Upper Chinook , endonym Kiksht , also known as Columbia Chinook , and Wasco-Wishram after its last surviving dialect, is a recently extinct language of the US Pacific Northwest . It had 69 speakers in 1990, of whom 7 were monolingual: five Wasco and two Wishram. In 2001, there were five remaining speakers of Wasco.
24-717: The last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht, Gladys Thompson, died in July 2012. She had been honored for her work by the Oregon Legislature in 2007. Two new speakers were teaching Kiksht at the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in 2006. The Northwest Indian Language Institute of the University of Oregon formed a partnership to teach Kiksht and Numu in the Warm Springs schools. Audio and video files of Kiksht are available at
48-528: A total area of 42.6 square miles (110.4 km ), of which 42.5 square miles (110.1 km ) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km ), or 0.30%, are water. This region experiences warm, (but not hot), and dry summers, with no average monthly temperatures above 71.6 °F (22.0 °C). According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Warm Springs has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate , abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps. As of
72-401: A tribal entity, Warm Springs Ventures, to create new revenue and jobs for the tribe was the launch of three new business ventures: cannabis cultivation, extraction and distribution; drone training, certification and manufacture; and a carbon offset venture that would sell carbon offsets to major polluters. All three ventures were expected to be operating sometime in 2017. The tribe was awarded
96-673: The Columbia River for salmon , steelhead , and sturgeon . The Columbia Basin Initiative aims to improve salmon-fishing for the tribe. Tribal members also fish for salmon and steelhead for subsistence purposes in the Deschutes River, primarily at Sherars Falls . Tribal members also harvest Pacific lamprey at Sherars Falls and Willamette Falls . The tribe's fishing rights are protected by treaty and re-affirmed by court cases such as Sohappy v. Smith and United States v. Oregon. In 1964,
120-400: The Warm Springs Indian Reservation , the community is also known as the "Warm Springs Agency". The population was 2,945 at the 2010 census , up from 2,431 at the 2000 census . Warm Springs is located in northern Jefferson County at 44°45′37″N 121°16′06″W / 44.760168°N 121.268233°W / 44.760168; -121.268233 (44.760168, -121.268233). The center of
144-540: The census of 2000, there were 2,431 people, 603 households, and 507 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 57.2 inhabitants per square mile (22.1/km ). There were 642 housing units at an average density of 15.1 per square mile (5.8/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 93.46% Native American , 2.47% White , 0.08% African American , 0.08% Pacific Islander , 1.11% from other races , and 2.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.50% of
168-472: The "Natural and Accustomed Area" which they had vacated. These treaty hunting and fishing rights are rights that were retained by the tribe and are not "special rights" granted by the U.S. government. In 1879, the U.S. government moved about 38 Paiutes to the reservation and around 70 more in 1884, despite that tribe's history of conflict with Columbia River tribes. The borders of the reservation were under dispute for 101 years, during what became known as
192-649: The Endangered Languages Archive. The last fluent speaker of the Wasco-Wishram dialect was Madeline Brunoe McInturff, and she died on 11 July 2006 at the age of 91. Kathlamet has been classified as an additional dialect; it was not mutually intelligible . Vowels in Kiksht are as follows: /u a i ɛ ə/. Warm Springs Indian Reservation The Warm Springs Indian Reservation consists of 1,019 square miles (2,640 km ) in north-central Oregon , in
216-476: The McQuinn Strip boundary dispute. In 1871, a surveyor named T.B. Handley measured the land, determining that it was smaller than outlined in the treaty of 1855. The Warms Spring people objected and, in 1887, a surveyor named John A. McQuinn determined that they were correct; Handley had incorrectly measured the reservation's boundaries. By this time, settlers had moved onto the disputed land. The government offered
240-699: The United States, and is governed by the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs . Three tribes form the confederation: the Wasco , Tenino (Warm Springs) and Paiute . Since 1938 they have been unified as the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. The reservation was created by treaty in 1855, which defined its boundaries as follows: Commencing in the middle of the channel of the Deschutes River opposite
264-510: The Warm Springs Reservation schools. The Museum at Warm Springs houses a large collection of North American Indian artifacts. It was opened in 1993. The biggest source of revenue for the tribes is hydroelectric (Warm Springs Power Enterprises) projects on the Deschutes River . The tribes also operate Warm Springs Forest Products Industries . Many tribal members engage in ceremonial, subsistence, and commercial fisheries in
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#1732858988754288-591: The Warm Springs people a cash settlement for the land, but the Warms Springs people refused it. In 1972, Public Law 92-427 restored the land to the Warm Springs people. The reservation lies primarily in parts of Wasco County and Jefferson County , but there are smaller sections in six other counties; in descending order of land area they are: Clackamas , Marion , Gilliam , Sherman , Linn and Hood River counties. (The Hood River County portion consists of tiny sections of non-contiguous off-reservation trust land in
312-403: The average family size was 4.19. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 41.1% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 15.4% from 45 to 64, and 4.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.5 males. The median income for a household in the CDP
336-556: The biologists and two pups were caught on a trail camera in August 2022. These resident wolves brought the total number of known wolf groups in the region to three. Water from the Deschutes River goes through a treatment facility and serves around 3,800 people. Warm Springs, Oregon Warm Springs is a census-designated place (CDP) and an unincorporated community in Jefferson County , Oregon , United States. Located on
360-533: The casino to net $ 9 to 12 million annually. The casino previously operated at Kah-Nee-Ta , where it had only 300 slot machines and made $ 2 to 4 million a year. The new location was intended to be more accessible to travelers, since Kah-Nee-Ta is located about a half an hour from Highway 26. In 2016, the tribe's lumber mill, also located on Highway 26 near the village of Warm Springs, shut down. It had been operating for decades but output had declined in recent years. One solution proposed by
384-532: The community is situated at 1,539 feet (469 m) above sea level in the valley of Shitike Creek. The Deschutes River forms the eastern boundary of the CDP. U.S. Route 26 passes through the center of the community, leading southeast 14 miles (23 km) to Madras and northwest 100 miles (160 km) to Portland . According to the United States Census Bureau , the Warm Springs CDP has
408-518: The eastern termination of a range of high lands usually known as the Mutton Mountains; thence westerly to the summit of said range, along the divide to its connection with the Cascade Mountains ; thence to the summit of said mountains; thence southerly to Mount Jefferson ; thence down the main branch of Deschutes River; heading in this peak, to its junction with Deschutes River; and thence down
432-672: The first part of the Kah-nee-ta resort was completed – Kah-nee-ta Village – a lodging complex with a motel, cottages, and tipis . The resort eventually included a lodge, casino, convention center, and golf course. Due to lack of rentability, the resort was closed in September ;2018. The Indian Head Casino on U.S. Route 26 opened in February ;2012. It has 18,000 square feet (1,700 m ) of gaming space, with 500 slot machines and 8 blackjack tables. The tribes expect
456-575: The middle of the channel of said river to the place of beginning. The Warm Springs and Wasco bands gave up ownership rights to a 10,000,000-acre (40,000 km ) area, which they had inhabited for over 10,000 years, in exchange for basic health care, education, and other forms of assistance as outlined by the Treaty with the Tribes of Middle Oregon (June 25, 1855). Other provisions of the Treaty of 1855 ensured that tribal members retained hunting and fishing rights in
480-497: The northeast corner of the county.) The reservation is 105 miles (169 km) southeast of Portland ; 348,000 acres (1,410 km ), over half, is forested. Its 2000 census total population was 3,314 inhabitants. The reservations's only significant population center is the community of Warm Springs (also known as the Warm Springs Agency), which comprises over 73 percent of the reservation's population. As of 2003,
504-626: The northern Cascades region. The biologists fitted OR-93 with a purple radio collar in June 2020. The two-year-old male wolf had left his White River pack and became the 16th documented gray wolf in the repopulation of wolves in California when he reached Mono County , east of Yosemite National Park in the central Sierra Nevada in February 2021 Two adult wolves were found on the reservation in December 2021 by
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#1732858988754528-406: The population. There were 603 households, out of which 50.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.3% were married couples living together, 34.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.9% were non-families. 11.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.02 and
552-561: The reservation was home to a tribal enrollment of over 4,200. The Warm Springs Reservation is one of the last holdouts in the U.S. of speakers of the Chinook Jargon because of its utility as an intertribal language. The forms of the Jargon used by elders in Warm Springs vary considerably from the heavily-creolized form at Grand Ronde. Kiksht , Numu and Ichishkiin Snwit languages are taught in
576-719: The right by the Federal Aviation Administration to certify drone operators in 2016. The cannabis project was approved by a vote of tribal members but as of October 2016 still faced administrative and funding challenges. Biologists of the Confederated Tribe of the Warm Springs have assisted the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife in tracking the repopulation of wolves in Oregon. Wolves are dispersing into territory where they haven’t lived for decades including
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