearly quadrupled in number between 1993 and 2005 and are called the Australian pine. C. equisetifolia is widespread in the Hawaiian Islands where it grows both on the seashore in dry, salty, calcareous soils and up in the mountains in high rainfall areas on volcanic soils. It
135-470: The female spikes develop into "cones" with thin, woody bracteoles that extend well beyond the cone body. The cones enclose grey or yellowish-brown winged seed known as samaras . Casuarina are attacked by a range of herbivorous insects. The genus Casuarina was first formally described in 1759 by Carl Linnaeus in Amoenitates Academicae and the first species he described (the type species )
150-477: The leaves reduced to overlapping scale-like teeth 0.6–1.3 mm (0.024–0.051 in) long, arranged in whorls of five around the needle-like branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls are mostly 6–20 mm (0.24–0.79 in) long and 0.6–1 mm (0.024–0.039 in) wide. Male flowers are arranged in spike-like heads 1.5–2.0 mm (0.059–0.079 in) long, the anthers 0.6–0.7 mm (0.024–0.028 in) long. Female cones are sessile,
165-416: The leaves reduced to scale-like leaves arranged in whorls of 5 to 20 around the branchlets. The branchlets are segmented at each whorl with deep furrows that conceal the stomates . Male flowers are arranged along branchlets in spikes with persistent bracteoles , female flowers in spikes on short side-branches (effectively " peduncles ") that differ in appearance from vegetative branchlets. After fertilisation,
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#1732848795151180-422: The leaves reduced to small scales arranged in whorls around the branchlets, the male and female flowers arranged in separate spikes, the fruit a cone containing grey or yellowish-brown winged seeds. Plants in the genus Casuarina are dioecious trees (apart from C. equisetifolia that is monoecious), with fissured or scaly greyish-brown to black bark. They have soft, pendulous, green, photosynthetic branchlets,
195-516: The mature cones 9–13 mm (0.35–0.51 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) in diameter, containing dark brown winged seeds 4.5–5.0 mm (0.18–0.20 in) long. This sheoak was first formally described in 1964 by Charles Gardner who gave it the name Casuarina ramosissima in the Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia from specimens he collected near Dandaragan . It
210-511: Was Casuarina equisetifolia . The generic name is derived from the Malay word for the cassowary , kasuari , alluding to the similarities between the bird's feathers and the plant's foliage. The following is a list of Casuarina species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of April 2023: In 1982, Lawrence Johnson raised the genera Allocasuarina and Gymnostoma in the Journal of
225-763: Was later supported in a 2003 phylogenetic study of the family. In the Wettstein system , this family was the only one placed in the order Verticillatae. Likewise, in the Engler , Cronquist , and Kubitzki systems , the Casuarinaceae were the only family placed in the order Casuarinales. Members of this family are characterized by drooping equisetoid (meaning "looking like Equisetum "; that is, horsetail) twigs, evergreen foliage, monoecious or dioecious and infructescences ('fruiting bodies') strobiloid or cone-like, meaning combining many outward-pointing valves, each containing
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