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42-472: The Caspian barbel ( Luciobarbus caspius ) is a species of Cyprinid fish native to the Kura - Aras watershed in the wider Near East . In Persian , it is called zardak (زردک). This Barbinae -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cyprinid and see text Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family , including

84-479: A chewing plate formed by a bony process of the skull . The pharyngeal teeth are unique to each species and are used by scientists to identify species. Strong pharyngeal teeth allow fish such as the common carp and ide to eat hard baits such as snails and bivalves . Hearing is a well-developed sense in the cyprinids since they have the Weberian organ , three specialized vertebral processes that transfer motion of

126-548: A management tool to control various factors in the aquatic environment, such as aquatic vegetation and diseases transmitted by snails. Unlike most fish species, cyprinids generally increase in abundance in eutrophic lakes. Here, they contribute towards positive feedback as they are efficient at eating the zooplankton that would otherwise graze on the algae, reducing its abundance. Cyprinids are highly important food fish; they are fished and farmed across Eurasia . In land-locked countries in particular, cyprinids are often

168-545: A plant develops from a sperm cell (male gamete) without the participation of a female cell (ovum). In this process, the zygote is formed solely with genetic material from the father, resulting in offspring genetically identical to the male organism. This has been noted in many plants such as Nicotiana , Capsicum frutescens , Cicer arietinum , Poa arachnifera , Cupressus sempervirens , Solanum verrucosum , Phaeophyceae , Elodea canadensis , Barleys , Pripsacum dactyloides , and Zea mays , and occurs as

210-413: A population and even reach fixation. However, this may be part of the reason androgenesis is very rarely observed in nature: despite being advantageous to the individual producing offspring, it is deleterious to the population as a whole: if an androgenesis-inducing allele reaches high frequencies, egg-producing individuals become rare. Because both egg- and sperm-producers are necessary for androgenesis, if

252-500: A radical move, though reasonable, is probably premature. The tench ( Tinca tinca ), a significant food species farmed in western Eurasia in large numbers, is unusual. It is most often grouped with the Leuciscinae, but even when these were rather loosely circumscribed, it always stood apart. A cladistic analysis of DNA sequence data of the S7 ribosomal protein intron   1 supports

294-408: Is Paedocypris progenetica , reaching 10.3 mm (0.41 in) at the longest. All fish in this family are egg-layers and most do not guard their eggs; however, a few species build nests and/or guard the eggs. The bitterlings of subfamily Acheilognathinae are notable for depositing their eggs in bivalve molluscs , where the young develop until able to fend for themselves. Cyprinids contain

336-559: Is a major pest species in Australia impacting freshwater environments, amenity, and the agricultural economy, devastating biodiversity by decimating native fish populations where they first became established as a major pest in the wild in the 1960s. In the major river system of eastern Australia, the Murray-Darling Basin , they constitute 80–90 per cent of fish biomass. In 2016 the federal government announced A$ 15.2 million to fund

378-487: Is determined by ploidy such that males generally develop from an unfertilized egg and females from a fertilized egg), than in diploid species (where all sexes are diploid). This is because with haplodiploids, there is no requirement of the doubling of chromosomes from a haploid gamete, so no embryos are lost due to YY or OO chromosomes. Androgenesis is more likely to persist in hermaphrodites than in species with two distinct sexes ( gonochorists ) because all individuals have

420-435: Is discovered, for example: Psilorhynchus Probarbinae Parapsilorhynchini Labeonini Garrini Torinae Smiliogastrinae Cyprinini Rohteichthyini Acrossocheilini Spinibarbini Schizothoracini Schizopygopsini Barbini Androgenesis One of two things can occur to produce offspring with exclusively paternal genetic material: the maternal nuclear genome can be eliminated from

462-516: Is no maternal nucleus to expel, and a zygote is produced that derives its nuclear genome entirely from its paternal parent. It is unclear why production of non-nucleate eggs would have evolved, because there is no fitness advantage to the egg parent: none of its nuclear genes are being passed onto its offspring. Therefore, any female allele causing non-nucleate egg production would be highly disadvantageous. This form of androgenesis could spread through genetic drift , or there may be some unknown benefit to

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504-479: Is relatively rare and has been found in several species of clams of the genus Corbicula and recently in the all male fish species Squalius alburnoides . Although the most common term to refer to completely asexual reproduction in males is paternal apomixis, the term obligate androgenesis is more commonly used in animals. Individuals produced through androgenesis can be either haploid or diploid (having one or two sets of chromosomes, respectively), depending on

546-579: Is the giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ), which may grow up to 3 m (9.8 ft) in length and 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. Other very large species that can surpass 2 m (6.6 ft) are the golden mahseer ( Tor putitora ) and mangar ( Luciobarbus esocinus ). The largest North American species is the Colorado pikeminnow ( Ptychocheilus lucius ), which can reach up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft) in length. Conversely, many species are smaller than 5 cm (2 in). The smallest known fish

588-464: Is the process by which males are only able to produce offspring exclusively through male genetic material, where mating with females of related species is not necessary to produce offspring. This leads to these species being able to survive in the absence of females. They are also capable of interbreeding with sexual and other androgenetic lineages in a phenomenon sometimes referred to as egg parasitism or androgenetic parasitism. This method of reproduction

630-546: The Cultrinae and Leuciscinae, regardless of their exact delimitation, are rather close relatives and stand apart from Cyprininae  – but the overall systematics and taxonomy of the Cyprinidae remain a subject of considerable debate. A large number of genera are incertae sedis , too equivocal in their traits and/or too little-studied to permit assignment to a particular subfamily with any certainty. Part of

672-519: The Labeoninae or Squaliobarbinae also remain doubtful, although the latter do appear to correspond to a distinct lineage. The sometimes-seen grouping of the large-headed carps ( Hypophthalmichthyinae ) with Xenocypris , though, seems quite in error. More likely, the latter are part of the Cultrinae. The entirely paraphyletic "Barbinae" and the disputed Labeoninae might be better treated as part of

714-847: The aquarium and fishpond hobbies, most famously the goldfish , which was bred in China from the Prussian carp ( Carassius (auratus) gibelio ). First imported into Europe around 1728, it was originally much-fancied by the Chinese nobility as early as 1150   AD and, after it arrived there in 1502, also in Japan . In addition to the goldfish, the common carp was bred in Japan into the colorful ornamental variety known as koi — or more accurately nishikigoi ( 錦鯉 ) , as koi ( 鯉 ) simply means "common carp" in Japanese — from

756-466: The carps , the true minnows , and their relatives the barbs and barbels , among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species ; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera . Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb ( Catlocarpio siamensis ). By genus and species count,

798-550: The gas bladder to the inner ear. The vertebral processes of the Weberian organ also permit a cyprinid to detect changes in motion of the gas bladder due to atmospheric conditions or depth changes. The cyprinids are considered physostomes because the pneumatic duct is retained in adult stages and the fish are able to gulp air to fill the gas bladder, or they can dispose of excess gas to the gut. Cyprinids are native to North America , Africa , and Eurasia . The largest known cyprinid

840-436: The moderlieschen , are opportunistic predators that will eat larvae of the common frog in artificial circumstances. Some cyprinids, such as the grass carp , are specialized herbivores; others, such as the common nase , eat algae and biofilms , while others, such as the black carp , specialize in snails, and some, such as the silver carp , are specialized filter feeders . For this reason, cyprinids are often introduced as

882-510: The 18th century until today. Other popular aquarium cyprinids include danionins , rasborines and true barbs . Larger species are bred by the thousands in outdoor ponds, particularly in Southeast Asia , and trade in these aquarium fishes is of considerable commercial importance. The small rasborines and danionines are perhaps only rivalled by characids (tetras) and poecilid livebearers in their popularity for community aquaria . Some of

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924-691: The Cyprininae, forming a close-knit group whose internal relationships are still little known. The small African " barbs " do not belong in Barbus sensu stricto – indeed, they are as distant from the typical barbels and the typical carps ( Cyprinus ) as these are from Garra (which is placed in the Labeoninae by most who accept the latter as distinct) and thus might form another as yet unnamed subfamily. However, as noted above, how various minor lineages tie into this has not yet been resolved; therefore, such

966-475: The National Carp Control Plan to investigate using Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (carp virus) as a biological control agent while minimising impacts on industry and environment should a carp virus release go ahead. Despite initial, favourable assessment, in 2020 this plan was found to be unlikely to work due to the high fecundity of the fish. Numerous cyprinids have become popular and important within

1008-561: The Rasborinae as the basal lineage with the Cyprininae as a sister clade to the Leuciscinae. The subfamilies Acheilognathinae , Gobioninae , and Leuciscinae are monophyletic. The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World sets out the following subfamilies: With such a large and diverse family the taxonomy and phylogenies are always being worked on so alternative classifications are being created as new information

1050-491: The ability to produce ova, so the spread of androgenesis-promoting alleles causing egg-producers to become scarce is not an issue. Androgenesis is also seen more frequently in species that already have uncommon modes of reproduction such as hybridogenesis and parthenogenesis , and is sometimes seen in interspecies hybridization . Humans sometimes induce androgenesis to create clonal lines in plants (specifically crops), fish, and silkworms. A common method of inducing androgenesis

1092-416: The doubling of male chromosomes will cause all offspring to be female: if the sperm carries an X chromosome, the embryo must be XX, and if it carries a Y or O, the embryo will be YY or OO, and nonviable. With sperm fusion, a quarter of fertilized eggs will be female (XX), half will be male (XO or XY), and a quarter will be nonviable (YY or OO). Androgenesis is more common in haplodiploid species, (where sex

1134-402: The egg-producing parent. Species in which non-nucleate egg production occurs are less likely to go extinct than species where the maternal nuclear genome is eliminated. This is because females producing non-nucleate eggs are disfavored by natural selection, so their proportion in a population will remain low. Another type of androgenesis is male apomixis, which is a reproductive process in which

1176-459: The family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes . The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos ( κυπρῖνος 'carp'). Cyprinids are stomachless, or agastric , fish with toothless jaws. Even so, food can be effectively chewed by the gill rakers of the specialized last gill bow. These pharyngeal teeth allow the fish to make chewing motions against

1218-504: The first and only known example of androgenesis in a vertebrate, in the Squalius alburnoides allopolyploid complex. Most cyprinids feed mainly on invertebrates and vegetation , probably due to the lack of teeth and stomach; however, some species, like the asp , are predators that specialize in fish. Many species, such as the ide and the common rudd , prey on small fish when individuals become large enough. Even small species, such as

1260-568: The grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) are the most important of these, for example in Florida . Carp in particular can stir up sediment , reducing the clarity of the water and making plant growth difficult. In America and Australia, such as the Asian carp in the Mississippi Basin , they have become invasive species that compete with native fishes or disrupt the environment. Cyprinus carpio

1302-910: The major species of fish eaten because they make the largest part of biomass in most water types except for fast-flowing rivers. In Eastern Europe, they are often prepared with traditional methods such as drying and salting. The prevalence of inexpensive frozen fish products made this less important now than it was in earlier times. Nonetheless, in certain places, they remain popular for food, as well as recreational fishing , for ornamental use, and have been deliberately stocked in ponds and lakes for centuries for this reason. Cyprinids are popular for angling especially for match fishing (due to their dominance in biomass and numbers) and fishing for common carp because of its size and strength. Several cyprinids have been introduced to waters outside their natural ranges to provide food, sport, or biological control for some pest species. The common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) and

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1344-435: The maternal nuclear genome is evolutionarily advantageous for the male parent, because all offspring produced have entirely paternally-inherited alleles : in contrast, a male parent that reproduces sexually without androgenesis only passes down half of its genetic material to each of its offspring. A male allele promoting the elimination of the female gametic nucleus therefore has a high fitness advantage and can spread through

1386-417: The maternal nuclear genome, the elimination takes place after fertilization . The nuclei of the two gametes fuse as normal, but immediately afterwards the male nuclear genome then eliminates the female nuclear genome, leaving a fertilized ovum with only the nuclear genome of the male parent. If viable, the resulting offspring is a clone or sub-clone of the sperm - or pollen -producing parent. Elimination of

1428-547: The most popular cyprinids among aquarists , other than goldfish and koi, include the cherry barb , Harlequin rasbora , pearl danios , rainbow sharks , tiger barbs , and the White Cloud Mountain minnow . One particular species of these small and undemanding danionines is the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ). It has become the standard model species for studying developmental genetics of vertebrates , in particular fish. Habitat destruction and other causes have reduced

1470-443: The proliferation of androgenesis can lead to exclusively asexually reproducing species. Androgenesis occurs in nature in many organisms such as plants, invertebrates (including clams, stick insects, some ants, bees, flies and parasitic wasps ) and vertebrates (mainly amphibians and fish ). Androgenesis has also been observed in roosters and genetically modified laboratory mice. When androgenesis occurs via elimination of

1512-483: The regular reproductive method in Cupressus dupreziana . This contrasts with the more common apomixis, where development occurs without fertilization, but with genetic material only from the mother. There are also clonal species that reproduce through vegetative reproduction such as Lomatia tasmanica , Lagarostrobos franklinii , and Pando , where the genetic material is exclusively male. Obligate androgenesis

1554-408: The sex ratio becomes highly unbalanced and there are too few egg-producers, the population is driven to extinction. However, in hermaphrodites (species where a single individual produces both male and female gametes), this is less of a problem since there is no sex ratio. Androgenesis can also occur through female production of an egg without a nucleus. Upon fertilization with pollen or sperm, there

1596-413: The solution seems that the delicate rasborines are the core group, consisting of minor lineages that have not shifted far from their evolutionary niche , or have coevolved for millions of years. These are among the most basal lineages of living cyprinids. Other "rasborines" are apparently distributed across the diverse lineages of the family. The validity and circumscription of proposed subfamilies like

1638-504: The species. Diploidy occurs through either the fusion of two haploid sperm cells or the duplication of chromosomes from one haploid sperm cell. In both cases, the offspring experience a loss of genetic variation: individuals with the genome of 2 fused sperm cells will suffer from inbreeding depression , and individuals with the genome of a duplicated sperm cell will be fully homozygous. In species with male heterogamety (males have XY or XO chromosomes and females have XX, like in most mammals),

1680-538: The view that it is distinct enough to constitute a monotypic subfamily. It also suggests it may be closer to the small East Asian Aphyocypris , Hemigrammocypris , and Yaoshanicus . They would have diverged roughly at the same time from cyprinids of east-central Asia, perhaps as a result of the Alpide orogeny that vastly changed the topography of that region in the late Paleogene , when their divergence presumably occurred. A DNA-based analysis of these fish places

1722-670: The wild stocks of several cyprinids to dangerously low levels; some are already entirely extinct . In particular, the cyprinids of the subfamily Leuciscinae from southwestern North America have been hit hard by pollution and unsustainable water use in the early to mid-20th century; most globally extinct cypriniform species are in fact leuciscinid cyprinids from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The massive diversity of cyprinids has so far made it difficult to resolve their phylogeny in sufficient detail to make assignment to subfamilies more than tentative in many cases. Some distinct lineages obviously exist – for example,

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1764-469: The zygote, or the female can produce an egg with no nucleus , resulting in an embryo developing with only the genome of the male gamete. Androgenesis blurs the lines between sexual and asexual reproduction : it is not strictly a form of asexual reproduction because both male and female gametes are required. However, it is also not strictly a form of sexual reproduction because the offspring have uniparental nuclear DNA that has not undergone recombination, and

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