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35-547: The Aragonese succession laws at that time were based more on custom than any specific legislation, and even case law did not exist. All successions after the union of Catalonia with Aragon in 1137 had been to the eldest son, to the next younger brother, or to the only daughter. However, earlier successions indicated that agnates (males in the male line) of the Aragonese royal family had precedence over daughters and descendants of daughters; for example, Martin himself had succeeded over

70-788: A general cortes was demanded by the governor of Catalonia to meet in Montblanch , but the meeting was delayed and ended up in Barcelona , starting in October 1410 and only being Cortes of the Principality of Catalonia . As the Cortes dragged on, the situation became violent. Antón de Luna , an Aragonese supporter of Count James II of Urgell, assassinated the Archbishop of Zaragoza, García Fernández de Heredía (supporter of Louis of Anjou). This event damaged

105-611: A public speech also recorded. The knights Guillem Ramon Alemany de Cervelló and Íñigo de Alfaro , who were present for the proclamation, brought the news of his election to Ferdinand. In recent years, three Aragonese historians (José Ángel Sesma Muñoz, Carlos Laliena, and Cristina Monterde) rejected Zurita's account, arguing that no contemporary sources confirm the existence of any secret ballot. Sesma claimed in 2011 that all nine compromisarios , despite their different preferences, agreed unanimously to select Ferdinand. He repeated this view in 2012 with Laliena and Monterde. Their main argument

140-583: Is a priest or Levite, and the members of all the Twelve Tribes are called Israelites because their father is Israel ( Jacob ). In the first lines of the New Testament , the descent of Jesus Christ from King David is counted through the male lineage. Patrilineal or agnatic succession gives priority to or restricts inheritance of a throne or fief to male heirs descended from the original title holder through males only. Traditionally, agnatic succession

175-659: Is applied in determining the names and membership of European dynasties . The prevalent forms of dynastic succession in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa were male-preference primogeniture , agnatic primogeniture , or agnatic seniority until after World War II . The agnatic succession model, also known as Salic law , meant the total exclusion of women as hereditary monarchs and restricted succession to thrones and inheritance of fiefs or land to men in parts of medieval and later Europe. This form of strict agnatic inheritance has been officially revoked in all extant European monarchies except

210-459: Is sometimes distinguished from cognate kinship, through the mother's lineage, also called the spindle side or the distaff side. A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional ancestors, as traced only through males. In the Bible , family and tribal membership appears to be transmitted through the father. For example, a person is considered to be a priest or Levite , if his father

245-437: Is that the official notarized deed of proclamation, issued on 25 June 1412, does not mention any results of the supposed election. Furthermore, they quoted testimonies (but not the full statements) from those who were present at the ceremony of proclamation on 28 June, such as Melchor de Gualbes, saying that the three Catalan compromisarios had declared that " they had acted freely and had not been under any pressure " and that at

280-409: Is the patrilineal most recent common ancestor from whom all Y-DNA in living men is descended. An identification of a very rare and previously unknown Y-chromosome variant in 2012 led researchers to estimate that Y-chromosomal Adam lived 338,000 years ago (237,000 to 581,000 years ago with 95% confidence ), judging from molecular clock and genetic marker studies. Before this discovery, estimates of

315-727: The Basque Aragona/Haragona meaning "good upper valley" ( haran+goi+ona , where haran = "valley", goi = "upper, high", and ona = good ). Alternatively, the name may be derived from the earlier Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis . On the death of Sancho III of Navarre in 1035, the Kingdom of Navarre was divided into three parts: (1) Pamplona and its hinterland along with western and coastal Basque districts , (2) Castile , and (3) Sobrarbe , Ribagorza and Aragon . Sancho's son Gonzalo inherited Sobrarbe and Ribargorza. His illegitimate son Ramiro received Aragon. Gonzalo

350-730: The Corts , until the Nueva Planta decrees , which were promulgated between 1707 and 1715 by Philip V of Spain in the aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession . The decrees de jure ended the kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and Mallorca, and the Principality of Catalonia, and merged them with Castile to officially form the Spanish kingdom. A new Nueva Planta decree in 1711 restored some rights in Aragon, such as

385-517: The Principality of Liechtenstein . By the 21st century, most ongoing European monarchies had replaced their traditional agnatic succession with absolute primogeniture , meaning that the first child born to a monarch inherits the throne, regardless of the child's sex. The fact that human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) is paternally inherited enables patrilines and agnatic kinships of men to be traced through genetic analysis. Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA)

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420-410: The 15th century that there were very different opinions among the compromisarios . Furthermore, Belenguer cited other authors who in the 17th century had seen the same documents as Zurita, such as Uztarroz and Dormer, and reported the same account as Zurita of the preferences stated by every one of the nine compromisarios . Initially James II of Urgell accepted the sentence and even swore allegiance to

455-536: The Aragonese domains expanded to the south, conquering land from Al Andalus , the capital city moved from Jaca to Huesca (1096), and later to Zaragoza (1118). After Alfonso the Battler died childless in 1134, different rulers were chosen for Navarre and Aragon, and the two kingdoms ceased to have the same ruler. By 1285 the southernmost areas of what is now Aragon had been taken from the Moors . The Kingdom of Aragon gave

490-525: The Catalan and Valencian parliamentarians for this abuse were ignored, targeting the peaceful discussions sought since 1410; and equally the complaints of James of Urgell and Louis of Anjou . The appointed compromisarios met in Caspe to choose the next king. The majority of historians have agreed with the account of the election by historian Jerónimo Zurita . Zurita wrote his Anales de la Corona de Aragón from

525-641: The candidacy of James of Urgell and gave strength to the candidacy of Ferdinand of Castile (regent of Castile and therefore commanding a nearby army with which he protected his allies). There was fighting in the streets, especially between partisans of Aragon and Valencia. The conflict divided the Kingdom of Aragon, with two rival Cortes meeting: one favorable to Ferdinand of Castile in Alcañiz , and another favorable to James II, Count of Urgell in Mequinenza (but this one

560-447: The crowns of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain. The Aragonese lands retained autonomous parliamentary and administrative institutions, such as the Corts . The arrangement remained until the Nueva Planta decrees , promulgated between 1707 and 1715 by Philip V of Spain in the aftermath of the War of the Spanish Succession , centralised power in Spain. However,

595-576: The date when Y-chromosomal Adam lived were much more recent, estimated to be tens of thousands of years. Kingdom of Aragon The Kingdom of Aragon ( Aragonese : Reino d'Aragón ; Catalan : Regne d'Aragó ; Latin : Regnum Aragoniae ; Spanish : Reino de Aragón ) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula , corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon , in Spain . It should not be confused with

630-436: The daughters of his late elder brother, King John I . However, very distant agnates had lost out to the daughter of the late king in the 11th century, when Petronilla succeeded over claims of the then agnates (second cousins or the like), the kings of Navarre . J. N. Hillgarth writes: "Among the descendants by the male line, the closest relation to Martin was James II, Count of Urgell ." T. N. Bisson writes that "the issue

665-508: The end " everybody would be of one opinion ". As of 2013, there are no new published works that support this new theory. Already in 2012, this point of view had been refuted by historian Ernest Belenguer, who called attention to the point that in this kind of election (as with papal conclaves ), the results of the ballots are not published, therefore one cannot infer a unanimous election only from this kind of deed. He also mentioned that even Trastamara's official chronicler Lorenzo Valla said in

700-441: The junior partner in a dynastic union that would become the modern Spanish state. Agnate Patrilineality , also known as the male line , the spear side or agnatic kinship , is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage. It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin. This

735-421: The kingdoms of Majorca , Valencia , Sicily , Naples and Sardinia . The King of Aragón was the direct ruler of the Aragonese region, and held the titles of Count of Provence , Count of Barcelona , Lord of Montpellier , and Duke of Athens and Neopatria . Each of these titles gave him sovereignty over a certain region, and these titles changed as he won and lost territories. In the 14th century, his power

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770-482: The larger Crown of Aragon , which also included other territories—the Principality of Catalonia (which included the former Catalan Counties ), the Kingdom of Valencia , the Kingdom of Majorca , and other possessions that are now part of France , Italy , and Greece —that were also under the rule of the King of Aragon , but were administered separately from the Kingdom of Aragon. In 1479, upon John II of Aragon 's death,

805-615: The name to the Crown of Aragon , created in 1150 with the dynastic union resulting from the marriage of the Princess of Aragon, Petronilla , and the Count of Barcelona , Ramon Berenguer IV . Their son Alfonso II inherited all of the territories ruled by his father and mother. The King of Aragon also held the title of Count of Barcelona and ruled territories that consisted of not only the present administrative region of Aragon, but also Catalonia , and later

840-635: The new king, but he revolted in May 1413. However, he was unsuccessful to mobilize more nobles after two years of fights and battles. There were some uprisings in support of James in Valencia and Catalonia and James himself lead sorties out from his domain in Urgell . James's supporters were defeated in battle on 25 June 1413 outside of Lleida . Antón de Luna enlisted the support of Gascon and English troops who invaded at Jaca , but they were defeated on 10 July 1413 before he

875-470: The original records, which he bequeathed to the house of the General Deputation of Aragon in 1576 (they were lost or burned during political disorders in the 19th century). According to Zurita, the compromisarios had conflicting views about the succession to the deceased King Martin, and they voted differently as well. The votes were cast on Friday, 24 June 1412, and recorded on 25 June. Vincent Ferrer

910-515: The proposition, which was finally accepted by a Catalan-Aragonese board of fourteen Aragonese Trastamarists and five varied Catalan emissaries: the agreement known as the Alcañiz Concord of 15 February 1412. But a few days later, the Alcañiz parliament chose not only the three compromisarios from Aragon but also the three Catalan and the three Valencian compromisarios too. The angry complaints among

945-448: The title "King of Aragon" would continue to be used by the centralised Spanish crown. Aragon was originally a Carolingian feudal county around the city of Jaca , which in the first half of the 9th century became a vassal state of the kingdom of Pamplona (later Navarre ), its own dynasty of counts ending without a male heir in 922. The name Aragón is the same as that of the river Aragón , which flows by Jaca. It might derive from

980-487: The vacant Aragonese throne, over strong Catalan opposition. One of Ferdinand's successors, John II of Aragon (1458–1479), countered residual Catalan resistance by arranging for his heir, Ferdinand, to marry Isabella , the heir presumptive of Henry IV of Castile . In 1479, upon John II's death, the crowns of Aragon and Castile were united to form the nucleus of modern Spain. Aragonese territories retained their autonomous parliamentary and administrative institutions, such as

1015-420: Was (or became) political rather than simply legal, a utilitarian question of which candidate with some dynastic claim would make the best king." The major candidates for succession were: The parties had agreed to a parliamentary process to resolve the issue, but coordinating deliberations between the cortes (parliaments) of Aragon, Valencia and Catalonia was made difficult by their diverging interests. Thus,

1050-557: Was able to join James's army. In August, Ferdinand began the siege of Balaguer . Meanwhile, Antón de Luna had organized defenses in Huesca ; however, the Castle of Montearagón was taken on 11 August, and he and his troops fled to Loarre Castle . Finally, in October 1413 James surrendered at his city: Balaguer . The following January, Loarre Castle fell, and the rebellion was over. The County of Urgell

1085-714: Was dissolved in 1413 and the area came under the royal domain of the county of Barcelona , but was shared out among the Trastámara's supporters. With the selection of a younger prince of the Castilian Royal House of Trastámara , the Aragonese Crown became increasingly drawn into the sphere of influence of the more powerful Castile . About 50 years after the Compromise, with the marriage of Ferdinand I 's grandson Ferdinand II to Queen Isabella I of Castile , Aragon became

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1120-561: Was greatly restricted by the Union of Aragon . The Crown of Aragon became a part of the Spanish monarchy after the dynastic union with Castile , which supposed the de facto unification of both kingdoms under a common monarch. The house of Barcelona held the Crown until 1410, when it went extinct. Subsequently, in 1412 the Aragonese secured the election of a Castilian prince, Ferdinand of Antequera , to

1155-407: Was killed soon after and all the land he owned went to his brother Ramiro, thus becoming the first de facto king of Aragon, although he never used that title. By defeating his brother, García Sánchez III of Navarre , Ramiro achieved independence for Aragon. His son Sancho Ramírez , who also inherited the kingdom of Navarre, was the first to call himself "King of the Aragonese and Pamplonese". As

1190-657: Was not recognized by the Catalan parliament at Tortosa). The same occurred in Valencia, with Cortes in Traiguera and Vinaròs . Furthermore, in 1410-1412 Ferdinand's troops entered Aragon and Valencia to fight the Urgellists. The Trastamarist victory at the Battle of Morvedre on 27 February 1412 finally left Valencia in their hands. Pope Benedict XIII (Avignon) intervened and proposed a smaller group of nine compromisarios (negotiators). The Trastamarist parliament of Alcañiz agreed with

1225-427: Was the first one to speak; in a long speech, he voted for Ferdinand, and then Ram, his brother Bonifaci, Gualbes, Bardaixí, and Aranda simply joined him. Sagarriga, Vallseca, and Bertran voted differently, giving their own reasons. Kingdom of Aragon delegates: Kingdom of Valencia delegates: Principality of Catalonia delegates: On 28 June 28, Ferdinand of Castile was proclaimed king by Vicent Ferrer in

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