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59-580: The Cary Library is the public library of Houlton, Maine , US. It is located at 107 Main Street, in an architecturally distinguished building designed by John Calvin Stevens . The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The library opened on October 12, 1904. Houlton's first attempts to establish a library began in 1850 with a private collection. After two such efforts failed,

118-401: A 1,037-meter (3,402 ft) long directional flattop antenna consisting of 20 parallel horizontal wires supported by five 120-meter (390 ft) towers, pointed at southwest Africa. These improvements gave the station a range of 9,000 kilometres (5,600 miles), allowing communication with all of Europe, North America, the coast of South America, and at night with Togoland . In addition to

177-710: A dissemination channel of Cold War propaganda to both Western and other East Bloc countries. In 1964 two German companies built one of the first prototype rotating shortwave broadcast antennas nearby at the Dechtower dyke, which was used until the end of the Cold War. It has been preserved as a historical structure. This consisted of a 70 metre tower supporting two reflective dipole arrays weighing 40 and 70 tons covering 5.8 to 18.8 MHz that could be rotated 360° and tilted in elevation from horizontal to 30° to adjust to changing ionospheric skywave propagation conditions. It has

236-514: A gain of 14.1 and 20.0 dB and is fully automatic in operation. On 3 October 1990, the day the GDR reunified with the Federal Republic of Germany, all transmitters were switched off and the station was provisionally transferred to German international shortwave broadcaster Deutsche Welle . In 1991 it was taken over by Deusche Bundespost Telecom , Germany's Federal telecommunications service. It

295-527: A mean temperature of 0.7 °F or −17.4 °C, though data from nearby stations suggest the Januaries of 1920 and 1925 were equally cold. Snow depth typically reaches 14 inches or 0.36 metres in February, and has been as high as 71 inches or 1.80 metres at the close of January 1998. Temperature extremes range from −41 °F (−41 °C) on January 4, 1981, up to 99 °F (37 °C) on August 2, 1975. As of

354-430: A powerful forced-oil cooling system to remove the 40 kW waste heat. A system of switchable doubler and tripler transformers allowed the transmitter to operate on a range of frequencies: 12 kHz, 18 kHz, 24 kHz, 36 kHz, or 48 kHz. The antenna system was enormously increased in size. In 1920 the main flattop antenna, carried on two 260-metre (850 ft) and four 125-metre (410 ft) masts,

413-406: A projecting central bay topped by a gable. The outer bays each have a bank of three sash windows, with granite sills and lintels. The projecting center section shelters the main entrance, which is recessed behind an arched opening, above which is a stone placard naming the building and a small sash window in the gable. The building's cornices are detailed with dentil stonework. A major expansion to

472-461: A range of about 3,500 kilometres (2,200 miles). The station was financed by Germany's Post Office, which wanted to develop it as a strategic link with Germany's overseas colonies, as well as handling commercial telegram traffic to the Americas. In 1909 a post office official, Hans Bredow , became station director, who set about to achieve these goals by making Nauen a 'superpower' station. In 1911

531-439: A request for surrender to Nauen from the alternator station at New Brunswick, New Jersey . A new transmitter building designed by Hermann Muthesius was erected in 1920, an Art Deco style cathedral-like structure to give space for more high power transmitting equipment. The modernized station was inaugurated on September 29, 1920 by German president Friedrich Ebert . In the 1920s long distance radio communication shifted from

590-566: A runway. A Royal New Zealand Air Force pilot, officer George Newall Harrison, died on December 5, 1942, when he crashed 500 yards south of the runway while ferrying a Hudson Bomber to Britain. Survivors buried his body in the Evergreen Cemetery plot for veterans. Few other New Zealand casualties from World War II were buried in the United States of America. His 19-year-old radio operator , Sergeant Henry Bordewick, also died and

649-429: A steel lattice mast 100 metres high, insulated from earth. Since the station had no commercial power, a 35 HP steam tractor was installed in the transmitter building, a light half timbered house, which powered a 50 Hz alternator producing 25 kilowatts (kW) output power. The transmitter worked at frequencies of 75 – 100 kHz with a radiated power of around 10 kW, and the station could be received at

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708-443: A strategic technology; not only was it necessary to keep in timely contact with distant armies and naval fleets, but a nation without it could be isolated by an enemy cutting its submarine telegraph cables , as happened to Germany during both world wars. The Telefunken company, founded in 1903 by German radio pioneers Adolf Slaby , Georg von Arco , and Karl Ferdinand Braun , was (with its rival, Britain's Marconi Company ) one of

767-407: A third effort begun in 1896 succeeded. This effort was significantly aided by a major bequest from the estate of Dr. George Cary, a local medical doctor and onetime state legislator. This bequest was further augmented with funding from industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie , who gave $ 10,000 to the campaign. Prominent Portland architect John Calvin Stevens was commissioned to the design

826-491: Is a protected cultural heritage site. During the early years of the 20th century after Marconi's 1901 transatlantic radio demonstration, industrial nations began building networks of powerful longwave transoceanic radiotelegraphy stations to communicate with other countries and keep in touch with their overseas colonies. These transmitted telegram traffic with Morse code at high speed using paper tape machines. During World War I long-distance radio communication became

885-438: Is the oldest continuously operating radio transmitting installation in the world. Germany's first high power radio transmitter, it was founded on 1 April 1906 by Telefunken corporation and operated as a longwave radiotelegraphy station through World War II , and during World War I became Germany's main link with the outside world when its submarine communications cables were cut. Upgraded with shortwave transmitters in

944-471: The American Revolutionary War , Anglo-American pioneers Aaron Putnam and Joseph Houlton started a village. They named it for Houlton, who had moved to Maine in 1807 from the more populated part of Massachusetts . Maine separated from Massachusetts in 1820 and became an independent state. In 1828 the United States government established Hancock Barracks , a military post, in the area. Houlton

1003-661: The Canada–US border . Prior to the United States' entry into World War II , American army pilots flew planes to the base. They could not fly the planes directly into Canada, a member of the British Commonwealth , because that would violate the official United States position of neutrality. Local farmers used their tractors to tow the planes into Canada, where the Canadians closed the Woodstock highway so that aircraft could use it as

1062-488: The census of 2010, there were 6,123 people, 2,556 households, and 1,563 families residing in the town. The population density was 166.8 inhabitants per square mile (64.4/km ). There were 2,822 housing units at an average density of 76.9 per square mile (29.7/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 91.0% White , 0.7% African American , 5.8% Native American , 0.5% Asian , 0.4% from other races , and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of

1121-481: The longwave telephone signal from the British General Post Office Rugby transmitting station near Rugby, England . The Rugby Radio Station ceased operations in 2007. On its site is a new large-scale housing development, which has also been named Houlton , in honour of the historic links with its American namesake. The US Army established Houlton Army Air Base in 1941 immediately adjacent to

1180-473: The longwave to the shortwave bands with the discovery of the skywave (skip) propagation mechanism. The last longwave transmitter was installed at Nauen in 1923 and vacuum tube shortwave transmitters were installed after 1924. On 1 January 1932 the German Reichspost took over the station. It was considerably expanded and by 1939 was one of the biggest and most powerful communication complexes in

1239-585: The 1920s it was Germany's most advanced long range radio station, continually upgraded with the latest equipment and serving as an experimental station for Telefunken to test new technology. At the end of World War II, invading Russian troops dismantled and removed the transmitting equipment. During the Cold War it served as the GDR's (East Germany's) international shortwave station Radio Berlin International (RBI), and

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1298-541: The Army abandoned Hancock Barracks in 1847. The U.S. Army installed its first transatlantic radio intelligence station 1.5 miles east of the town center of Houlton, Maine, during World War I . The Houlton Radio Intelligence Station intercepted German diplomatic communications, primarily from its Nauen Transmitter Station . MI-8 created the Radio Intelligence Service, using selected Signal Corps personnel for

1357-539: The Geneva Convention; however, they could volunteer to work. Camp Houlton provided laborers for local farms to harvest peas , pick potatoes , and do other labor. For security reasons, the government did not allow every prisoner of war to work on the farms. Most prisoners selected to work did not want to harm their captors or cause trouble. Many farmers came to consider the prisoners of war who worked their fields as good laborers rather than enemy soldiers. They paid

1416-485: The Soviet Union is unknown. The Muthesius building was also planned to be blown up, but this was prevented. The building was used for potato storage up until 1955 when the communist German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany), in whose borders the station ended the war, began to use it as a radio station again. In 1959 it became the GDR's international shortwave broadcasting station, Radio DDR, which broadcast under

1475-424: The age of 18 living with them, 47.4% were married couples living together, 11.0% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 38.2% were non-families. Of all households, 34.3% were made up of individuals, and 18.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.94. In the town, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under

1534-462: The age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 26.0% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 21.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $ 26,212, and the median income for a family was $ 34,812. Males had a median income of $ 27,623 versus $ 20,991 for females. The per capita income for

1593-416: The alternator transmitters could penetrate seawater and reach submerged submarines without the need for them to surface and become vulnerable to detection. The station survived World War II without damage, but after May 1945 was disassembled by Soviet occupation forces. All technical mechanisms were dismantled and the masts of the station were blown up. Whether and where the dismantled transmitters were used in

1652-491: The antenna. This transmitter was capable of daylight transatlantic communication with its sister station in Sayville, Long Island, New York, while other transatlantic radio stations could only achieve transatlantic contact at night. Also an experimental 6 kW radiotelephony transmitter was built, one of the earliest AM transmitters, which allowed voice communication with Vienna , 640 kilometres (400 miles) distant. After

1711-567: The beginning of World War I in 1914, the station became very important because the transatlantic cables leading to Germany were cut by the British Navy. During the war, the station was run by the German Admiralty , which used it for military communication with its fleet as well as commercial radiotelegraphy traffic. The British Radio Intelligence Service devoted much effort into intercepting and decoding encrypted military communications from

1770-473: The building, which was completed in 1904. The building designed by Stevens bears a significant resemblance to a recently completed earlier commission, the Rumford Public Library . It is a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story T-shaped structure, built out of coursed ashlar granite. It has a steeply pitched side gable slate roof, with chimneys at each end. The main (north-facing) facade is three bays wide, with

1829-401: The east of downtown Houlton, marks the northern terminus of Interstate 95. The town is also crossed by U.S. Route 1 and U.S. Route 2 , which have a brief concurrency in the center of town. Typically for Maine, Houlton has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) with warm summers and cold, snowy winters comparable to Fargo . The coldest month between 1971 and 2000 was January 1994 with

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1888-455: The heart of the town, and the border with the Canadian province of New Brunswick is 3 mi (4.8 km) east of the town's center. Houlton was the home of Ricker College , which closed in 1978. The primary settlement and center of the town is designated as a CDP with the same name . The headquarters of the federally recognized Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians is based here. The area

1947-439: The limit of this technology. The alternator had a 1.65 meter diameter rotor weighing 7 tons, rotating at 1500 rpm. The rotor's 240 teeth ( magnetic poles ) generated 1200 amps alternating current at 450 volts and a frequency of 6 kHz. This was doubled twice by two cascaded frequency doubler transformers to give 24 kHz, which was applied to the antenna. The large doubler transformers, although 90% efficient, required

2006-529: The name Radio Berlin International (RBI). Between 1959 and 1989 21 transmitters with power up to 100 kW and 45 antenna systems were installed for worldwide radio communication. Between 1971 and 1981 three 500 kW superpower shortwave transmitters were installed, feeding 23 high gain curtain antennas positioned to broadcast to politically important countries. As the Eastern Bloc 's second most powerful radio station after Moscow, it became important as

2065-409: The path of totality. The town spent two years preparing a three-day festival leading up to the event. The turnout was even greater than planners had expected because of bad weather in other parts of the country, resulting in a last-minute rush of visitors to Houlton. Attendance was estimated at 20,000 people or more. Welcome news as the sudden unexpected influx of tourist seeking clear skies only added to

2124-443: The population. There were 2,556 households, of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.8% were non-families. Of all households, 33.9% were made up of individuals, and 17.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

2183-400: The prisoners $ 1/day in scrip , which the prisoners could spend at the post exchange, the base store, to buy toiletries , tobacco , chocolate , or beer . After the prisoners repatriated , the Army closed Camp Houlton in 1946. The site was redeveloped as Houlton International Airport . A solar eclipse across the United States was expected on April 8, 2024, and Houlton was known to be in

2242-435: The rear in 1968 gave the building its present T shape. The interior was originally laid out with a central circulation desk, flanked on either side by reading rooms, with the stack area in the projecting section to the rear. The original desk has since been removed. Houlton, Maine Its nickname is the "Shire Town". The Houlton High School sports teams are named "The Shiretowners". The Meduxnekeag River flows through

2301-644: The same time. During the war the Nauen station was Germany's main communication link with the outside world. Germany's Transocean news service broadcast overseas news summaries in English twice daily from Nauen, which could be received worldwide, to circumvent the censorship of Britain's cable network, to get their version of the news to the Americas and the Far East. In 1918 in World War 1 US president Woodrow Wilson transmitted

2360-465: The sole purpose of supporting strategic intelligence through radio intercepts during World War I. The United States intelligence services built Houlton as the first unit of its type, and its success helped to lay the foundation for many more United States long-range radio-intercept stations. On January 7, 1927, AT&T initiated the first transatlantic commercial telephone service, linking New York and London. The AT&T Transoceanic Receiver Station

2419-543: The spark transmitter, in 1913 a 100 kW Joly-Arco alternator transmitter was installed. This was an early continuous wave radio transmitter technology invented by Georg von Arco similar to the Alexanderson alternator . It generated radio frequency current at 8 kHz using a rotating generator turned by an electric motor , which was increased in frequency to 32 kHz with two cascaded saturated core magnetic frequency doubler transformers before being applied to

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2478-401: The station changed from an experimental to a commercial station, with call sign POZ. The steam power plant was increased to 100 kW and the transmitter was replaced with a new more efficient 35 kW quenched-spark transmitter which increased the range to about 5,300 kilometres (3,300 miles). In the same year the antenna tower was increased to 200 metres in height; however, this tower

2537-420: The station during the war. In 1916, at the urging of Bredow, major additional development of the station took place. Two huge 400 kW Joly-Arco alternator transmitters were installed, which could work in parallel giving an output power of 800 kW; making the station by far the most powerful radio transmitter in the world. These were some of the largest alternator transmitters ever built, and operated at

2596-508: The street party atmosphere. A large (photo op) banner was unveiled, celebrating Houlton’s being the Great American Eclipse's final destination proclaiming, "The End is Here," and the town's bust of George Washington was outfitted with a pair of oversized eclipse glasses. As the celestial moment drew near observers clustered in different areas of the city to marvel at the spectacle. But when the people started leaving after totality, there

2655-483: The town was $ 14,007. 17.7% of the population and 13.5% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 21.0% are under the age of 18 and 15.8% are 65 or older. Houlton High School is the public high school in the town. Nauen Transmitter Station Nauen Transmitter Station (German: Grossfunkstelle Nauen or Sender Nauen ) in Nauen , Havelland district, Brandenburg , Germany,

2714-516: The town. The population density was 176.2 inhabitants per square mile (68.0/km ). There were 2,994 housing units at an average density of 31.5 persons/km (81.5 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the town was 94.19% White, 0.29% African American , 4.23% Native American , 0.48% Asian , 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.63% from two or more races. 0.43% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 1,677 households, out of which 29.5% had children under

2773-461: The two giant wireless firms of the age. Built by Telefunken under the direction of engineer R. Hirsch on a 40-hectare property north of Nauen, leased from Fideikommissar Fritz Stotze, the Nauen station was Germany's first high power radio transmitter. Trial service was initiated on 9 August 1906, and operational service began on 16 August 1906 using a 25 kW spark gap transmitter designed by von Arco, which fed an umbrella antenna supported by

2832-479: The world. Although vacuum tube transmitters had long been the state of the art in the 1930s, the high power alternator transmitters were again modernized in 1937 for use in WW2 to communicate with Germany's U-boat fleet. In World War II, the longwave transmitters were used by the military to transmit instructions to submerged submarines. Unlike higher frequency radio waves, the very low frequency (VLF) waves generated by

2891-425: Was 2,484 metres (8,150 ft) long. These transmitters gave the station a range of 11,000 kilometres (6,800 miles), which was increased to 18,000 kilometres (11,000 miles) by the end of the war, essentially covering most of the world. At a right angle to the large antenna was a smaller antenna, carried by three masts, which was used by the 100 kW transmitter, so the station could transmit on two frequencies at

2950-437: Was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.87. The median age in the town was 43.2 years. 22.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.6% were from 45 to 64; and 19.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.4% male and 53.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,476 people, 2,677 households, and 1,654 families residing in

3009-612: Was a 7-mile traffic backup heading south out of town. According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 36.73 square miles (95.13 km ), of which 36.71 square miles (95.08 km ) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.05 km ) is water. Houlton is drained by the Meduxnekeag River . Interstate 95 has its northernmost two exits in Houlton. The Houlton/Woodstock Border Crossing , located to

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3068-608: Was buried there; he was from Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada. The American Legion post in Houlton maintains both these Commonwealth war graves . The Houlton Army Air Base closed in July 1944. In 1944, the Army adapted a major part of the Houlton Army Air Base for use as prisoner of war internment in Camp Houlton . At its peak, the internment camp held 3,700 German prisoners of war. Forcing prisoners of war to work violated

3127-483: Was decided to upgrade the station with new transmitters and antennas. Four modular rotating ALLISS antennas and 500 kW transmitters made by Thomcast Communications were installed between 1995 and 1997. When the Deutsche Bundespost was privatized, all transmitters were transferred to Deutsche Telekom AG as its legal successor. From 2001 the broadcasting division belonged to the subsidiary T-Systems, where it

3186-406: Was destroyed by a storm on 31 March 1912. A temporary replacement antenna was suspended between two 120 metres high masts. In 1913 the station was upgraded to communicate with Germany's African colony Togoland . The transmitter was replaced with a 100 kW quenched-spark transmitter, the most powerful transmitter in the world at the time. The omnidirectional umbrella antenna was replaced by

3245-622: Was located at the end of Hand Lane, 46°07′37″N 67°53′03″W  /  46.1270°N 67.8841°W  / 46.1270; -67.8841 , two miles west of the town center. The massive receiving beverage antenna , over three miles long and two miles wide, straddled what is now Interstate 95 in Maine four miles west of the center of Houlton. The receiver station worked with the large long-wave transmitting facility of AT&T located at RCA in Rocky Point, New York . The receiver station received

3304-554: Was occupied for thousands of years by varying cultures of indigenous peoples. In historic times, these were the Algonquian -speaking Maliseet people . When Maine was part of Massachusetts, parcels of land were dealt out to schools and colleges. The area that was to become Houlton was deeded to the Academy of New Salem, Massachusetts . Thirteen men from New Salem bought the land from the academy, though only three settled there. Decades after

3363-456: Was officially incorporated as a town in 1831. When the Aroostook War flared in 1839 over the border with Canada, three companies of the 1st Artillery Regiment manned Hancock Barracks under Major R. M. Kirby. Major Kirby helped to restrain the twelve companies of militia that Maine sent there from starting a shooting war. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the boundary dispute in 1842, and

3422-652: Was run as a separate division Media & Broadcast. In preparation for a sale, it was spun off on June 1, 2007 to T-Systems Media & Broadcast GmbH (M&B). In January 2008, the Media & Broadcast GmbH was merged with the French network operator Télédiffusion de France (TDF); since February 15, 2008 it has been operating as Media Broadcast GmbH. The company operates its own transmitter location in Nauen for shortwave broadcasting. A new shortwave broadcasting system consisting of four rotating towers and four 500 kilowatt transmitters

3481-455: Was the East Bloc 's second most powerful radio station, disseminating Communist propaganda to other countries. Since German Reunification in 1991 it has been operated by Deutsche Telekom , Germany's state telecommunication service. The original 1920 transmitter building designed by architect Herman Muthesius is still used; it is one of the many remaining buildings designed by that architect that

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