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108-719: Cassette Kids are a Sydney-based band formed in 2007. They won the Unearthed Sydney 2008 Big Day Out competition and were nominated for a 2008 Unearthed J Award . Their song "You Take It" was a Triple J 's Ausmusic Month featured track and had a video made for it which has appeared on Channel V , MTV and rage . Another song, "Acrobat", was on high rotation on Triple J . In October 2008 they released their debut mini album We Are . The band have toured nationally with The Presets , as well as British pop singer Lily Allen , The Fratellis , Ben Lee , Bluejuice , The Music and New Young Pony Club . In October 2009, Cassette Kids released

216-498: A "punk" brand due to its fringe and often controversial music programming, especially in its early years. Journalists often point to the first song the station played as evidence of this– at the time, Skyhooks' "You Just Like Me 'Cos I'm Good in Bed" was denied from airplay at other Australian broadcasters due to its salacious content. Further, the station had been playing N.W.A 's protest song " Fuck tha Police " for six months before catching

324-489: A 105 hour vigil , and a public meeting that packed the Sydney Town Hall with angry listeners spilled out onto the street. Concern was expressed about the introduction of a more highly programmed music format, and the appointment of Chapman was seen as an indication of a more commercial direction. Management responded that to launch a national network meant that the station must broaden its then almost-exclusive focus on

432-583: A 5.4% share of the total radio audience, with 17% in the 18–24 age group, while the audience share of rival 2SM dropped by 2.3%. Despite the poor quality of reception caused by the Sydney transmitter, the station still saw rapid growth. Austin explained that station staff threatened industrial action in July 1975 due to the transmitter issues, but officials of the BCB still refused to meet with 2JJ representatives. A new transmitter

540-639: A Version – a weekly program which sees an artist perform an original and a cover song, Live at the Wireless – broadcasts of exclusive concert recordings, and Bars of Steel , a web series featuring up-and-coming rappers freestyling . News updates on Triple J are written and edited from a youth-oriented perspective. Hack , the station's flagship current affairs program, is broadcast every weekday evening and features investigations into relevant issues impacting young Australians. Many early Triple J presenters went on to successful careers with commercial stations,

648-547: A few years earlier." Launched in 2006 by Paul Stipack, J Play was an archive of every song played by Triple J over 12 years. It showed an artist's trajectory from their first airing to full rotation. The privately-owned site was acquired by Seventh Street Media (Brag Media) along with music publications Tone Deaf and The Brag , in early 2017. Owing to changes in the music industry, J Play's usefulness diminished, and it ceased operation in January 2019. The Brag Media retained

756-419: A marketing decision made in 1981 that according to writer Ben Eltham of Meanjin , is one that reflects "a particular world-view that takes brand identity seriously". Marketing staff will vet press releases and posters to ensure the broadcaster name is written as triple j . In November 2024, the logos of Triple J and its sister stations were updated for the first time in 15 years. The Triple J news theme

864-510: A monophonic broadcast, again the most common permitted maximum deviation is ±75 kHz. However, some countries specify a lower value for monophonic broadcasts, such as ±50 kHz. The bandwidth of an FM transmission is given by the Carson bandwidth rule which is the sum of twice the maximum deviation and twice the maximum modulating frequency. For a transmission that includes RDS this would be 2 × 75 kHz + 2 × 60 kHz  = 270 kHz . This

972-467: A program executive with SBS TV and producer of The Movie Show . From July 2024, presenters on daily programs include: Triple J Unearthed is an online music discovery platform and digital radio station that features only Australian content and focuses on discovering new local acts. Originally beginning as a talent competition in 1996, notable winners of the time included Killing Heidi , Missy Higgins and Grinspoon . The modern Triple J Unearthed

1080-557: A program feed for AM transmitters of AM/FM stations. SCA subcarriers are typically 67 kHz and 92 kHz. Initially the users of SCA services were private analog audio channels which could be used internally or leased, for example Muzak -type services. There were experiments with quadraphonic sound. If a station does not broadcast in stereo, everything from 23 kHz on up can be used for other services. The guard band around 19 kHz (±4 kHz) must still be maintained, so as not to trigger stereo decoders on receivers. If there

1188-527: A promotional image of the former World Trade Center draped with a huge drum flag. Meanwhile, a notable winner of the competition was a Queensland farmer who formed a drum logo-shaped crop circle in his wheat-fields. Triple J launched its own music magazine, JMag (later known as Triple J Magazine ), in 2005. It was initially published quarterly, then monthly, but in 2013 the magazine ceased publication by News Custom Publishing. It returned as an annual edition, produced in-house, until 2016. Adapting to

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1296-500: A radio background, including singer-songwriters Bob Hudson and John J. Francis , and actor Lex Marinos . Other notable foundation staff and presenters in January 1975 were Chris Winter, Marius Webb and Ron Moss, Arnold Frolows , Mark Colvin , Jim Middleton , Don Cumming and Mac Cocker (the father of musician Jarvis Cocker ). The station rapidly gained popularity, especially with its target youth demographic: media articles noted that in its first two months on air, 2JJ reached

1404-451: A sold-out crowd. In the station's early years, Triple J primarily played alternative rock and pop rock , but the range of music programmed was far wider than its commercial rivals, encompassing both mainstream and alternative rock and pop, experimental and electronic music, progressive rock , funk, soul, disco, the emerging ambient , punk and New Wave genres of the late 1970s and reggae . Triple J initially positioned itself as

1512-470: A studio-to-transmitter link system. In April 1935, the AM subcarriers were replaced by FM subcarriers, with much improved results. The first FM subcarrier transmissions emanating from Major Armstrong's experimental station KE2XCC at Alpine, New Jersey occurred in 1948. These transmissions consisted of two-channel audio programs, binaural audio programs and a fax program. The original subcarrier frequency used at KE2XCC

1620-406: Is a "very 90s remix" of the classic ABC News theme " Majestic Fanfare ". It was written and produced by Paul McKercher and John Jacobs in 1991, and is still used as of 2024. It contains a drum sample from Prince 's " Get Off " and the record scratch from N.W.A's "Fuck tha Police", a nod to the track after it was banned by ABC management. This unconventional news theme is another core element of

1728-525: Is added. VHF radio waves usually do not travel far beyond the visual horizon , so reception distances for FM stations are typically limited to 30–40 miles (50–60 km). They can also be blocked by hills and to a lesser extent by buildings. Individuals with more-sensitive receivers or specialized antenna systems, or who are located in areas with more favorable topography, may be able to receive useful FM broadcast signals at considerably greater distances. The knife edge effect can permit reception where there

1836-422: Is also known as the necessary bandwidth . Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system, with the effect that noise occurs predominantly at the higher audio frequencies within the baseband . This can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high audio frequencies in

1944-408: Is amplitude modulated onto a 38 kHz double-sideband suppressed-carrier (DSB-SC) signal, thus occupying 23 kHz to 53 kHz. A 19 kHz ± 2 Hz pilot tone , at exactly half the 38 kHz sub-carrier frequency and with a precise phase relationship to it, as defined by the formula below, is also generated. The pilot is transmitted at 8–10% of overall modulation level and used by

2052-711: Is an annual contest held founded in 2008 aimed at musicians and bands in high school . The winner receives mentoring, recording opportunities and airplay on Triple J. Recent acts to have found success with the initiative include Hockey Dad (2014), The Kid Laroi (2018), Genesis Owusu (2015) Japanese Wallpaper (2014) and Gretta Ray (2016). Every November, Triple J celebrates Ausmusic Month, where Australian acts are heavily promoted across all its stations. A number of events are organised, including major concerts– in 2010 this included headlining acts Bag Raiders and Ball Park Music and in 2018 featured performances from Paul Kelly , Crowded House and Missy Higgins. Triple J hosts

2160-422: Is authorized for "hybrid" mode operation, wherein both the conventional analog FM carrier and digital sideband subcarriers are transmitted. The output power of an FM broadcasting transmitter is one of the parameters that governs how far a transmission will cover. The other important parameters are the height of the transmitting antenna and the antenna gain . Transmitter powers should be carefully chosen so that

2268-581: Is designed to be capable of use alongside ARI despite using identical subcarrier frequencies. In the United States and Canada , digital radio services are deployed within the FM band rather than using Eureka 147 or the Japanese standard ISDB . This in-band on-channel approach, as do all digital radio techniques, makes use of advanced compressed audio . The proprietary iBiquity system, branded as HD Radio ,

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2376-480: Is mainly the preserve of talk radio, news, sports, religious programming, ethnic (minority language) broadcasting and some types of minority interest music. This shift has transformed AM into the "alternative band" that FM once was. (Some AM stations have begun to simulcast on, or switch to, FM signals to attract younger listeners and aid reception problems in buildings, during thunderstorms, and near high-voltage wires. Some of these stations now emphasize their presence on

2484-671: Is no direct line of sight between broadcaster and receiver. The reception can vary considerably depending on the position. One example is the Učka mountain range, which makes constant reception of Italian signals from Veneto and Marche possible in a good portion of Rijeka , Croatia, despite the distance being over 200 km (125 miles). Other radio propagation effects such as tropospheric ducting and Sporadic E can occasionally allow distant stations to be intermittently received over very large distances (hundreds of miles), but cannot be relied on for commercial broadcast purposes. Good reception across

2592-487: Is only suitable for text. A few proprietary systems are used for private communications. A variant of RDS is the North American RBDS or "smart radio" system. In Germany the analog ARI system was used prior to RDS to alert motorists that traffic announcements were broadcast (without disturbing other listeners). Plans to use ARI for other European countries led to the development of RDS as a more powerful system. RDS

2700-504: Is performed by a decoder, built into stereo receivers. Again, the decoder can use a switching technique to recover the left and right channels. In addition, for a given RF level at the receiver, the signal-to-noise ratio and multipath distortion for the stereo signal will be worse than for the mono receiver. For this reason many stereo FM receivers include a stereo/mono switch to allow listening in mono when reception conditions are less than ideal, and most car radios are arranged to reduce

2808-554: Is related to the transmitter 's RF power, the antenna gain , and antenna height . Interference from other stations is also a factor in some places. In the U.S, the FCC publishes curves that aid in calculation of this maximum distance as a function of signal strength at the receiving location. Computer modelling is more commonly used for this around the world. Many FM stations, especially those located in severe multipath areas, use extra audio compression /processing to keep essential sound above

2916-626: Is stereo, there will typically be a guard band between the upper limit of the DSBSC stereo signal (53 kHz) and the lower limit of any other subcarrier. Digital data services are also available. A 57 kHz subcarrier ( phase locked to the third harmonic of the stereo pilot tone) is used to carry a low-bandwidth digital Radio Data System signal, providing extra features such as station name, alternative frequency (AF), traffic data for satellite navigation systems and radio text (RT). This narrowband signal runs at only 1,187.5 bits per second , thus

3024-427: Is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions. For stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing . The use of pre-emphasis becomes a problem because many forms of contemporary music contain more high-frequency energy than the musical styles which prevailed at the birth of FM broadcasting. Pre-emphasizing these high-frequency sounds would cause excessive deviation of

3132-539: The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's youth-focused radio station Triple J . They commenced in 2005. Unearthed (talent contest) Triple J (stylised in all lowercase) is a government-funded, national Australian radio station founded in 1975 as a division of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). It aims to appeal to young listeners of alternative music, and plays more Australian content than commercial networks. The station

3240-514: The Australian music landscape , supporting major music festivals and domestic tours, and organising its own events like One Night Stand . Every year, it broadcasts the Hottest 100 , a public poll of the years' most popular music, and runs the J Awards , a music awards series. Triple J annually champions Ausmusic Month and founded the nationwide Ausmusic T-Shirt Day initiative in 2013. Unearthed ,

3348-497: The J Awards during the month, and encourages listeners to wear their favourite band's T-shirt on Ausmusic T-Shirt Day , which the station founded in 2013. The J Awards are an annual awards ceremony held in November each year to celebrate Australian music . As of 2024, the five award categories are Australian Album of the Year, Australian Music Video of the Year, Australian Live Act of

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3456-580: The Light Programme , Third Programme and Home Service . These three networks used the sub-band 88.0–94.6 MHz. The sub-band 94.6–97.6 MHz was later used for BBC and local commercial services. However, only when commercial broadcasting was introduced to the UK in 1973 did the use of FM pick up in Britain. With the gradual clearance of other users (notably Public Services such as police, fire and ambulance) and

3564-557: The radio spectrum . Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion of it, with few exceptions: The frequency of an FM broadcast station (more strictly its assigned nominal center frequency) is usually a multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea , the Americas , the Philippines , and the Caribbean , only odd multiples are used. Some other countries follow this plan because of

3672-492: The 1970s and 1980s: A commercially unsuccessful noise reduction system used with FM radio in some countries during the late 1970s, Dolby FM was similar to Dolby B but used a modified 25 μs pre-emphasis time constant and a frequency selective companding arrangement to reduce noise. The pre-emphasis change compensates for the excess treble response that otherwise would make listening difficult for those without Dolby decoders. A similar system named High Com FM

3780-453: The 1990s, Triple J commenced expansion to more regional areas of Australia and, in 1994, it was extended to another 18 regional centres throughout the country. In 1996, the total was brought to 44, with the new additions including Launceston, Tasmania ; Albany, Western Australia ; Bathurst, New South Wales and Mackay, Queensland . As of 2006, Triple J's most recent expansion was to Broome, Western Australia . In May 2003, Arnold Frolows ,

3888-419: The 1990s. Two spin-off digital stations were launched in the early 2010s: Triple J Unearthed , which plays only local, unsigned musicians; and Double J , which aims to appeal to more contemporary audiences. Triple J used to dominate national ratings in the 18–24-year-old demographic, but its audience has declined since 2015 with the rise of streaming media . Triple J continues to have a significant impact on

3996-501: The 2JJ brand at the time. Choosing an Australian band reflected the network's commitment to Australian content at a time when American acts dominated pop stations . Further, the song was one of several tracks from the Skyhooks' album that had been banned on commercial radio for its explicit sexual content. Because 2JJ was a government-funded station operating under the umbrella of the ABC, it

4104-613: The ABC, amidst a major board restructuring. Several presenters including Jess Perkins and Tim Shepherd also announced their departures, and Good Nights with Latifa Tee was axed. In May 2024, Triple J hosted the inaugural Bars of Steel Live event in Parramatta , showcasing hip hop and rap artists from all across Western Sydney. In September, the station also revived its One Night Stand regional music festival, which hadn't previously run since 2019. It took place in Warrnambool, Victoria to

4212-478: The ABC. During his tenure, he doubled the amount of airtime given to Australian artists, from 30% to 60%, and increased the station's audience from 980,000 in 2006 to 3 million in 2022. According to The Music , a "heated meeting with staff in Sydney" regarding the changes involved audible "shock and disappointment", particularly over Kingsmill's redundancy. Several news outlets including The Guardian and Mumbrella wrote pieces about Kingsmill's importance to

4320-507: The Australian music scene, with Nathan Jolly of the latter calling the broadcaster "the most important single figure in the history of Australian music", on par with Michael Gudinski and Molly Meldrum . Further, the corporation's head of music and creative development, Meagan Loader, announced her departure. Ben Latimer, former head of the Nova network , was announced as the new head of radio at

4428-638: The FCC announced the reassignment of the FM band to 90 channels from 88–106 MHz (which was soon expanded to 100 channels from 88–108 MHz). This shift, which the AM-broadcaster RCA had pushed for, made all the Armstrong-era FM receivers useless and delayed the expansion of FM. In 1961 WEFM (in the Chicago area) and WGFM (in Schenectady, New York ) were reported as the first stereo stations. By

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4536-699: The FCC rules do not allow this mode of stereo operation. In 1969, Louis Dorren invented the Quadraplex system of single station, discrete, compatible four-channel FM broadcasting. There are two additional subcarriers in the Quadraplex system, supplementing the single one used in standard stereo FM. The baseband layout is as follows: The normal stereo signal can be considered as switching between left and right channels at 38 kHz, appropriately band-limited. The quadraphonic signal can be considered as cycling through LF, LR, RF, RR, at 76 kHz. Early efforts to transmit discrete four-channel quadraphonic music required

4644-567: The FCC. The original Dorren Quadraplex System outperformed all the others and was chosen as the national standard for Quadraphonic FM broadcasting in the United States. The first commercial FM station to broadcast quadraphonic program content was WIQB (now called WWWW-FM ) in Ann Arbor / Saline, Michigan under the guidance of Chief Engineer Brian Jeffrey Brown. Various attempts to add analog noise reduction to FM broadcasting were carried out in

4752-451: The FM carrier . Modulation control (limiter) devices are used to prevent this. Systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis; e.g., dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis was used in the earliest days of FM broadcasting. According to a BBC report from 1946, 100 μs was originally considered in

4860-596: The FM band at a frequency of 105.7 MHz (again restricted to within the Greater Sydney region) and became 2JJJ, referred to as Triple J. The first song played was another track then banned from commercial radio, "Gay Guys" by the Dugites . On 19 January 1981, the AM transmissions ceased, and Triple J became an FM-only station. It was not until the 1989 that the ABC was finally able to expand to Adelaide, Brisbane, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, and Perth. In

4968-511: The FM band.) The medium wave band (known as the AM band because most stations using it employ amplitude modulation) was overcrowded in western Europe, leading to interference problems and, as a result, many MW frequencies are suitable only for speech broadcasting. Belgium , the Netherlands , Denmark and particularly Germany were among the first countries to adopt FM on a widespread scale. Among

5076-969: The FM radio band from 87.5-108.0 MHz to 76.1-108.0 MHz to enable the migration of AM radio stations in Brazilian capitals and large cities. FM broadcasting began in the late 1930s, when it was initiated by a handful of early pioneer experimental stations, including W1XOJ/W43B/WGTR (shut down in 1953) and W1XTG/ WSRS , both transmitting from Paxton, Massachusetts (now listed as Worcester, Massachusetts ); W1XSL/W1XPW/W65H/WDRC-FM/WFMQ/WHCN , Meriden, Connecticut; and W2XMN , KE2XCC , and WFMN , Alpine, New Jersey (owned by Edwin Armstrong himself, closed down upon Armstrong's death in 1954). Also of note were General Electric stations W2XDA Schenectady and W2XOY New Scotland, New York—two experimental FM transmitters on 48.5 MHz—which signed on in 1939. The two began regular programming, as W2XOY, on November 20, 1940. Over

5184-418: The J Play database of 40,000 songs, 11,000 artists, and 15,000 playlists . In June 2024, Sydney software engineer Harrison Khannah launched Triple J Watchdog, a similar online resource that tracks each week's top songs, musicians and genres, with additional statistics like artists' country of origin, pronouns and their amount of Spotify monthly listeners. The Triple J name is stylised in all lowercase ,

5292-460: The L+R signal so the listener will hear both channels through the single loudspeaker. A stereo receiver will add the difference signal to the sum signal to recover the left channel, and subtract the difference signal from the sum to recover the right channel. The (L+R) signal is limited to 30 Hz to 15 kHz to protect a 19 kHz pilot signal. The (L−R) signal, which is also limited to 15 kHz,

5400-418: The Sydney music scene, requiring the addition of new talent. Chapman oversaw a radical overhaul of Triple J's programming and marketing, introducing an early morning comedy breakfast program with two presenters, a late morning talk and talkback program, and a light talk-and-comedy afternoon drive-time shift. He also maintained and strengthened the station's commitment to live music, as he did at 2SM. Throughout

5508-500: The Triple J brand identity – McKercher wanted to create a sound that was distinctly uncommercial. Through the mid-to-late 1980s, Triple J pioneered special interest programs including the Japanese pop show Nippi Rock Shop , Arnold Frolows' weekly late-night ambient music show Ambience , and Jaslyn Hall's world music show – the first of its kind on Australian mainstream radio. Nowadays,

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5616-623: The US, but 75 μs subsequently adopted. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio-level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong, who invented FM, was the first to experiment with multiplexing, at his experimental 41 MHz station W2XDG located on the 85th floor of the Empire State Building in New York City . These FM multiplex transmissions started in November 1934 and consisted of

5724-510: The Year, Unearthed Artist of the Year and Double J Artist of the Year. The most recent J Award winners for Australian Album of the Year were Smiling With No Teeth by Genesis Owusu in 2021 , Angel in Realtime by Gang of Youths in 2022 , Drummer by G Flip in 2023 , and Zorb by Sycco in 2024 . FM broadcasting Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of

5832-454: The assigned frequency. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in some countries, with non-standard spacings of 1, 10, 30, 74, 500, and 300 kHz. To minimise inter-channel interference, stations operating from the same or nearby transmitter sites tend to keep to at least a 500 kHz frequency separation even when closer frequency spacing is technically permitted. The ITU publishes Protection Ratio graphs, which give

5940-561: The attention of ABC management who subsequently banned it in 1990. As a result, the staff went on strike and put the group's song " Express Yourself " on continuous play for 24 hours, playing it roughly 82 times in a row. The station also set itself apart by playing an unprecedented amount of Australian content , and it was a pioneer in its coverage of independent music . Early presenter Gayle Austin reflected in 2006: "At that time Australian music didn’t have much production put into it because there wasn’t much money made out of it." Staff at

6048-511: The background noise for listeners, often at the expense of overall perceived sound quality. In such instances, however, this technique is often surprisingly effective in increasing the station's useful range. The first radio station to broadcast in FM in Brazil was Rádio Imprensa, which began broadcasting in Rio de Janeiro in 1955, on the 102.1 MHz frequency, founded by businesswoman Anna Khoury. Due to

6156-402: The carrier, with its frequency remaining constant. With FM, frequency deviation from the assigned carrier frequency at any instant is directly proportional to the amplitude of the (audio) input signal, determining the instantaneous frequency of the transmitted signal. Because transmitted FM signals use significantly more bandwidth than AM signals, this form of modulation is commonly used with

6264-431: The country is one of the main advantages over DAB/+ radio . This is still less than the range of AM radio waves, which because of their lower frequencies can travel as ground waves or reflect off the ionosphere , so AM radio stations can be received at hundreds (sometimes thousands) of miles. This is a property of the carrier wave's typical frequency (and power), not its mode of modulation. The range of FM transmission

6372-548: The creation of two new stations for the ABC: 2JJ in Sydney, referred to as Double Jay, and the short-lived 3ZZ in Melbourne. 2JJ was intended to be the first link in Whitlam's planned national youth network, however his administration was not re-elected in the 1975 federal election . The succeeding Fraser government 's budget cuts to the ABC also halted this plan from moving forward. By

6480-438: The digital streaming age, in 2004, the station began to release podcasts of some of its talkback shows, including Dr Karl , This Sporting Life , and Hack . In 2006, Triple J launched JTV (later rebranded to Triple J TV ), a series of television programmes broadcast on ABC1 and ABC2 including music videos, live concerts, documentaries, and comedy, as well as a behind-the-scenes look at Triple J's studios. In 2006,

6588-553: The extension of the FM band to 108.0 MHz between 1980 and 1995, FM expanded rapidly throughout the British Isles and effectively took over from LW and MW as the delivery platform of choice for fixed and portable domestic and vehicle-based receivers. In addition, Ofcom (previously the Radio Authority) in the UK issues on demand Restricted Service Licences on FM and also on AM (MW) for short-term local-coverage broadcasting which

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6696-507: The fourth weekend of January, rather than on Australia Day , due to Invasion Day protests and the Change the Date debate . Triple J began 2020 with a major overhaul of its hosts, replacing longtime presenters including Gen Fricker and Tom Tilley with younger talent including Bryce Mills and Lucy Smith . In August 2021, the Triple J Twitter account posted "did it hurt? when you aged out of

6804-505: The high import costs of FM radio receivers, transmissions were carried out in circuit closed to businesses and stores, which played ambient music offered by radio. Until 1976, Rádio Imprensa was the only station operating in FM in Brazil. From the second half of the 1970s onwards, FM radio stations began to become popular in Brazil, causing AM radio to gradually lose popularity. In 2021, the Brazilian Ministry of Communications expanded

6912-467: The higher ( VHF or UHF ) frequencies used by TV , the FM broadcast band , and land mobile radio systems . The maximum frequency deviation of the carrier is usually specified and regulated by the licensing authorities in each country. For a stereo broadcast, the maximum permitted carrier deviation is invariably ±75 kHz, although a little higher is permitted in the United States when SCA systems are used. For

7020-496: The import of vehicles, principally from the United States, with radios that can only tune to these frequencies. In some parts of Europe , Greenland , and Africa , only even multiples are used. In the United Kingdom , both odd and even are used. In Italy , multiples of 50 kHz are used. In most countries the maximum permitted frequency error of the unmodulated carrier is specified, which typically should be within 2 kHz of

7128-462: The inaugural shift, said "it's for people who love music, and also love a bit of music history." In ratings released in August 2015, Triple J was the highest or equal first in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth in the 25–39 demographic. Triple J attracted significant news coverage in the lead-up to the Hottest 100 of 2017 , when the station announced they would move the countdown date to

7236-517: The late 1960s, FM had been adopted for broadcast of stereo "A.O.R.—' Album Oriented Rock ' Format", but it was not until 1978 that listenership to FM stations exceeded that of AM stations in North America. In most of the 70s FM was seen as highbrow radio associated with educational programming and classical music, which changed during the 1980s and 1990s when Top 40 music stations and later even country music stations largely abandoned AM for FM. Today AM

7344-420: The late 1980s, Triple M director Barry Chapman was appointed as general manager to oversee Triple J's network expansion. His tenure, and the expansion of the network, generated controversy, most notably in 1990, when a large amount of staff in the Sydney office were fired, including the most popular presenters Tony Biggs and Tim Ritchie. Several protests were held outside its William Street studios, including

7452-516: The main channel audio program and three subcarriers : a fax program, a synchronizing signal for the fax program and a telegraph order channel. These original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated. Two musical programs, consisting of both the Red and Blue Network program feeds of the NBC Radio Network, were simultaneously transmitted using the same system of subcarrier modulation as part of

7560-564: The main channel signal-to-noise ratio. The GE and Zenith systems, so similar that they were considered theoretically identical, were formally approved by the FCC in April 1961 as the standard stereo FM broadcasting method in the United States and later adopted by most other countries. It is important that stereo broadcasts be compatible with mono receivers. For this reason, the left (L) and right (R) channels are algebraically encoded into sum (L+R) and difference (L−R) signals. A mono receiver will use just

7668-405: The minimum spacing between frequencies based on their relative strengths. Only broadcast stations with large enough geographic separations between their coverage areas can operate on the same or close frequencies. Frequency modulation or FM is a form of modulation which conveys information by varying the frequency of a carrier wave ; the older amplitude modulation or AM varies the amplitude of

7776-449: The most notable being Doug Mulray , who honed his distinctive comedy-based style at the ABC before moving to rival FM rock station 2-MMM ( Triple M ) in the 1980s, where he became the most popular breakfast presenter in Sydney, and one of the highest-paid radio personalities in the country. Presenter Annette Shun Wah went on to host the popular Rock Around the World series on SBS and is now

7884-473: The network's online music discovery platform, provides pathways for independent artists to be broadcast on the network. However, Triple J has been criticised for promoting a homogenous national music scene. The launch of a new, youth-focused radio station was a product of the progressive media policies of the Whitlam government of 1972–75. Prime minister Gough Whitlam wanted to set the station up to appeal to

7992-536: The next few years this station operated under the call signs W57A, W87A and WGFM, and moved to 99.5 MHz when the FM band was relocated to the 88–108 MHz portion of the radio spectrum. General Electric sold the station in the 1980s. Today this station is WRVE . Other pioneers included W2XQR/W59NY/WQXQ/WQXR-FM , New York; W47NV/WSM-FM Nashville, Tennessee (signed off in 1951); W1XER/W39B/WMNE , with studios in Boston and later Portland, Maine, but whose transmitter

8100-468: The only remaining member of the original 2JJ staff of 1975, stepped down after 28 years as Triple J music director. He was replaced by presenter Richard Kingsmill , who joined the station in 1988. In late 2004, the station's promotion for their annual Beat the Drum contest– in which listeners were to send in the most remarkable places they could promote the Triple J logo– caused brief controversy after it issued

8208-433: The originating station. The Crosby system was rejected by the FCC because it was incompatible with existing subsidiary communications authorization (SCA) services which used various subcarrier frequencies including 41 and 67 kHz. Many revenue-starved FM stations used SCAs for "storecasting" and other non-broadcast purposes. The Halstead system was rejected due to lack of high frequency stereo separation and reduction in

8316-551: The reasons for this were: Public service broadcasters in Ireland and Australia were far slower at adopting FM radio than those in either North America or continental Europe . Hans Idzerda operated a broadcasting station, PCGG , at The Hague from 1919 to 1924, which employed narrow-band FM transmissions. In the United Kingdom the BBC conducted tests during the 1940s, then began FM broadcasting in 1955, with three national networks:

8424-400: The receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis , respectively. The amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50  μs time constant is used. In the Americas and South Korea , 75 μs

8532-515: The receiver to identify a stereo transmission and to regenerate the 38 kHz sub-carrier with the correct phase. The composite stereo multiplex signal contains the Main Channel (L+R), the pilot tone, and the (L−R) difference signal. This composite signal, along with any other sub-carriers, modulates the FM transmitter. The terms composite , multiplex and even MPX are used interchangeably to describe this signal. The instantaneous deviation of

8640-570: The required area is covered without causing interference to other stations further away. Practical transmitter powers range from a few milliwatts to 80 kW. As transmitter powers increase above a few kilowatts, the operating costs become high and only viable for large stations. The efficiency of larger transmitters is now better than 70% (AC power in to RF power out) for FM-only transmission. This compares to 50% before high efficiency switch-mode power supplies and LDMOS amplifiers were used. Efficiency drops dramatically if any digital HD Radio service

8748-400: The resulting signal is that it alternates between left and right at 38 kHz, with the phase determined by the 19 kHz pilot signal. Most stereo encoders use this switching technique to generate the 38 kHz subcarrier, but practical encoder designs need to incorporate circuitry to deal with the switching harmonics. Converting the multiplex signal back into left and right audio signals

8856-453: The rise of streaming media , Triple J has seen a 2.5% decline of listeners across the major capital cities between late April and June 2022. Compared to the audience share of 7.7% in the Sydney 18–24 year-old demographic in 2021, the station had dropped to 4.4% in 2022. In December 2023, it was announced that Richard Kingsmill , who had been the music director of Triple J, Double J and other related stations, would be leaving after 35 years at

8964-415: The separation as the signal-to-noise ratio worsens, eventually going to mono while still indicating a stereo signal is received. As with monaural transmission, it is normal practice to apply pre-emphasis to the left and right channels before encoding and to apply de-emphasis at the receiver after decoding. In the U.S. around 2010, using single-sideband modulation for the stereo subcarrier was proposed. It

9072-427: The single Lying Around which appears on their debut album "Nothing on TV", released on 16 April 2010. Previously named Casa Del Disco , the band changed their name to Cassette Kids because every member of the band was born in the 80's and could all remember the first cassette they ever got, but couldn't remember their first CD. The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by

9180-454: The station apart. Sam Whiting of The Conversation calls the community critiquing the broadcaster in this regard a "national pastime". D'Souza argued that generally, Triple J's music programming has become increasingly commercial, with international pop stars Billie Eilish , Olivia Rodrigo and Lil Nas X all becoming playlist mainstays and the former even taking out the 2018 Hottest 100 in "an outcome that would have been unthinkable even

9288-403: The station as announcers to celebrate International Women's Day ", and "The listeners owned the station ... and if they wanted to come to the meetings and join the debate, they were welcome". In its early years 2JJ's on-air staff were mainly recruited from either commercial radio or other ABC stations. In another first for the industry, their roster also featured presenters who did not come from

9396-448: The station continues to broadcast several genre-specific music programs throughout the week, including: Currently hosted by Ash McGregor, Home & Hosed is another flagship Triple J program that plays only Australian music, typically from local and unsigned artists . It is broadcast most weekday evenings, whereas other specialist shows are only scheduled for once a week. Triple J also has several live music segments, including Like

9504-407: The station played too much of the likes of " Spacey Jane , Lime Cordiale , Skegss and Ball Park Music " who "are consistently among the most played artists on the station every year." Another respondent said the "station's programming is consistent to a fault." For decades, Triple J has been criticised for sounding too much like commercial radio and losing its distinct identity that initially set

9612-465: The station to be closed down. The station regularly sponsored live concerts and organised a number of major outdoor concert events in the late 1970s, culminating in an outdoor, all-day event in Parramatta Park on 18 January 1981 to celebrate the re-launch of 2JJJ. Attended by 40,000 people, the historic concert featured Midnight Oil and Matt Finish . On 11 July 1980, 2JJ began broadcasting on

9720-415: The station were expected to "provide an alternative to the mainstream, with a heavy emphasis on Australian content". This is because the station has always had a 40% minimum Australian content quota, well above commercial radio's 25%. In recent years, Triple J has been "dominated by garage-pop bands," according to Shaad D'Souza of The Guardian . The journalist interviewed longtime listeners who thought

9828-507: The time 2JJ went to air, the Whitlam government was in its final months of office, and presenters on the station were frequently accused of left-wing bias in the months that followed. 2JJ commenced broadcasting at 11:00 am, Sunday 19 January 1975, at 1540 kHz on the AM band . The station was restricted largely to the Greater Sydney region, and its local reception was hampered by inadequate transmitter facilities. However, its frequency

9936-516: The top 25 U.S. radio markets to transmit in Quadraplex. The test results hopefully would prove to the FCC that the system was compatible with existing two-channel stereo transmission and reception and that it did not interfere with adjacent stations. There were several variations on this system submitted by GE, Zenith, RCA, and Denon for testing and consideration during the National Quadraphonic Radio Committee field trials for

10044-423: The transmitter carrier frequency due to the stereo audio and pilot tone (at 10% modulation) is where A and B are the pre-emphasized left and right audio signals and f p {\displaystyle f_{p}} =19 kHz is the frequency of the pilot tone. Slight variations in the peak deviation may occur in the presence of other subcarriers or because of local regulations. Another way to look at

10152-527: The use of two FM stations; one transmitting the front audio channels, the other the rear channels. A breakthrough came in 1970 when KIOI ( K-101 ) in San Francisco successfully transmitted true quadraphonic sound from a single FM station using the Quadraplex system under Special Temporary Authority from the FCC . Following this experiment, a long-term test period was proposed that would permit one FM station in each of

10260-515: The website for Triple J Unearthed was launched. It remains a hub for unsigned Australian artists to upload their music and be heard by the Triple J team. A digital radio station, which only plays content from the website, was launched in 2011. In 2014, ABC's Dig Music digital radio station was rebranded and relaunched as Double J on 30 April 2014. The new station featured both new music and material from Triple J interview and sound archives. Former Triple J announcer Myf Warhurst , who hosted

10368-404: The youth radio station", riffing on a popular pick-up line . The tweet attracted widespread criticism, with accusations of ageism . Writing for NME , journalist Andrew Street said the controversy renewed discussion about the lack of airplay of older artists on the station, with many being "deemed Double J-ready" in their mid-20s. As radio ratings continue to decline across the board due to

10476-499: The youth vote, and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), worried about its declining audience, "wanted a station for young people who would grow up to be ABC listeners." A new station was also a recommendation stemming from the McLean Report of 1974, which suggested expanding radio broadcasting onto the FM band , issuing a new class of broadcasting license which permitted the establishment of community radio stations , and

10584-755: Was 27.5 kHz. The IF bandwidth was ±5 kHz, as the only goal at the time was to relay AM radio-quality audio. This transmission system used 75 μs audio pre-emphasis like the main monaural audio and subsequently the multiplexed stereo audio. In the late 1950s, several systems to add stereo to FM radio were considered by the FCC . Included were systems from 14 proponents including Crosby, Halstead, Electrical and Musical Industries, Ltd ( EMI ), Zenith, and General Electric. The individual systems were evaluated for their strengths and weaknesses during field tests in Uniontown, Pennsylvania , using KDKA-FM in Pittsburgh as

10692-414: Was a clear channel nationally, so it was easily heard at night throughout south-eastern Australia. After midnight, 2JJ would use off-air ABC networks to increase its broadcasting range. Its first broadcast demonstrated a determination to distinguish itself from other Australian radio stations. The first on-air presenter, DJ Holger Brockmann, notably used his own name, which, at his previous role at 2SM ,

10800-616: Was atop the highest mountain in the northeast United States, Mount Washington , New Hampshire (shut down in 1948); and W9XAO/W55M/WTMJ-FM Milwaukee, Wisconsin (went off air in 1950). A commercial FM broadcasting band was formally established in the United States as of January 1, 1941, with the first fifteen construction permits announced on October 31, 1940. These stations primarily simulcast their AM sister stations, in addition to broadcasting lush orchestral music for stores and offices, classical music to an upmarket listenership in urban areas, and educational programming. On June 27, 1945

10908-410: Was considered "too foreign-sounding". After an introductory montage that featured sounds from the countdown and launch of Apollo 11 , Brockmann launched the station's first broadcast with the words, "Wow, and we're away!", and then played Skyhooks ' " You Just Like Me 'Cos I'm Good in Bed ". The choice of this song to introduce the station was significant, as it represented several important features of

11016-431: Was launched as a website in 2006, and in five years, grew to host 30,000 artists and 250,000 users. Musicians can upload their songs to the site, and users can rate tracks and leave comments. In 2011, Triple J Unearthed was launched as a digital station in five Australian capital cities. Unearthed hosts a number of competitions and initiatives to improve the recognition of independent artists . For example, Unearthed High

11124-662: Was not bound by commercial censorship codes, and was not answerable to advertisers or the station owners. In contrast, their Sydney rival, 2SM, was owned by a holding company controlled by the Catholic Archdiocese of Sydney , resulting in the ban or editing of numerous songs. The internal politics of 2JJ were considered a radical departure from the formats of commercial stations. 2JJ's presenters had almost total freedom in their on-air delivery, and all staff participated in major policy decisions. For example, as former announcer Gayle Austin reflected: "In early March, women took over

11232-599: Was not provided until 1980, following the transition to the FM band. Controversy emerged after the station hosted an open-air concert in Liverpool, New South Wales , in June 1975, featuring Skyhooks and Dragon . The city's Sun newspaper claimed that attendees were shocked" by "depictions of sexual depravity and shouted obscenities", which allegedly caused women in the audience to clap their hands over their ears, and reportedly prompted Coalition frontbencher Peter Nixon to call for

11340-565: Was seen as another service which licensees could use to create additional income. Use of SCAs was particularly popular in the US, but much less so elsewhere. Uses for such subcarriers include radio reading services for the blind , which became common and remain so, private data transmission services (for example sending stock market information to stockbrokers or stolen credit card number denial lists to stores, ) subscription commercial-free background music services for shops, paging ("beeper") services, alternative-language programming, and providing

11448-472: Was set up under the Gough Whitlam government , wanting to extend the appeal of the ABC to young Australians. Initially broadcasting as 2JJ or Double Jay from 19 January 1975, it stood apart from commercial stations with its lack of private advertising and its fringe music programming. Following a transition to FM in 1981, the station rebranded as 2JJJ or Triple J as it expanded regionally throughout

11556-639: Was tested in Germany between July 1979 and December 1981 by IRT . It was based on the Telefunken High ;Com broadband compander system, but was never introduced commercially in FM broadcasting. Yet another system was the CX -based noise reduction system FMX implemented in some radio broadcasting stations in the United States in the 1980s. FM broadcasting has included subsidiary communications authorization (SCA) services capability since its inception, as it

11664-424: Was theorized to be more spectrum-efficient and to produce a 4 dB s/n improvement at the receiver, and it was claimed that multipath distortion would be reduced as well. A handful of radio stations around the country broadcast stereo in this way, under FCC experimental authority. It may not be compatible with very old receivers, but it is claimed that no difference can be heard with most newer receivers. At present,

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